Terms Of Color Research Articles

Tocopherol succinate-loaded ethosomal gel synthesized by cold method technique: Deeper biophysical characterizations for translational application on human skin.

Tocopherols are well-known antioxidant and moisturizing agent. Tocopherol succinate (TS) are widely used in many skin products especially used in anti-aging and skin whitening product formulation. We previously reported the successful synthesis and preliminary characterizations of stable TS ethosomal gels (TSEG) (DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14907). Herein, we develop and further characterize TSEG to enhance the stability of the developed formulation with increased permeation through skin. Cold method technique was used to prepare TS ethosomes. The developed ethosomal vesicle size was 250 nm, which allowed TS to penetrate through the stratum corneum layer and act on melanocytes. For stability study was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) by placing TSEG and unloaded/control ethosomal gel (CEG) at various temperature conditions, that is, 8°C, 25°C, 40°C, and 40°C ± 75% RH for 3 months. Organoleptic evaluation was done in terms of color, odor, and phase separation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), zeta potential (ZP) and particle size (PS) was used for TSEG physical characterizations. Invitro dissolution and ex-vivo permeation studies (using Franz diffusion cell) were performed for both TSEG and CEG formulations. Human women (N = 34) were used to evaluate invivo biophysical parameters including erythema, melanin, moisture content, sebum level, and skin elasticity. Developed formulation was highly thermostable during the 3 months. Erythema, melanin, and sebum level decreased while marked improvement (p < 0.05) in moisture content and elasticity have been observed for the developed TSEG. The developed TSEG formulation was found to be efficient, safe (no adverse effects observed), stable (at least for 3 months), and easy to use for topical application with improved skin complexation and skin integrity.

Reduced fat and sugar cakes developed by protein/polysaccharide/licorice extract ternary gel-like foams

Reduced sugar and fat products are increasingly in demand due to the link between excessive consumption of these substances and chronic noncommunicable diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to produce a low-calorie cake by replacing sugar and fat with whey protein isolate/sodium alginate/licorice extract ternary foam at three substitution levels of 0 %, 25 %, and 50 %. As the amount of foam used as a replacement increased, there were marked decreases in batter viscosity (5.29–2.64 Pa s) and density (1.13–0.88 g cm−3), as well as in the cake's fat (8.91–4.73 g/100 g), carbohydrate (67.92–47.09 g/100 g), specific volume (3.13–1.76 mL g−1), calories (371.37–252.57 kcal/100 g), and porosity (10.25–5.05 %). On the other hand, moisture and water activity increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase of foam replacement. In terms of crust color, a* decreased while L* and b* increased remarkably. The cake samples with 0 % and 50 % substitution levels had the lowest and highest values for hardness (0.76 vs. 2.38 N), cohesiveness, and chewiness, respectively. The sensory evaluation results showed that the sample with a 25 % substitution level was more similar to the control sample. This suggests that foam can be used as a substitute for sugar and fat to produce a healthier product.

Effects of Gingivitis During Pregnancy on Incidence of Low Birth Weight Baby in Al-Dour City, October 2009 - March 2010

It has been suggested that gingivitis during pregnancy could have a causal relationship with low weights for newborns. The objective of this study is to estimate the effect of gingivitis during pregnancy on the birth weight of newborns. Pregnant women were randomly selected and whom their gum had inflamed were contained in Group 1 (or G1); and this sample size was 50 subjects. This group was compared with a control group of 50 pregnant women whom presented with healthy gums and contained in Group 2 (or G2). Mothers were examined by a dentist who was not informed of the group classified. A probe was used to measure extent and severity of gingivitis. The extension index (EI) and severity index (SI) of gingivitis were determined.Both groups of mothers were near in terms of maternal age, parity, weight, height, skin color, obesity, socioeconomic status, parity, antenatal care, abortion, bacteriuria, nutritional status, diabetes mellitus, previous hypertension, and preeclampsia. The characteristics of the newborns were: birth weight: G1 = 1854±590 gram and G2 = 3175±610 gram; gestational age: G1 = 34±6 weeks and G2 = 38±3 weeks; duration of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit: G1 = 1.8±0.6 days and G 2 = 0.7±0.4 days. Average EI: G1 = 84.663±11.634 and G2 = 69.010±18.122 (p&lt;0.05). Average SI: G1 = 1.217±0.623 and G2 = 0.705±0.404 (p&lt;0.05). The study analysis indicated a mar ked relation between gingivitis and low birth weight. Our data suggested that gingivitis during pregnancy may be a risk factor for l ow weight at birth.

