Terms Of Sowing Research Articles

The influence of hybrids and sowing term on yield and dry down of corn grain

The dry down rate of corn grain during maturation is influenced by a large number of environmental factors and properties of hybrids, and has a major effect on corn, reaching its full maturity. This is especially important for the timely soil tillage and planting of the next culture. The aim of this research was to determine the yield and dry down rate from corn grains depending on the hybrid and the sowing term, in the agro ecological conditions of South Serbia (Leskovac). For this purpose, an experiment was made during 2016 and 2017 on the territory of the municipality of Leskovac. Soil type was alluvium. The trial was planned according to the schedule of divided land plots, set up in three repetitions. This included 6 hybrids of different FAO maturity groups and three differing sowing terms. The results of the study show that the average content of water in the grain in physiological and technological maturity, at all the hybrids and sowing terms were in 2016 significantly lower than in 2017. The highest average yields in 2016 were achieved with hybrids of the FAO maturity group 600, in the 2nd and 3rd sowing term, while in 2017, the highest yields were recorded with hybrids of the FAO maturity group 500, during the 1st and 2nd sowing term. The average rate of dry down in 2016, in all hybrids, was the highest recorded in the 1st sowing term, and in the year 2017, in 2nd and 3rd sowing term. The most intense dry down rate period in both years, at the hybrids of the FAO maturity group 400 was in the second and third week of physiological maturity, while in FAO maturity hybrids groups 500 and 600 in the third and fourth week of physiological maturity.

Cold resistance of modern soya cultivars while germinating seeds under the conditions of low positive temperatures

The aim and tasksof the study foresaw the estimation of modern soya cultivars from plant breeding institutions of Ukraine on cold resistance during the period of seeds germination and singling out the resistant genotypes to low temperatures at the stage of germination for including them in plant breeding programs as the initial material and creation of adaptive cultivars to cold.Material and methods.The research was carried out during 2014–2016 years in the laboratory of plant immunity to diseases and pests at the Institute of plant growing named after V.Ya.Yuriev of NAAS. The material for the research was represented by 34 soya cultivars from plant breeding institutions of Ukraine. Cold resistance was determined by the quality of germinated seeds underlow positive temperatures (+10 ºC ) and the percent was calculated from the quantity of tested germinated seeds in the optimum conditions for the crop (+24 ºC).Results and discussion.Soya cultivars involved in test were grown in the research rotation of the plant growing Institute named after V.Ya.Yuriev of NAAS. The weather conditions during the period of soya vegetation by years of study were characterized as optimum in 2014 and 2016 years(HTC=1.14 and 1.32) and arid in 2015 year(HTC=0,6).The results of seeds germination of all soya cultivars in laboratory under the temperature of +10 ºC showed differences between cultivars as to their cold resistance. That allowed to divide them into groups. The group of weak cold resistant cultivars (21–40 %) includes 6 plant breeding elaborations – Pyssanka, Farvater, Russa, Vil’shanka, Sharm, Vezha. The group of cultivars with average cold resistance(41–60 %) comprises 14 cultivars (Bajka, Sprytna, Kobza, Victoryna, Rajduga, Perlyna, Vyshyvanka, Denni, Gali, Rapssodia, Khvylya, Diademma, Khutoryanochka, Knyazhna and Romashka). The group of cultivars with cold resistance higher than average(61–80 %) includes 7 cultivars: Estafeta, Mal’vina, Symphonia, Suzirja, Triada, Zolushka, Mel’pomena. The group of high cold resistant cultivars is represented by 6 cultivars: Podyaka, Krassunya, Siverka, Syajvo, Zlata, Fejeriya.Conclusions.According to the resultsof studying 34 cultivars created in the leading plant breeding institutions 3 cultivars were singled out during 3 years (Melpomena, Podyaka, Syajvo). Among them there are one with higher than average cold resistance (Mel’ponela, 76,6 %) and two with high (Podyaka and Syajvo,89,7 and 91,9 accordingly). Cultivars Zlata, Siverka and Fejeriya are characterized by high level of cold resistance and high crop productivity. Zlata cultivar with the level of cold resistance 87,7% gave the crop productivity higher than conventional standard by 116,6%, Siverka – by 117,7%(the level of cold resistance is 82,6%), the crop productivity of cultivar Fejeriya was higher from conventional standard by 104,9% (the level of cold resistance is 82,7%). The represented cultivars with high and average cold resistance are valuable initial material for soya plant breeding for given trait and are suitable for early terms of sowing

