Terms Of Funding Research Articles

Consult with bylaws when considering board member removal, experts say

As many long‐serving board members can attest, it's not all that uncommon for board chairs and other senior leadership to recognize low‐performing board members whose removal from the board would ultimately benefit the organization. The reasons for this can vary, but often it comes down to a board member's failure to fulfil their commitments to the organization in terms of time, energy and finances.

When mulling board member removal, consult bylaws

Unfortunately, it's not uncommon for nonprofit leaders to decide that a particular board member “needs to go.” The reasons for this can vary, but often it comes down to a board member's failure to fulfil their commitments to the organization in terms of time, energy and finances.

Development of a roadmap as an important step towards the sustainable growth of the cocoa sector in Nigeria

In Nigeria, the decline in the efficiency of the cocoa industry in particular and of agricultural production in general began after the country gained independence. At that time, oil was discovered, and that stole the attention of the government in terms of financing. Over time, the country’s budget has become highly dependent on fluctuations in prices for petroleum products, and there emerged a critical need to diversify state revenues. Nigeria’s successive governments over the past 60 years have made repeated attempts to revive agriculture as an alternative to the oil sector, but all of them have proven unsuccessful. The author believes that the recovery of the cocoa sector can become the most important vector for strengthening the country’s food security. Increased foreign exchange earnings from the export of cocoa products will enable Nigeria to purchase more food to meet the needs of the population. The author considers the lack of qualified management and competent agricultural policy in the country as the reason for the degradation of the cocoa industry and puts forward a roadmap for the development of the sector in Nigeria, which takes into account its current problems and may return the industry to the path of sustainable growth.

Ентомологічне тло книгосховищ ураження, методи боротьби

The article presents the results of the experience of entomological research of the Library’s book depositorys. The dependence of the state of preservation of documents on the intensity of use, storage conditions and the causes of aging are traced. Physicochemical and biological factors dangerous for the library fund are pointed out in particular inadequate lighting, the presence of dust and harmful gases, microscopic fungi, insects. Particular attention is paid to the dependence of individual resistance of paper to adverse effects on its quality. Favorable conditions for the development of biological factors that pose a threat to documents from the Library fund in terms of their material components are outlined. The reasons for the weakening of the mechanical properties of written memorabilia, the vector of the danger of loss of information content are shown. The importance of preventive and conservation measures are underlined: maintenance of normative ecological regime in book collections, observance of optimal humidity-temperature and sanitary-hygienic regimes, systematic thorough cleaning and ventilation of book depositorys, as well as control over the state of new receipts conducting periodic entomological surveys of all premises. A review of the professional literature on the protection of library collections from entomological damage are doned, standards for bioregulation, control of certain pests, restoration of entomologically damaged objects. The results of monitoring of 20 library premises according to 72 samples are presented, in which permanent residents were found: leather beetles, sinoids (book lice), ants, grinder beetles, fleas, pseudoscorpions and spiders. Hypothetical reasons for the appearance of these pests in the library and promising ways to avoid them are formulated. The system of book depository inspections, fund cleaning methods, selection of methods of pest control with the help repellents, fumigation or vacuum treatment have been developed. The article presents the results of entomological research of the Library's bookstore premises. Based on the professional literature and own findings, the vectors of biodamage prevention are outlined and the measures necessary to control insects are considered. Keywords: entomology, protection of library fund, insect pests of memos on paper and parchment.

ANALYSIS OF THE CALCULATION IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 22 INCOME TAX COLLECTION ON THE PROCUREMENT OF GOODS AT PT USFATINDO BY THE EXPENDITURE TREASURER

The purpose of the research is to analyze the calculation and collection of Income Tax on the purchase of goods made by the Expenditure Treasurer of PT Usfatindo, whether it was in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 107/PMK.010/2015 regarding Fourth Amendment To Ministerial Regulation of Finance Number 154/ Pmk.03/ 2010 regarding Collection of Article 22 Income Tax In Regard to The Payment For The Delivery of Goods And The Activities of Import or Other Business Activities. The method used in this research is the descriptive analysis method or case analysis.. Research results indicates that the calculation, collection, and deposit of PPh 22 based on the Regulation of the Minister of Finance Number 107/PMK.010/2015 on Goods Expenditure at PT USFATINDO has been carried out in accordance with the provisions, but in every process of taxation activities of an agency sometimes there are still shortcomings. Therefore, the role of the government including the Directorate General of Tax is needed to continue to guide and remind the importance of taxation in the development of the State in terms of State financing.

