Teres Major Research Articles

The Teres Major Muscle Flap in Breast Reconstruction

We describe the teres major as a muscle flap. The results of anatomical and radiographic studies demonstrate the surgical anatomy. The details of 4 clinical cases illustrate its application in breast reconstruction. The teres major flap offers advantages over previously described muscle flaps in selected cases of breast and chest contour reconstruction.

Case Study: The Treatment of Shoulder Pain and Dysfunction in a Professional Viola Player: Implications of the Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major Muscles

This case study presents to the reader the treatment performed to alleviate the shoulder pain of a viola player. Although a substantial part of the treatment was geared toward the rotator cuff musculature and glenohumeral joint, regions critical in the restoration of shoulder function, it appears that treatment to the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles played a key role in the diminution of pain during viola playing. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1989;11(2):52-55.

Pressure threshold meter: its use for quantification of tender spots.

The pressure threshold meter (PTM) and its use for evaluation of tender spots and trigger points are described. Pressure threshold is the minimum pressure inducing pain or discomfort. The PTM consists of a force gauge (11 kg range) to which a rubber disc with lcm2 surface is attached. This surface has been proven adequate for quantification of deep tenderness in soft tissues. Normal threshold values were established in 50 volunteers, 24 men and 26 women, at nine different sites frequently affected by trigger points, including the trapezius, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, lumbar paraspinals (2 sites), gluteus and pectoralis muscles. The deltoid, where muscle sensitivity is usually normal, was used as a reference. PTM is used clinically for quantification of tenderness for medicolegal purposes, but primarily to prove the presence of trigger points to patients and health professionals. Reaction to various forms of treatment such as physiotherapy and drugs can be assessed quantitatively. When trigger point injections are properly administered to affected areas, pressure threshold measurements usually increase by 4 kg/cm2. Failure to increase the reading indicates that the injection was incomplete and the procedure should be repeated. The PTM can be used for monitoring tenderness, inflammation, arthritis activity, and fibrositis.

INTRAMUSCULAR MYXOMA IN THE RIGHT TERES MAJOR MUSCLE -A CASE REPORT-

This paper was reported an extremely rare case of intramuscular myxoma having occurred in the right teres major muscle. The patient was a 42-years-old woman who mainly complained of a fist-sized mass in the right axillary fossa. CT revealed a low-density mass between the right teres major muscle and the lattissimus dorsi muscle. Angiography showed that the right subscapular artery was compressed toward the inside. The mass extirpated with a diagnosis of benign soft tissue tumor. The tumor was covered with part of the teres major and minor muscles, measured 7.5×6.3×5.2cm, and weighed 160g. The cut surface revealed solid tumor with mucus. On histological examination, the mucous matrix was composed of hyaluronic acid and the tumor was hypovascular, poor in pleomorphism of the nucleus, without particular differentiation. The condition was diagnosed intramuscular myxoma, as reported by Stout, Enzinger et al. The definition and origin of myxoma are unclear. Cases of myxoma or similar conditions which have been reported in Japan total 62 (excluding heart, jaw, and subcutaneous cases), however, among of them, myxoma according to the criteria of Stout and Enzinger numbered only 10.

Extraordinary fossorial adaptations in the oligocene palaeanodonts Epoicotherium and Xenocranium (Mammalia).

New fossils of the rare Oligocene mammals Xenocranium and Epoicotherium add information on their skulls and provide the first information on their postcranial skeletons. These epoicotheres, the latest surviving palaeanodonts, have numerous fossorial adaptations and must have been predominantly subterranean. Their skeletal specializations are similar to, and equal or surpass in degree of development, those of most living fossorial mammals. Principal modifications of the skull are the expanded, domed occiput with broad lambdoid crests, hypertrophy of the malleus-incus and related changes in other ear components, reduced eyes, and (in Xenocranium) a flaring, upturned, spatulate snout. The neck was strengthened by synostosis of the 2nd through 5th cervical vertebrae. The forelimb elements have exaggerated crests, processes, and fossae for muscles used in digging or in stabilizing certain joints. The scapula has a high, stout spine with bifid acromion, a "secondary spine," and an expanded postscapular fossa for attachment of the teres major muscle. The humerus has an elongate pectoral crest, large lesser tuberosity, long entepicondyle, and large hooklike supinator crest. The enormous incurved olecranon process of the ulna provided insertion for the massive triceps and origin for the carpal and digital flexors, and the latter gained mechanical advantage by incorporating in its tendon a large carpal sesamoid. In the greatly shortened hand, digit three is largest, with its metacarpal and proximal phalanx fused and its claw-bearing ungual-phalanx very large. These traits indicate that Xenocranium and Epoicotherium were among the most specialized "rapid-scratch" diggers ever to evolve. Their remarkable convergence to chrysochlorids reflects a similar mode of digging, with extensive use of the snout for loosening and lifting soil when making shallow foraging burrows. For deeper burrowing, the forelimbs probably loosened the soil while the rear limbs moved it behind. Like many extant subterranean mammals, Xenocranium and Epoicotherium were essentially sightless, but they were specialized for low frequency sound reception. Their extinction may have been due to a combination of environmental change and competition with other fossorial animals, such as proscalopine insectivores and rhineurid amphisbaenians.