Формування продуктивності сорго цукрового під впливом строків сівби

The scientifically based choice of sowing terms for sorghum depends on the climatic conditions, type, state and humidity of the soil, biological characteristics of varieties and hybrids, the economic purpose of sowing, rate of positive temperatures growth. The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of sowing terms on the growth, development and the yield of green mass of sugar sorghum. In the experiment, the variety of sugar sorghum Silosne 42 and the hybrid Dovista were sown in three terms when the soil temperatures at the depth of seeding were: І – 6–8 °С, ІІ – 8–10 °С, ІІІ – 10–12 °С. Biometric indexes of sugar sorghum depended both on sowing terms and varietal characteristics. The plants most intensively developed and formed the above-ground mass in a variant where the soil temperature at the depth of seeding was 10–12 °С, and plants height was 151.7 and 193.7 cm in the period of flowering – respectively in the Silosne 42 variety and the Dovista hybrid. The highest indexes of the leaf area (51.87 and 57.25 thousand m2/ha), photosynthetic potential (4.26 and 4.32 million m2×days/ha) and the net productivity of photosynthesis (3.50 and 3.54 g/m2 per day) of sugar sorghum were on varieties, sown when the soil temperature at the depth of seeding was 10–12 °С, respectively in the Silosne 42 variety and the Dovista hybrid. It was noted that the increase in the surface of leaf area and the duration of vegetation result in higher photosynthetic potential and, consequently, the growth of the green mass yield. Maximum indexes of pure productivity of photosynthesis are observed in the flowering period, that is, during the period of the most intense growth of the above-ground mass and the leaf surface of sugar sorghum. From the flag leaf stage until flowering stage there is an intense growth in sugar sorghum, and increment of green mass is 57.3-78.6% compared with the growing point differentiation stage. The sorghum biomass indexes had the highest values at all stages of the third sowing term. Increment of the green mass continues to the hard dough stage, while dry matter grows throughout the growing period. The highest yield of the green and dry mass of the Silosne 42 variety and the Dovista hybrid is observed in the hard dough stage, when the soil temperature at the depth of seeding was 10–12 °С – 74.8 and 17.4 t/ha and 83.7 and 20.2 t/ha. The Dovista hybrid prevailed on the yield of the green mass on 9.8–12.7% and dry matter on 4.5–7.8% than the Siloshne 42 variety.

Дослідження ресурсозберігальних технологій під час вирощування зернових культур в умовах Західного Полісся України

У статті обґрунтовано застосування елементів біологізації технології вирощування озимої пшениці на основі комплексного використання абіотичних (ґрунт, клімат, погода), біотичних (сорти, біологічні компоненти агроценозів і ландшафтів) й антропогенних (технічні, організаційно-економічні, інформаційні) чинників. Дослідженнями встановлено, що за впливом на продуктивність вирощуваних культур у прямій дії сидерати й особливо солома поступаються мінеральним добривам, однак їх поєднання з мінеральними добривами поліпшувало використання азоту та сприяло стабілізації вмісту в ґрунті гумусу, тому застосування побічної продукції й сидератів, вирощених у проміжних посівах, є позитивним елементом у сучасному землеробстві з отримання біологічно чистої рослинницької продукції. У ланці сівозміни найвищі прирости врожаю с.-г. культур формуються у варіантах з унесенням мінеральних добрив на 63–68 % приросту то того, де їх не застосовували, та поєднанні сидератів, соломи й мінеральних добрив – 74–83 % відповідно. Із кожного гектара забезпечується врожайність цукрових буряків на рівні 323–370 ц/га, ярого ячменю – 32–53, конюшини – 352–500, озимого тритикале – 35–58 ц/га. Ресурсозберігальні біологічні технології будуть раціональними з економічного та енергетичного поглядів, якщо всі елементи, які їх складають (строки сівби й норми висіву, удобрення, пестициди, біопрепарати) застосовувати у взаємозв’язку: ґрунт – погода – рослина – сорт – добрива – пестициди – довкілля. В умовах Західного Полісся України на дерново-підзолистих ґрунтах на фоні N60Р60К60 та при застосуванні біологічних стимуляторів росту («Агростимулін» – 10 мл/т і 10 мл/га та «Марс» – 200 мл/т і 200 мл/га) для обробки насіння й вегетуючих рослин на V етапі органогенезу при різних строках і нормах посіву озимої пшениці забезпечується врожайність від 43,3 до 54,5 ц/га, уміст у зерні білка – 11,11–14 % та клейковини – 13,6–27,6 %. Особливо це помітно за зменшених норм висіву. Біологічні стимулятори росту на фоні мінеральних добрив сприяють кущенню рослин, формуванню кількості й довжини міжвузлів, асиміляційної листової поверхні, збільшенню довжини колосу, кількості колосків і зерен у колосі, маси зерна з колоса та маси 1000 зерен, зменшенню розвитку найбільш поширених хвороб у Західному Поліссі України.