Trivalent Exh and summative predicates

Many expressions display 'homogeneity': they quantify as universals in positive sentences, but as negated existentials in negative sentences. This paper aims to partly rethink work claiming that homogeneity is the result of exhaustification. I focus on 'summative' predicates like colour adjectives, and the claim that they are universal in positive sentences because they exclude one another. Three puzzles arise on this approach: the existence of truth-value gaps in non-homogeneous situations, the existence of non-maximality, and contrasts between sentential negation and other downward-entailing environments. I show that all of these difficulties can be resolved if exhaustification is trivalent rather than bivalent.

Этимология и семантика цветообозначения «красный» (红) в русском и китайском языках

The study aims to identify the features of the etymology and semantics of the color term ‘red’ (красный, 红 hóng) in Russian and Chinese to determine the similarities and differences in the symbolic content of this notion in the two cultures. The work is novel in that it is the first to analyze and compare phraseological units with the lexeme ‘red’ in the Russian and Chinese languages in the linguocultural aspect and to identify the peculiarities of the use of a number of synonymous words with the meaning of ‘red’ (红 hóng; 赤 chì; 朱 zhū; 丹 dān). A comparative approach involving sources in Chinese not only made it possible to clarify the etymology of the notion under study, but also to deepen the understanding of commonalities and differences in the cognitive perception of this color term. As a result, the main semantic groups of the lexeme ‘red’ are identified according to the principle of their earliest appearance and spheres of use; examples of the use of these color terms in phraseological units in direct and figurative meanings are given; semantically similar color terms (红; 赤; 朱; 丹) are compared; in addition, the symbolism of red in Russian and Chinese cultures is also shown.

The Early Concept of the Celtic Colour Term glas in Welsh and Irish and its Later Semantic Diversification

The Celtic colour term glas has been subject to a number of misconceptions over the decades, e.g.that it is a grue category, that it is untranslatable, and that the range of colour shades covered by glas is cross-linguistically rare. Coming from a diachronic perspective, this article aims to give a logical explanation of the developments of the semantics of glas, followed by an overview of the synchronic semantics of the word in both Irish and Welsh.

The dynamics of statistical learning in visual search and its interaction with salience processing: An EEG study

Visual attention can be guided by statistical regularities in the environment, that people implicitly learn from past experiences (statistical learning, SL). Moreover, a perceptually salient element can automatically capture attention, gaining processing priority through a bottom-up attentional control mechanism. The aim of our study was to investigate the dynamics of SL and if it shapes attentional target selection additively with salience processing, or whether these mechanisms interact, e.g. one gates the other. In a visual search task, we therefore manipulated target frequency (high vs. low) across locations while, in some trials, the target was salient in terms of colour. Additionally, halfway through the experiment, the high-frequency location changed to the opposite hemifield. EEG activity was simultaneously recorded, with a specific interest in two markers related to target selection and post-selection processing, respectively: N2pc and SPCN. Our results revealed that both SL and saliency significantly enhanced behavioural performance, but also interacted with each other, with an attenuated saliency effect at the high-frequency target location, and a smaller SL effect for salient targets. Concerning processing dynamics, the benefit of salience processing was more evident during the early stage of target selection and processing, as indexed by a larger N2pc and early-SPCN, whereas SL modulated the underlying neural activity particularly later on, as revealed by larger late-SPCN. Furthermore, we showed that SL was rapidly acquired and adjusted when the spatial imbalance changed. Overall, our findings suggest that SL is flexible to changes and, combined with salience processing, jointly contributes to establishing attentional priority.