Musculoskeletal scapular correlates of plantigrade and acrobatic positional activities in Papio cynocephalus anubis and Macaca fascicularis

AbstractThis study investigates several musculoskeletal scapular correlates of quadrupedal behavior in predominantly plantigrade, Papio cynocephalus anubis and acrobatic, less plantigrade, Macaca fascicularis. Positional behaviors differ in these two primates reflecting the amount of time spent emphasizing one or the other of these captive behavioral regimes. Stresses associated with particular patterns of behavior result in different scapular morphologies. Papio exhibits a significantly broader scapula with a more dorsoventrally curved blade accompanying an enlarged teres major muscle. The supraspinous fossa is wider in Papio, while the infraspinous/teres major attachment is wider in Macaca. Angular measurements reflect the breadth dimension of the various fossae. These results utilize two species of primates to extend a methodology developed in previous studies and to suggest that a predictable interdependence occurs between scapular dimensions and certain behavioral activities.

Function of the muscles of the upper limb in car driving. V: The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and teres major muscles.

Abstract The function of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and teres major muscles was tested electromyographically during driving in a simulator. The supraspinatus muscle appears to stabilize the glenohumeral joint and at the same time to participate in moving the steering wheel contralaterally during driving. The infraspinatus, teres minor and teres major muscles showed very little activity. When activity occurred in the teres major muscle it was usually during ipsilateral rotation of the steering wheel.

筋力筋電図 (MSMG) に関する研究

1. A new apparatus, consisting of a strain gauge and a carrier amplifier, was devised for measuring back muscular and shoulder arm strength by the author. This apparatus was applied for analysing myogenic disorder related to muscular fatigue or pain.2. Muscular strength with load and its myogram were recorded simultaneously, and their changes during the exertion were analysed.3. Muscular strength-myograms of sternocleidomastoid muscle, upper trapezius muscle, deltoid muscle, rhomboid muscle and lumbodorsal muscle were observed from the back muscular strength-myogram, and those of teres minor muscle and major pectoral muscle from the shoulder arm strength-myogram.4. It seemed paradoxically that the amplitude of action myogram increased in proportion to the grade of lowering of muscular strength caused by muscular fatigue or pain.

Effects of whole-body gamma irradiation on various chemical properties of muscle.

Swine weighing approximately 90 to 113 kg were exposed to a total air dose of 700 R at a rate of 1 R or 45 R/min. of gamma radiation. Chemical determinations of the teres major muscle were taken 10 days postexposure and after a postslaughter interval of 5 days. No differences in ether extract, moisture content, crude protein or soluble protein were observed in the 1 R/min. group. However, the pH of the muscle at slaughter in this group was higher than control muscle and decreased with storage. Muscle from the 45 R/min. animals yielded more ether extract at slaughter and after the storage phase, while moisture content was lower at both times. A reduction in soluble protein was noted during the storage phase and higher pH values at slaughter.

The function of the teres major muscle: an electromyographic study.

AbstractElectromyographic activity of the teres major and latissimus dorsi muscles using indwelling bipolar fine‐wire electrodes was recorded during motion of the arm and shoulder without resistance, against resistance, and during static resisted activity. The teres major is active during static motion and during motion against resistance with medial rotation, adduction, and extension of the arm. It is not active during motion without resistance, although latissimus dorsi usually is.