Effectiveness of Revised Merchant Marine Policy and Long-Term Financing for Shipping Sector in Pakistan

In the contemporary globalized world, a strong national shipping sector and healthy state of national flag carriers is the reflection of a thriving economy. In case of Pakistan, unfortunately, the number of national flag carrier is just 11 ships; whereas, the contribution of private entrepreneurs is almost nil. There is an enormous growth potential for shipping industry in Pakistan which needs to be harnessed through enabling policies, processes and regulatory framework. In this context, Pakistan Merchant Marine Policy (MMP) 2001 was formed which was amended by the Federal Government in November 2019, extended till the year 2030 and launched in July 2020. Moreover, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has issued the rules for ship financing under Long Term Financing Facility (LTFF) in July 2020. A question arises regarding the effectiveness of MMP and financing instruments. This study has examined the revised MMP 2001 document and the SBP’s LTFF for the Shipping Sector, by employing qualitative method. Based on analysis, this study has identified that the existing policy and legal framework has several issues due to which active engagement of private sector couldn’t be achieved and always remained a big challenge for shipping sector of Pakistan. MMP 2001 is fragile as it lacks the legal status enjoyed by an act of the parliament / ordinance and the provisions are subject to the Cabinet / ECC decisions made from time to time. Capacity gap is also among key challenges at the level of MoMA to address shortcomings in policy and legal framework through meaningful consultation with stakeholders. Channeling of finance through MoMA causes procedural delay while MMP does not promote ease of doing business for private investors. However, the documents are beyond the capacity of being amended and need to be drafted afresh including; MSO 2001, MMP and LTFF. It also argues to have an active role of a think tank or an academic institution to assist MoMA on long-term basis.

Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Micro-Small and Medium Enterprises Agricultural in West Java

Agricultural Micro-Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in maintaining national food security. In terms of sources of economic growth, the agricultural sector is the largest contributor to West Java's economic growth in the first quarter of 2021. The agricultural business sector contributed as much as 0.94%, greater than its contribution in the fourth quarter of 2020 which amounted to 0.39%. MSMEs still have external and internal constraints, especially in terms of financing, product marketing, and lack of access to information. These constraints often hinder MSMEs in developing their business and expanding their market share. From various cases of marketing agricultural MSME products in West Java, it is necessary to implement technology to market agricultural commodities. One of them is a map application, which is useful in providing the location of agricultural MSMEs and how to reach that location from the customer's current location. So that sellers/farmers and buyers can do direct transactions. Therefore, map applications using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) can be used as the alternative technology to solve that problem. While, this research only focuses on generating the map. UAV - DJI Phantom 4 Pro has been used in this research to take images at each location of the sample locations. To control the UAV automatically for each mission, it used Pix4D capture flight plans. The data were processed by Agisoft Metashape Professional software. The location of image data collection was carried out in various areas: a building, an open space area and a real small and medium agriculture enterprises location. Two-dimensional maps and 3D maps of these areas have been successfully created. The average RMS error is 0.17 (2.88 pixels) indicating under 1% of the average error.

Marketing research in the context of trust in the public sector: A case of the digital environment

Trust in public services is a driving force of socio-economic development. It ensures effective dialogue between citizens and government and becomes especially relevant in the digitalization. The lack of trust in the public sector can make reforms ineffective and the achievement of the goals of the Ministry of Digital Transformation within the framework of the State Strategy for Regional Development of Ukraine until 2027 in question. For this reason, marketing tools in public services should be directed toward achieving greater trust in those services and the government. This paper analyzes the current research on public sector marketing and its role in building trust as a foundation for the country’s digital development. Implementing multi-level bibliometric (Scopus tools), network (VOSviewer), and comparative (Google Trends) analysis, this study traces the development of marketing research on the process of public services delivery transformation from traditional to digital. 922 studies published between 1968 and 2022 were analyzed. The results show that public sector marketing is a multidisciplinary field of scientific research that is actively developing. Cluster analysis demonstrated that its modernization and the relationship between marketing in services and consumer behavior are the smallest and newest spheres of research. Researchers consider relationship marketing the principal mechanism for building trust in the public sector. This study found little research on the impact of marketing tools on consumers’ trust in public services. The comparative analysis confirmed the hypothesis of the need to change marketing tools due to the massive shift from offline to online services. AcknowledgmentThe authors acknowledge the funding in terms of the projects “Simulation modeling of the trajectory of the impact of behavioral attractors on macroeconomic stability: the role of transparency and public trust (0121U100469)” and “Modeling mechanisms for de-shadowing and de-corrupting the economy to ensure national security: the impact of the financial behavioral patterns transformation (№ 0122U000783)”.

Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans: implementation process and indicators to evaluate effects on physical activity.

Active mobility and public transport increase physical activity (PA) levels. With varying intensity and effectiveness, European cities implement Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) to spur transport-related PA. Therefore, we aim to examine drivers and barriers to SUMP implementation and assess its influence on PA across European cities. We screened policy reports to gain insights into SUMP implementation in one Danish, two German and two Polish cities. Further, we conducted semi-structured interviews with SUMP stakeholders in these cities to explore their experiences with SUMP implementation. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts was applied to identify similarities and differences across cities. To assess the effect of SUMP implementation on PA, we searched for data on indicators of transport-related PA. All investigated cities are committed to sustainable mobility. Nonetheless, complex institutional structures, the dominant role of motorized traffic as well as complex regional and local policy integration hamper SUMP implementation. Danish, German and Polish cities face different contexts in terms of financing, national guidelines and the prominence of sustainability as a policy objective. Each city adopts unique indicators for monitoring the effects of SUMPs on transport-related PA. The variety of indicators and limited data availability impede a comparative evaluation across cities. Constrained by this restriction, we identified motorization rate, modal split and public transport ridership as suitable indicators. Local idiosyncrasies need to be accounted for when assessing the implementation of SUMPs. Nonetheless, consistent indicators and data transparency are essential for comparing the effectiveness of SUMPs and their impact on PA.

The Application of Machine Learning in the Corona Era, With an Emphasis on Economic Concepts and Sustainable Development Goals

The aim of this article is to examine the impacts of Coronavirus Disease -19 (Covid-19) vaccines on economic condition and sustainable development goals. In other words, we are going to study the economic condition during Covid19. We have studied the economic costs of pandemic, benefits in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), public finances and employment, investment on vaccines around the world, progress and totally the economic impacts of vaccines and the impacts of emerging markets (EM) on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), including no poverty, good health and well-being, zero hunger, reduced inequality etc. The importance of emerging economies in reducing the harmful effects of the Corona has also been noted. We have tried to do experimental results and forecast daily new death cases from Feb-2020 to Aug-2021 in Iran using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) algorithm as a case study with econometric models and regression analysis. The findings show that Covid19 has had devastating economic and health effects on the world, and the vaccine can be very helpful in eliminating these effects specially in long-term. We observed that there is inequality in the distribution of Corona vaccines in rich countries compared to poor which EM can decrease the gap between them. The results show that both models (i.e., Artificial intelligence (AI) and econometric models) almost have the same results but AI optimization models can robust the model and prediction. The main contribution of this article is that we have surveyed the impacts of vaccination from socio-economic viewpoint not just report some facts and truth. We have surveyed the impacts of vaccines on sustainable development goals and the role of EM in achieving SDGs. In addition to using the theoretical framework, we have also used quantitative and empirical results that have rarely been seen in other articles.

Do funding sources complement or substitute? Examining the impact of cancer research publications.

Academic research often draws on multiple funding sources. This paper investigates whether complementarity or substitutability emerges when different types of funding are used. Scholars have examined this phenomenon at the university and scientist levels, but not at the publication level. This gap is significant since acknowledgement sections in scientific papers indicate publications are often supported by multiple funding sources. To address this gap, we examine the extent to which different funding types are jointly used in publications, and to what extent certain combinations of funding are associated with higher academic impact (citation count). We focus on three types of funding accessed by UK-based researchers: national, international, and industry. The analysis builds on data extracted from all UK cancer-related publications in 2011, thus providing a 10-year citation window. Findings indicate that, although there is complementarity between national and international funding in terms of their co-occurrence (where these are acknowledged in the same publication), when we evaluate funding complementarity in relation to academic impact (we employ the supermodularity framework), we found no evidence of such a relationship. Rather, our results suggest substitutability between national and international funding. We also observe substitutability between international and industry funding.