Optimisasi Waktu Pemanasan Tingkat Kesukaan Kecap Kelapa

This study aims to optimize the heating length in terms of the sensory properties of sweet soy sauce made from coconut water. This experiment used a Complete Randomized Design consisting of 7 treatment levels, with each combination of treatments repeated 3 times so that the total was 21 treatments. It was concluded that the length of heating affects the color, taste, and viscosity of sweet soy sauce. Panelists favored the 160-minute warm-up time in terms of color, taste, and viscosity. The color favorability score was 5.64 (like), taste was 4.87 (somewhat like), viscosity was 5.61 (like), and aroma was 5.27 (somewhat like).&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: organoleptic, length of heating, sweet soy sauce

Evaluation of the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of gluten-free cookies.

The increasing prevalence of celiac disease and gluten intolerance has led to an increased demand for gluten-free food products in Peru. The research objective was to develop gluten-free cookies from substitute flours, evaluating their physicochemical and sensory parameters. Eight formulations were developed using 100% broad bean, chickpea, pea, kiwicha, quinoa, lentil, corn, and bean flour. One hundred consumers participated in this evaluation (59% women and 41% men). A completely randomized design (CRD) and a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were used for physicochemical analysis and acceptability, respectively. To describe the sensory characteristics of the cookies, Cochran's Q-test and correspondence analysis (CA) were performed. From the results obtained, the lentil cookie presented the highest amount of protein and fiber but lower fat and carbohydrate contents compared to the other samples. In terms of color, the corn cookie was the lightest, with greater luminosity (L*), less redness (a*), and greater yellowness (b*). Regarding the sensory analysis, the CATA questions allowed us to form six groups, and the samples with the greatest acceptability were the corn and chickpea cookies, which were rated as "I like them." Lentil flour crackers are a nutritionally adequate option, and corn flour crackers are highly sensorially acceptable, suggesting commercial opportunities for softer and more flavorful gluten-free products. However, it is crucial to continue researching and developing innovative products to meet changing market demands and offer healthier and more attractive options to consumers.

Color sorting and color term evolution.

When participants sort color samples into piles, Boster showed that their color groupings can resemble the "stages" of Kay & McDaniel's model of color term evolution. Boster concluded that both the unfolding of color piles in a sequential color sorting task and the unfolding of color terms according to Kay & McDaniel's model reveal how human beings understand color. If this is correct, then: (1) pile sorts should be reasonably robust across variations in the palette of colors to be sorted, as long as the palette contains good examples of Berlin & Kay's universal color categories, and (2) pile-sorting should be more related to lexical effects and less related to perceptual processes governed by similarity judgments alone. We report three studies on English speakers and Somali speakers (Study 1 only), where participants sorted colors into 2…6 piles. The three studies used varying numbers of palette colors (25, 30, or 145 colors) and varying chromaticity schemes (mainly hue, widely-separated in hue and lightness, or densely distributed at high chroma). We compared human sorting behavior to Kay & McDaniel's model and to the "optimal" patterns of color sorting predicted by Regier's well-formedness statistic, which quantifies the perceived similarity between colors. Neither hypothesis is confirmed by the results of our studies. Thus, we propose that color sorts are determined by pragmatic influences based on heuristics that are inspired by the palette of colors that are available and the task that the viewer is asked to perform.

NmODE-Unet: A Novel Network for Semantic Segmentation of Medical Images

Diabetic retinopathy is a prevalent eye disease that poses a potential risk of blindness. Nevertheless, due to the small size of diabetic retinopathy lesions and the high interclass similarity in terms of location, color, and shape among different lesions, the segmentation task is highly challenging. To address these issues, we proposed a novel framework named nmODE-Unet, which is based on the nmODE (neural memory Ordinary Differential Equation) block and U-net backbone. In nmODE-Unet, the shallow features serve as input to the nmODE block, and the output of the nmODE block is fused with the corresponding deep features. Extensive experiments were conducted on the IDRiD dataset, e_ophtha dataset, and the LGG segmentation dataset, and the results demonstrate that, in comparison to other competing models, nmODE-Unet showcases a superior performance.