Фотосинтетична діяльність посівів люпину вузьколистого залежно від елементів технології вирощування в умовах Полісся України

Фотосинтетична діяльність посівів люпину вузьколистого залежно від елементів технології вирощування в умовах Полісся України

The impact of the period of sowing and fertilization on morphological characteristics and seed yield of garden poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Garden poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is a traditional crop that had already been cultivated in Slovenia in the past for the production of seed and oil. During its re-introduction in present time, numerous agro-technical dilemmas have been raised for the processes from sowing to harvesting and have to be studied in our present growing conditions. On the fields of the Ograjšek farm in Cerklje ob Krki two field experiments in complete randomized design had been sown in 2013 and 2014 to establish the influence of the sowing date and fertilization on morphological properties and crop yield of garden poppy seed of the Austrian variety 'Zeno 2002'. Results have shown that the average yield of seed in both trials (1643 kg/ha) is more than one time higher than the average crop yield recorded globally (700 kg/ha), proving how suitable growing conditions in the area of eastern Dolenjska are for the cultivation of poppy. Analysis of crop yield per plot showed there is no statistically significant interaction between the considered factors. The yield of poppy seed in the spring sowing term was 1742±77 kg/ha and in the autumn sowing was 1545±122 kg/ha. The difference is not statistically significant (p = 0.1845). Recorded yield per plant was higher for the autumn term but that was not transferred to the total crop yield due to poor overwintering and consequentially lower plant density at the time of harvest. Both sowing dates have confirmed that exposure to light and duration of growing period had an important impact on plants height – average height of plants sown in autumn was 139±1 cm, which is more than 60 cm higher than the average height of the plants sown in spring (p = 0.0000). A strong statistical dependence of the yield of seed per capsule on diameter of the capsule was proved (p = 0.0000). It can be concluded that when the capsule diameter increases by 10 mm, the seed yield increases for 2.1 g to 2.3 g with 95 % confidence. Dependence of the average seed yield on the number of lateral shoots per plant also proved to be statistically significant (p = 0.0000). Linear model was used for the comparison of the four lines showed that the lines representing poppy sown in autumn and spring are statistically different for the control and for the ENTEC; the slope was higher for the poppy sown in autumn. These trials have given the first practical advice for production of garden poppy in Slovenia and should be continued for further useful results.

The diversity of spring hexaploid triticales, differing on the time of the onset of developmental phases under conditions of near Ob region of Western Siberia

The time of the onset of developmental phases of 78 spring hexaploid triticale samples from the world collection of N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry is studied under natural conditions, in two replicates with a 18-day interval between two dates of sowing. The number of days from the date of sowing up to the date of heading of triticale samples at the I term sowing was from 31 to 49, and at the II term sowing, from 30 to 52. Samples from Argentina, Portugal, Eastern Europe, Poland, Belarus, and Ukraine headed within the interval of mean values (34–40 days). Triticale M2A/Cin from Ethiopia was relatively early ripening. Late ripening were the samples from Zambia, Brazil, North America. Among triticales from Mexico, Dagestan and Russia both early and late ripening forms occurred. Most samples (82 %) at the II term sowing headed 1–9 days earlier than at the I term sowing, which was probably due to a shortening of the period «shoots– the first node» by 1–7 days in 87 % of samples. After lengthening this period, in the triticales studied in the present work, as in wheat, the length of vegetation period increased. The length of the interphase period «heading– ripening» in these samples increased, while in wheat some authors noticed its shortening. Hexaploid triticale samples studied had different times of the onset of developmental phases and response to different terms of sowing, which means their possible use in regions with different daylength.