Analisis Manajemen Program Bahasa Inggris Kelas Unggulan di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

This study aims to determine the management of the superior class English program at MI Islamiyah Ngasem. This type of research is qualitative research, using a qualitative descriptive approach, which is used to describe the application of management functions in the superior class English program at MI Islamiyah Ngasem. Data collection techniques are interview, observation and documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the management of the superior class English program at MI Islamiyah Ngasem has been carried out properly and correctly starting from planning, organizing, implementing and supervising. The English learning strategies used in each class are varied, and use games on certain materials. Learning is packaged creatively and attractively but still focused on memorizing vocabulary. Constraints faced by the program consist of the limited, lack of student motivatitheon, the inability of parents in terms of financing and the environment. While the supporting factor is the full support of the foundation and the madrasa committee, competent teachers and high interest from parents

Exploring the role of digital inclusive finance in agricultural carbon emissions reduction in China: Insights from a two-way fixed-effects model

Digital inclusive finance can help to achieve agricultural carbon reduction through effective resource allocation, financial innovation, and digital networks. This study empirically tested the role of digital inclusive finance in agricultural carbon emissions reduction using a two-way fixed-effects model that was based on panel data of 30 provinces from 2011 to 2019 in China. The data and statistics showed that China's total agricultural carbon emissions were still growing and had not yet reached their peak. This empirical study found that digital inclusive finance had a significant effect on the reduction in agricultural carbon emissions. Specifically, for every one-level increase in the digital financial inclusion development (DFII) level, the province's total agricultural carbon emissions (TACC), agricultural greenhouse gas carbon emissions (ACGC), and agricultural carbon source carbon emissions (ACSC) decreased by 0.31, 0.38, and 0.25%, respectively, but there was no significant decrease in agricultural energy use carbon emissions (ACEC)1. Furthermore, the first- and second-order lagged terms of digital inclusive finance still had significant agricultural carbon reduction effects, reducing TACC by 0.30 and 0.29%, respectively. To better utilize the agricultural carbon emissions reduction effect of digital inclusive finance, we should further support the development of digital inclusive finance; promote education on, and the breadth and depth of digital inclusive finance; encourage cooperation between digital inclusive finance and low-carbon enterprises to reduce the financing constraints of agricultural low-carbon enterprises; and stimulate the R&D and sales of low-carbon technologies.

Diffusion of person-centred care within 27 European countries – interviews with managers, officials, and researchers at the micro, meso, and macro levels

PurposeThis study aimed to describe facilitators and barriers in terms of regulation and financing of healthcare due to the implementation and use of person-centred care (PCC).Design/methodology/approachA qualitative design was adopted, using interviews at three different levels: micro = hospital ward, meso = hospital management, and macro = national board/research. Inclusion criteria were staff working in healthcare as first line managers, hospital managers, and officials/researchers on national healthcare systems, such as Bismarck, Beveridge, and mixed/out-of-pocket models, to obtain a European perspective.FindingsCountries, such as Great Britain and Scandinavia (Beveridge tax-based health systems), were inclined to implement and use person-centred care. The relative freedom of a market (Bismarck/mixed models) did not seem to nurture demand for PCC. In countries with an autocratic culture, that is, a high-power distance, such as Mediterranean countries, PCC was regarded as foreign and not applicable. Another reason for difficulties with PCC was the tendency for corruption to hinder equity and promote inertia in the healthcare system.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample of two to three participants divided into the micro, meso, and macro level for each included country was problematic to find due to contacts at national level, a bureaucratic way of working. Some information got caught in the system, and why data collection was inefficient and ran out of time. Therefore, a variation in participants at different levels (micro, meso, and macro) in different countries occurred. In addition, only 27 out of the 49 European countries were included, therefore, conclusions regarding healthcare system are limited.Practical implicationsSupport at the managerial level, together with patient rights supported by European countries' laws, facilitated the diffusion of PCC.Originality/valueFragmented health systems divided by separate policy documents or managerial roadmaps hindered local or regional policies and made it difficult to implement innovation as PCC. Therefore, support at the managerial level, together with patient rights supported by European countries' laws, facilitated the diffusion of PCC.