Is Gold Yellow? Plant Dyes and Gold-Making in the Ancient Chemical Arts

Ancient Greek colour terminology captures brightness, light, and brilliance rather than clear-cut portions of the chromatic spectrum, as scholars agree today. This also applies to the rich semantic of yellow, which we investigate starting from a philosophical and theoretical perspective. We then shift our focus to Graeco-Roman technical writings dealing with alchemical dyes, cosmetics, and other crafts that made use of the same set of ingredients and colouring substances. We compile a complete list of yellow-dyeing plants used in antiquity, which will update and enlarge the lists currently available in secondary literature on the topic, such as the seminal catalogue by Robert J. Forbes. Drawing on these data and on laboratory reconstructions, we address two main questions. First, which shades of yellow were usually associated with the colour of gold, and how were these tints produced by ancient craftsmen and alchemists? And second, how did these procedures contribute to the ancient discourse on the colour of gold and its artificial reproduction?

Occurrence and characteristic of microplastics in suspended particulate, a case study in street of Yogyakarta

Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly recognized as emerging pollutants affecting the hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere. One of the primary suspected sources of MPs is road dust in urban areas, with the majority originating from transportation, such as vehicle tires and road marking paint. MPs with a size of less than 5 mm can be ingested by humans from the air, and their potential effects remain largely undiscovered. There is still limited research on MPs in the air, particularly in Yogyakarta, one of the major cities in Indonesia. This study approach MPs as suspended particulates and, as such, employed a High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) to collect air samples for Total Suspended Particulates TSP, PM2,5 and PM10 in four locations with high human activity and traffic volumes in Yogyakarta. A digital microscope was used to identify the number, shapes, and colors of the MPs. The results revealed 4576 particles of MPs in all the samples, with East Ringroad having twice the number of MPs compared to West Ringroad. The order of occurrence in terms of shapes was as follows: fragments (39%), films (37%), and fibers (25%). In terms of color, black was the dominant color of MPs, followed by brown and transparent. These results suggest a significant presence of black, fragmented-shaped MPs, which could indicate that most MPs in the ambient air near Yogyakarta’s roads originate from vehicle activity, consistent with previous findings. Furthermore, the high number of colored fibers and films may indicate packaging and fabric degradation in the surrounding area.

The yellow color in the phraseological picture of the world of the Russian and Persian languages: an axiological aspect

This article is devoted to a comparative axiological analysis of phraseological units (PUs) with yellow color in Russian and Persian linguistic cultures. The perception of colors among different peoples may differ and directly depend on the historical, cultural, social, religious and natural conditions of development of a given people. The object of the study are phraseological units of the Russian and Persian languages containing the yellow color (38 units in total), selected regardless of the degree of semantic unity of the components of phraseological units and the method of phraseologization, temporal characteristics, speech or linguistic affiliation, included in proverbs, sayings of famous personalities, quotes from fiction and the method of phraseologization, temporal characteristics, speech or linguistic affiliation, selected by a continuous sampling method from explanatory, phraseological, etymological and encyclopedic dictionaries of the Russian and Persian languages, literary texts, as well as the media. The main research methods used in this work are the comparative method and axiological analysis of phraseological units containing the color term “yellow” in the Russian and Persian languages. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of phraseological units containing “yellow” in two languages from the point of view of axiology. Based on the results of the analysis of the estimated values of phraseological units with “yellow” component, a conclusion is drawn about the attitude towards this color in the axiological picture of the world of the speakers of the languages under study and we have clarified the meaning of the yellow color in the phraseological picture of the world of the Russian and Persian languages and confirm the absence of a binary axiological opposition.

ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN BALOCHI SHEEP BREED OF BALOCHISTAN

Balochi sheep is a popular breed of Balochistan used for meat and fleece production. This breed faces an elevated susceptibility to the annihilation of its distinctive traits due to uncontrolled and indiscriminate breeding practices. The process of phenotypic classification plays a crucial role in facilitating the sustainable utilization, conservation, and enhancement of a particular breed. The current study was conducted to evaluate the morphological attributes for conservation, rearing and breed improvement of the Balochi sheep in Balochistan. Five districts were selected for data collection included Quetta, Sibi, Mastung, Kalat, and Khuzdar. Five flocks were selected from each district, consisting of more than 250 animals. Most of the sheep population had a semi-pendulous ear direction (89.5%). In terms of ear colour, 73.5% of the sheep displayed a white tendency, while 26.5% had black. In male Balochi sheep, several typical morphological characteristics were observed, included wool fiber diameter averaging 37.47±0.06µm, body weight at 39.76±0.87 kg, height 35.20±0.13 inches, chest size of 50.16±0.74 cm, belly circumference of 55.48±0.62 cm, neck length at 7.84±0.46 cm, neck girth of 17.89±0.07 cm, testicle length 8.94±0.43 cm, and testicle diameter of 4.014±0.14 cm. Similarly, in female average values for wool fiber diameter were 37.47±0.06 µm, body weight was 34.02±0.27 kg, height 34.03±0.11 inches, chest size was 47.27±0.49 cm, belly circumference was 51.36±0.49 cm, neck length was 7.84±0.22 cm, neck girth was 17.89±0.03 cm, udder height was 7.86±0.20 cm, udder circumference was 11.83±0.3 cm, teat length was 2.99±0.00 cm, and teat diameter was 1.03±0.01 cm. The coat colour patterns of the overall phenotypes exhibited a mainly uneven distribution, with white coat colour patterns being most prevalent (95%), followed by black and brown patches. The facial head colour exhibited a predominant white pigmentation (85%) with the remaining 15% displaying a partly black shade. The distribution of nose shape among the sheep was 62% minor roman and 38% medium roman. Whereas 89.5% of sheep had an almond-shaped eye structure accompanied by black eyelashes, the remaining 10.5% displayed a brown eye colour. Our study found that 89.5% of Balochi sheep had semi-pendulous ears, 7% had pendulous ears, and 3.5% had ears that were erected upward. Moreover, coat color commonly observed predominantly white, often displaying a combination of white with black and brown patches, which was observed in around 90% of the sheep. Notably, male had horns with curved 56% and 44% straight, while females were hornless. Additionally, 86% of the sheep had legs that were predominantly white with black spots, and the neck color was mostly white, recorded in 90.5%, although some animals showed black spots on their necks. Finally, the belly color was mainly white in 90% animals, with 10% displaying black or brown spots on their bellies. The findings of the present study can be used to improve the management practices for the production and conservation of Balochi sheep breed.

Evaluation Possibilities of Different Parts of Pomegranate, a Historical Fruit and Its Effects on Health

Today, with the faster development of science and technology, people have started to pay more attention to healthy living and consuming foods that are beneficial for human health. In this context, the value given to fruit species has become increasingly important and the importance of plants whose seeds are consumed has increased, as well as colourful fruits and vegetables. Pomegranate is a fruit grown in many countries in the world, especially in the Mediterranean climate, and its economic value has been increasing in recent years. This fruit has gained great nutritional importance not only because of its flavour but also because it contains many antioxidant substances and phenolic compounds that are beneficial to human health. There are nearly fifty pomegranate varieties registered in our country. These pomegranate varieties range from sweet to sour, from small-in size to large in size, and from hard-seeded to soft-seeded in terms of skin colour and fruit colour. In recent years, the use of pomegranate parts such as peel, seeds, and flowers in cosmetics and food industry has become widespread and studies on the antioxidant properties of different parts of pomegranate have attracted interest. The aim of this review is to investigate the health effects of pomegranate fruit, different parts of pomegranate, and products made from pomegranate.

Over-specification of small, borderline cardinalities and color in referential communication: the role of visual context, modifier position, and consistency.

This paper reports on two flash-mode experiments that test redundant descriptions of small (2-4) cardinalities, borderline (5-8) cardinalities, and color in referential communication. It provides further support for the idea that small cardinalities are more salient (due to subitizing), less sensitive to visual context, and therefore give rise to higher over-specification rates than color. Because of greater salience, Russian speakers more often use prenominal positions for numerals than for color adjectives. The paper also investigates borderline cardinalities and argues for the order factor that affects their salience, since ordered items can be perceived in small subitized parts. The ordered mode of presentation of the borderline cardinalities leads to higher over-specification rates and to higher percentages of prenominal positions than the unordered one. The paper provides further evidence for the consistency of small, borderline cardinalities, and color in people's choices to minimally specify or over-specify given objects in referential communication.