Impact of Climate Change on Global Agricultural Potentials

Agriculture is challenged by feeding 9 Billion until 2050, while at the same time it is faced with changing climate conditions.We analysed climate change impacts on agricultural production potentials, in terms of the area suitable for agricultural production, the number of possible harvests per year and potential yield formation on the global scale. Our analysis shows at high spatial resolution that changing temperature and precipitation will change the patterns of agriculturally suitable area with winning regions in the high latitudes and losing regions mainly in semi-arid regions. Additionally, growing periods will shift in time and change in length. Consequently, dates for sowing and harvesting will alter together with the possibility for multiple cropping. We simulated potential yields for the globe until the year 2100 under A1B scenario conditions for 18 crops, using the biophysical crop growth model PROMET. Thereby, regarding our definition of potential crop production, we assume optimal crop management practices in terms of optimal nutrient supply, optimal sowing and harvest dates, optimal multiple cropping, no harvest losses due to pests, diseases etc. Crop specific water and temperature stress as well as time series of atmospheric CO2 concentration are considered in the simulation. We analysed both, existing production potentials and the development of the potentials until 2100 under climate change conditions.For current conditions, we found that global production potential can be increased by 50% when taking advantage of the maximum number of possible harvests per year. Another 20% increase in global production potential can be achieved through optimizing the spatial allocation of crops within agricultural production systems according to their profitability. The results demonstrate the importance of sustainable intensification of agriculture and adaptation to climate change in order to ensure food security.

Winter rape seed productivity subject to its sowing terms and micro-fertilizers

Potential capacity of Vezuviy, Andromeda and Snihova Koroleva rape intense hybrids towards developing seed productivity subjects to terms of sowing and use of high concentration suspension micro-fertilizers of Vuksal-Terios, Microplant, Ascofol by way of pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar application.

Autumn terms of sowing of turf grasses and legumes and their initial development

The most frequent way to establish turfgrass in the climatic conditions of the Czech Republic is sowing during spring period. The seedlings are endangered by lack of soil moisture and by high temperatures if irrigation is no available. One of the possibilities how to increase probability of successful turfgrass establishment in warm areas which suffer by low amount of precipitation is autumn term of sowing.Eight grass species and subspecies and two legumes were sown in three autumn terms (September, October and November) during 2009 and 2010. The shortest time for seedling emergence was found in average of all terms atMedicago lupulinaandTrifolium repens(9 days).Lolium perenne(14)and Festuca arundinacea(17) were the fastest emerged grasses. On the other hand the longest emergence time was realised atPoa pratensis(23),Festuca rubra ssp. trichophyla(22)andFestuca ovina(21). Plants sown in September emerged in 10 days, in October 12 and in November in 29 days. September term was suitable for all used species but November term underwent most successfullyFestuca rubrassp.commutata(23% soil cover in April next year)andLolium perenne(19%). November term was not acceptable for legumes.

Harmfulness of Rhinoncus sibiricus Faust on Crops of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench in Primorsky Krai of Russia

The article presents monitoring results of spreading and harmfulness of Rhinoncus sibiricus in Primorsky krai. There was evaluated efficiency of chemical and biological preparations for Rhinoncus sibiricus control. The most biological efficiency under the treatment of chemical preparations was 93,5%, -biological preparations -92,9%. Maximum yield was achieved under the treatment of Kinmix 1,42 t/ha and Phytoverm 1,35 t/ha. It was defined that in the conditions of the region the optimal sowing term for buckwheat is period from June 20 till July 1. The best predecessor is perennial grasses that maintain the most yield and decrease damage Rhinoncus sibiricus of the plants.

Biology and Yield of Rocket (<i>Eruca sativa</i> Mill.) under Field Conditions of the Czech Republic (Central Europe)

Five rocket (Eruca sativa (L.) Mill.) varieties and accessions were cultivated under field conditions in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) and subsequently studied for variation in morphology and yield. Two cultivation techniques (treatments) were tested during the growing seasons in 2010 and 2011: directly sown seeds in the field and plantlets cultivated in a glasshouse and later transplanted to the field. There were analysed four morphological parameters of the leaf rosette (leaf shape in outline, leaf margin, leaf apex and leaf colour), marketable yield, nonmarketable parts, and rosette radius. Plants from plantlets transplanted to the field in spring terms (April) yielded a substantially higher marketable yield and had a higher rosette radius in contrast to plants from directly sown seeds. Conversely, for the summer terms (late August, September) the direct sowing technique produced higher marketable yield in comparison with plantlets treatment. Plants cultivated from directly sowed seeds reached a marketable yield on average from 15 to 60 g per plant while transplanted plants produced on average from 10 to 49 g per plant. It is evident that cultivation of rocket under field conditions of the Czech Republic is possible and provides, when using the appropriate sowing term, more or less stable yields of marketable parts. Details on variation in yield parameters of individual varieties and accessions are presented.