IMPLEMENTASI TRANSAKSI PEMBIAYAAN GRIYA DALAM PERSPEKTIF FIKIH MU’AMALAH DI BANK SYARIAH INDONESIA KANTOR CABANG PEMBANTU SITUBONDO

At this time there are many emerging Islamic banking with the many developments of sharia. The birth of Islamic financial institutions in Indonesia brings an interesting competitive atmosphere in the banking business discourse. In addition to the presence of conventional banks, our society is now presented with alternative options to invest their funds, of course through the presence of Islamic banking services.
 Islamic banking services offer products with a different scheme from conventional banks. In accordance with the title "sharia" it bears, Islamic banking claims the principle of justice in accordance with Islamic teachings as a differentiator of its identity from conventional banks. Including one of the Islamic banks in Situbondo, namely Bank Mandiri Syariah which is currently changing its name to Bank Syariah Indonesia
 Of all the products available at BSI, there is one financing product that is currently in great demand by the public, especially at the Bank Shariah Indonesian Cabang Situbondo Branch, namely the Griya financing product. Griya financing is short, medium, or long term financing to finance the purchase of residential (consumer) houses, both new and used, in the developer environment with a murabahah system.
 In relation to the murabahah concept in Fiqh Mu'amalah, it is necessary to combine its conformity with the practice of home financing transactions at BSI KCP Situbondo, where in practice the margin provisions obtained by BSI are not transparent, when purchasing property uses the practice of debt. , the delivery of money is directly given to the customer, not the BSI party who buys the needs of the customer and many other things that the author does not know. According to the author, this is not appropriate if the contract used is murabahah.

The actual status of drug prices and adjustment factors for drug price calculation: an analysis of ultra-orphan drug development in Japan

BackgroundExtremely high prices facilitate drug development for ultra-rare diseases (ultra-orphan drugs). However, various problems arise in terms of healthcare financing and fairness, and the status of ultra-orphan drug pricing remains ambiguous. In this study, we investigated ultra-orphan drug prices in Japan relative to that of other drugs. We examined the relationship between annual expected drug prices and expected sales, and the expected number of patients, for 393 drugs containing new active ingredients for therapeutic use that were listed on the National Health Insurance drug price list in Japan between April 16, 2010 and August 26, 2020. In addition, we compared prices, the drug price calculation method, and price calculation adjustment factors for ultra-orphan and other drugs.ResultsDrug prices tended to increase as the expected number of patients to whom the drug was administered decreased; however, this trend diminished when the expected number of patients was less than 1000. On the other hand, the expected sales tended to decrease as the number of expected patients decreased, and this tendency was reinforced when the expected number of patients was less than 1000. The cost accounting method tended to be used for the price calculation of ultra-orphan drugs, but there were no price differences based on the drug price calculation method. Regarding the price calculation adjustment factors, the premium for usefulness tended to be higher for ultra-orphan drugs. The premium for marketability was higher for non-orphan drugs but did not differ from that for orphan drugs, except for ultra-orphan drugs.ConclusionsThe status of drug prices and expected sales differed beyond a threshold of 1000 expected patients, indicating that recovering the development cost for ultra-orphan drugs is difficult. In addition, the higher premium for usefulness for ultra-orphan drugs reflects the largely unmet need of the associated diseases. Scarcity among orphan drugs is not considered for marketability, highlighting the need for a new framework to promote the development of ultra-orphan drugs.

Dynamic Investigation and Optimization of a Solar-Based Unit for Power and Green Hydrogen Production: A Case Study of the Greek Island, Kythnos

The aim of the present work is the analysis of a solar-driven unit that is located on the non-interconnected island of Kythnos, Greece, that can produce electricity and green hydrogen. More specifically, solar energy is exploited by parabolic trough collectors, and the produced heat is stored in a thermal energy storage tank. Additionally, an organic Rankine unit is incorporated to generate electricity, which contributes to covering the island’s demand in a clean and renewable way. When the power cannot be absorbed by the local grid, it can be provided to a water electrolyzer; therefore, the excess electricity is stored in the form of hydrogen. The produced hydrogen amount is compressed, afterward stored in tanks, and then finally can be utilized as a fuel to meet other important needs, such as powering vehicles or ferries. The installation is simulated parametrically and optimized on dynamic conditions, in terms of energy, exergy, and finance. According to the results, considering a base electrical load of 75 kW, the annual energy and exergy efficiencies are found at 14.52% and 15.48%, respectively, while the payback period of the system is determined at 6.73 years and the net present value is equal to EUR 1,073,384.