Поэтика цвета как инструмент анализа художественного текста

The paper discusses methodological approaches to the study of the poetics of color in literary texts. To identify the methodology, the study consistently examines the process of the formation of ideas about color, takes into account and systematizes existing approaches to its analysis, in particular, those based on the peculiarities of the existence of color in culture and the semantics of color terms. The starting points for the analysis of the functions and role of color in a literary text are the frequency of use, color or color-light cores, and the grouping of color terms according to their symbolic or metaphorical meanings. Much attention is paid in the paper not only to literary works but also to works on the theory of color and color perception. The mechanisms of perceiving and associating color are of particular interest, since they make it possible to assess the universality of colored images in art. A study of the poetics of color must not be guided solely by interpretation of color meanings or personal associations. Significantly, the semantics of color, due to its cultural existence, does not limit the functions of color in a literary text, but complements the contextual meaning and role of color. In an analysis of a literary text, it is important to remember that the functions of color can be manifested on all the levels of the text. For a study of the poetics of color to be complete and systematic, it is necessary to take into account all the methods of observing color, and one of the tasks of the present research is to identify these methods. It is proposed to distinguish between the concepts of symbol and detail in relation to color. Color should be considered separately in relation to motifs, spatial and temporal organization, and subjective structure. Distinguishing the individual roles of color allows us to consider it as a significant element of the artistic world, complementing it and providing additional ways of understanding and interpreting.

Lake Water Quality Assessment Based on Multispectral Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Images and In-Situ Testing

In recent years, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia has experienced several developments in buildings and road construction. A stormwater retention pond was built as a part of the construction plan to prevent the occurrence of floods downstream of the development sites. However, poor monitoring and maintenance of the pond caused water contamination, which had bad effects on the nearby environment and lake ecosystem. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the current water quality in the pond by using a combination between Multispectral Unmanned Aerial Vehicle images and in-situ sampling. Four water quality parameters were investigated, namely turbidity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pH. Aerial images were taken using a multispectral aerial mapping camera attached to UAV. The in-situ testing was performed on the same day of image capturing at 5 different locations. According to the results, it was found that the pH and water temperature were within the normal levels with maximum and minimum values of 7.34 and 6.94 for pH and 28.39oC and 28.04oC for temperature, respectively. Turbidity readings appaired with a significant variation with a maximum value of 30.9 NTU at the lake outlet and a minimum value of 18.8 NTU at the middle of the lake. Dissolved oxygen concentration was noticed to be low, with an average value of 4.3 mg/l. Water quality mapping showed the concentration distribution of each water quality parameter along the lake surface. In each map, the differences in terms of colours were found to be not significant because of the size of the lake, which is relatively small, as well as because of the small differences in terms of water quality ridings at each sampling point.

Electroluminescence, Mechanoluminescence, and Triboelectric from Superior Multimode Systems Based on Flexible Hydrogels for Human Motion Sensing

AbstractFlexible sensors have attracted extensive research interest due to their great application potential in biodetection, flexible display, and wearable devices. However, they still have a lot of room for improvement in terms of luminous color, flexibility, and self‐powered systems. A wearable, antifreeze, and discoloration sensing system based on electroluminescence, mechanoluminescence, and tribo‐power generation is developed in this paper. Triboelectric nanogenerator systems can harvest biomechanical energy from hand clapping and knee/elbow bending to generate real‐time electrical signals. The use of dielectric materials reduces the initial voltage and frequency of light‐emitting devices, enabling them to be driven by Triboelectric nanogenerators. At the same time, the device can produce red, blue, white, and other multicolor light. In addition, the system can produce an optical signal output due to external mechanical stimulation. As a result, the sensor system is simple to manufacture and unique to operate, proving its potential applications in areas such as cold‐resistant displays, wearable optoelectronics, soft robotics, and electronic skin.