Growth and development of sugar sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum L. Pers.) plants at different terms of sowing and seeding depth in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The article features the results of research on phenological observations, biometric parameters of growth and development of the plants of sugar sorghum Silosnoe 42 variety during the vegetation at different terms of sowing and seeding depth in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. In particular, we show data on ground germination capacity of the seeds, the duration of the interphase periods, tillering, plant height and the diameter of the stem. It was established that the planting of sugar sorghum in mid-May (the third sowing date) to the seeding depth of 4...6 cm enabled better plant development, as well as in these conditions the maximum values of plant growth and development were registered compared to the other test editions. Therefore, were would suggest the third term of sowing and seed depth 4...6 cm for growing the crop in this area.

Effect of Living Mulches on Selected Soil Structure Indicators in Eggplant Cultivation

Summary Conducted research involved evaluation of selected soil properties in eggplant cultivation with the use of living mulches from white clover and perennial ryegrass. The mulching species were sown three weeks before eggplant planting, in the term of planting and three weeks after planting this vegetable. In half of August there was assessed stability of soil aggregates on the basis of the following indicators of: cloddiness (B), misting (S), structure (W) of the soil and mean weighed diameter of aggregates - the dry method (MWDa), as well as water stability ( MWD) and waterproof (Wod) index of soil aggregates and mean weighed diameter of aggregates - the wet method (MWDg). Cover plants did significantly decrease soil cloddiness indicator, while the earliest term of their sowing contributed to lowering of that parameter values by nearly 1/3 in relation to the data obtained for mechanically treated plots. Indicator of misting of the soil and soil structure index was higher for the soil of inter - rows covered with living mulches. It was noticed that longer term of covering inter - rows with white clover and perennial ryegrass improved soil structure. Living mulches improved mean weighed diameter of aggregates, determined according to the wet method, as well as indicator of aggregates waterproof and water stability index. After sowing white clover or perennial ryegrass three weeks before eggplant planting, mean weighed diameter of aggregates, measured with the use of the wet method, was higher by 29.0% and by 18.3% than the one characterizing the object with the last term of sowing and it was higher by 31.4% and 17.1% than the value determined for mechanically treated inter - rows. ΔMWD indicator for the soil covered with white clover and with perennial ryegrass was, average, by 15.5% and 34.7% higher than the data featuring mechanical treatment. For Wod index those differences amounted 18.8% and 9.7% respectively

Feature of growing of winter crops at the terms of changes of climate

Discussed problems of planetary changes of climate, through that it is necessary to revise the terms of sowing of winter crops, and also structure of sowing of agricultural cultures. The brought transpiration coefficients over of basic agricultural cultures, that must be taken into account for forming of structure of their sowing. On the example of wheat winter-annual the done attempt to be determined with priority directions in the selection of agricultural cultures.

ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FORMATION OF HIGHEFFICIENT LEGUME–RHIZOBIAL SYSTEMS OF GLYCІNE MAX–BRADYRHІZOBІUM JAPONІCUM

It was established, that alochtonic microbiota is virulent, competitive, suitable to different grades makrosymbiont, resistant to abiotical factors, in particular climate and soil conditions as comparing to the autochtonic (native) microbiota, that had a positive influence on indicators of productivity of system Glycіne max-Bradyrhіzobіum japonіcum M 8. It was established, that at optimum sowing terms (May, 5-15, application of the microbial preparations and use of ultra early and early cultivars of a soybean, it is possible to ensure formation of highly productive systems «Glycіne max–Bradyrhіzobіum japonіcum М8» in the conditions of a transitive zone of Forrest-Steppe–Polissya.

New Winter Wheat Varieties Productivity Subject to the Terms of Sowing.

Sowing dates and response to them of newly registered and perspective varieties of winter wheat were studied. Reasons provided for changing sowing dates to the later.

VIRUSES DISEASES OF GRAINS IN THE ODESA REGION SUMMARY

As a result of inspection of various crop cultivars of winter wheat, winter and summer barley in a number of a districts of Odesa regions it has been established that they are infected by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and brome mosaic virus (BMV). The barley strip mosaic virus was not found out in the selected samples. Mixed infection by BYDV+ wSMV + BMV and WSMV + BMV was often observed. It is recommended to change the sowing terms for decreasing of injuriousness of the above-mentioned viruses that will allow to prevent the viruses distribution.

Determination of the sowing terms and storage period of species genus Monarda L. seeds under condition of the introduction in North Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Determination of the sowing terms and storage period of species genus Monarda L. seeds under condition of the introduction in North Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Sulfur root seed yield (anethum graveolens) in accordance with different sowing terms on the forest-steppe territory of Ukraine

Sulfur root seed yield (anethum graveolens) in accordance with different sowing terms on the forest-steppe territory of Ukraine