Strategies to Increase Exports of Wine Companies of the Valle de Guadalupe Region in Baja California, México

This research analyzes the exports of wine companies in the Valle de Guadalupe region in the State of Baja California, Mexico. The objective is to determine the factors that induce strategic decision making to achieve a high-performance level of productive capacity. The hypothesis suggests that production, technological innovation, and competitiveness are the factors that favor the exports of these wine companies. For the statistical analysis, Partial Least Squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is used, including the evaluation of the out-of-sample predictive power by means of PLS predict. The methodology used includes a qualitative analysis of the current situation on the subject and a quantitative study of data obtained by applying a 41-item instrument to ninety-two companies. The main findings show that the variable that presents a higher degree of association is competitiveness and the variable that presents a lower degree is production. Another finding is that there is a need to strengthen collaborative projects with a Cluster Approach, in which the collaboration network between these companies, government agencies, wine associations and educational institutions must be actively involved. The main strategies proposed are three: the first in relation to competitiveness is to improve operational planning to increase productivity. The second is to achieve a more competitive price by purchasing supplies collaboratively between companies; the existing common bond and business cooperation will allow exports to increase. The third is to manage a greater participation of the government, in terms of financing and support, investment in highway infrastructure, reduction of taxes on this item and the sustainable administration of the State's water resources.

İslami Finansın Gayrimüslim Ülkelerde Gelişimi, Karşılaşılan Zorluklar ve Öneriler

İslami finans sektörünün krizlere dayanıklı yapısı ve Körfez ülkelerinin zengin fon kaynakları, Müslüman nüfusun yoğun olduğu ülkeler kadar gayrimüslim ülkeleri de cezbetmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gayrimüslim ülkelerde İslami finans sektörünün gelişimini incelemek, bu ülkelerde İslami finans açısından karşılaşılan zorlukları tanımlamak ve bu zorlukları aşabilmek adına yapıcı öneriler sunmaktır. Çalışmanın kapsamı, İslami finans ülke endeksinde üst sıralarda yer alan gayrimüslim ülkelerden İngiltere, Amerika ve Kanada ile Avrupa’da İslami finansta ilkleri gerçekleştiren Lüksemburg ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Gayrimüslim ülkelerdeki yasal düzenlemelerin İslami ilkelere uyumsuzluğu, nitelikli Şer’i danışmanların eksikliği, İslami finansal ürünlerin yetersiz standardizasyonu, finansal raporlama ve muhasebe politikalarındaki uyumsuzluklar karşılaşılan zorluklar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu zorlukların hükümetlerin ve uluslararası İslami finansal kuruluşların çabalarıyla zaman içerisinde aşılmasıyla birlikte, gayrimüslim ülkelerde İslami finans piyasalarının kayda değer bir gelişim göstereceği beklenmektedir.

A Review of Social Media Marketing Activities in Promoting E-WOM and Enhancing Revisit Intention via Brand Image

Social media marketing has become very important in this era of social media for many scholars from various fields of study to investigate its effectiveness, as well as for marketers aiming to implement an effective marketing plan. However, there are few studies in the services literature, particularly in the Sabah tourism context, that have investigated the effectiveness of Social Media Marketing (SMM) Activities on tourist behaviors, although Sabah is one of the most visited states in Malaysia and among the major contributing industries to the Sabah income. Additionally, brand image plays an important role in tourism as it can affect a company's future revenue, long term fund, price sensitivity, affect decision making, stock prices, competitive advantage, and marketing achievement. Yet, the relationship between SMM activities and brand image remains hazy. Even though SMM activities is identified as an important factor in building a strong tourism brand image. Therefore, to clearly understand the relationship between these variables, this conceptual paper makes a review on the brand image as a mediator on the influence of SMM activities on tourist response particularly e-WOM and intention to revisit tourism provider social media sites. This article adds to the expanding body of knowledge regarding social media marketing and customer behavior in developing countries by emphasizing the importance of every social media marketing activity in the tourism sector.