Unilateral high bifurcation of brachial artery: a case report

The Brachial artery usually begins as the continuation of the Axillary Artery at the inferior border of the Teres Major muscle and terminates by bifurcating into radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa. A case of unilateral bifurcation of the artery 7.5 cm distal to the inferior border of the Teres Major muscle in the proximal half of the right arm was identified in a northern Nigerian cadaver that was dissected by medical students of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. The Profunda Brachii, Superior Ulnar Collateral and Inferior Ulnar Collateral arteries arose from the relatively short brachial arterial trunk. Although the documented incidence of this anatomical variation is low in Nigeria, its concomitant widespread documentation in other parts of the world makes it a sufficiently important anatomical variation of the Brachial Artery, to warrant its being taught to students of Anatomy and Medicine. The knowledge of anatomical variations of the brachial artery and its branches is also important in radiological and clinical practice.Keywords: Anatomical variation, brachial, artery, Nigeria

The inferior relations of the glenohumeral joint

0 UR knowIedge and understanding of many surgica1 disorders have been advanced by the investigation of the associated problems from a11 possible angIes. Dr. Codman and Mr. Bankart have made vaIuabIe contributions to our understanding of shouIder Iesions by focusing attention on the essential post-traumatic anatomy. The shotrIder has frequentIy been expIored from the anterior, superior, posterior and IateraI aspects. The present antibiotic and chemotherapeutic era enables a further study of this joint from the inferior aspect. Scholars wilI recognize that this approach is not in any way new, and the author would like to state immediately that the oIder surgeons sometimes used this route for drainage of suppurative arthritis involving the shouIder joint; that Langenbeck is said to have approached the shouIder through the axiIIa aIthough I have been unabIe to trace this reference and that T. T. Thomas routineIy plicated the capsule for recurrent dislocation through the axiIIa. Some years ago Dr. BunneII interested me in this study and my earIy. inquiries quickly reveaIed that surgery through the armpit was regarded with considerable scepticism because of the danger of infection. The folIowing is an excerpt from persona1 communication with Dr. Bunnell: “I have just compIeted a second edition and in this have toId a Iittle more about the axihary incision that I have been advocating as an excehent approach to the shoulder joint in the scapuIohumeraI angIe. There is, as far as I know, no picture showing the anatomy with the arm raised above the head. One must reconstruct it in the mind from the conception of anatomy with the arm down, or what is better, inspect the anatomy on the fresh cadaver. The foIIowing pictures may heIp. Page 298, SpaltehoItz, shows the view in a cross axiIIary incision which aIIows one to approach the pIexus from the posterior aspect. The incision I am advocating is not this, but enters behind the Iatissimus and teres major. The iIIustrations on pages 305, and 306 of Spalteholtz show the cleavage between the teres major and Iong head of the triceps. In Cunningham, pages 377 and 378, the entrance is shown in the triangIe between teres major and minor and by the Iong head of the triceps. On page 24 or 23 in Grant’s, the entrance is in the trianguIar space. “My incision is exactly paraIIeIing the wrinkIes across the rear part of the axilla. It wiI1 be seen as one deepens the dissection that anteriorly spanning the shoulder joint are the Iatissimus dorsi and a Iittle further down on the humerus the teres major muscles. These are right side up, according to our usual conception. Posteriorly spanning the joint is the Iong head of the triceps upside down, according to our usual conception. The head of the humerus presents between these two and traversing around its neck in full view is the axillary nerve which branches near the triceps muscIe to the teres minor. The insertion of the subscapularis is cIearly visibIe in the angle between the nerve and the teres major. The quadrilaterat space has been opened up by Iifting the triceps from across the two teres muscles and the axiIIary nerve has moved up with the arm. The head of the humerus as usuaI separates the two teres muscles. The patient lies on his back rolled one-third over to the opposite side with the arm completely raised. One first uncovers the anterior surface of the latissimus dorsi and teres major and from there traverses backward. This gives the most direct approach for the Bankart operation, and, aIso, for adhesions in the scapulohumeral angle.” In our own hospita1 a generation ago a fracture-dislocation was explored through the axiIIa with subsequent infection and death of the patient. This experience discouraged the use of this approach unti1 the present study. It is certain, however, that with proper selection of cases and carefu1 preoperative preparation surgica1 procedures can be safeIy performed with the protection afforded by antibiotics.

Morphogenesis of the Shoulder Architecture. Part III. Amphibia

Previous articleNext article No AccessMorphogenesis of the Shoulder Architecture. Part III. AmphibiaA. Brazier HowellA. Brazier Howell Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 10, Number 4Dec., 1935 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/394492 Views: 6Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Masahiro Koizumi Comparative anatomy of the subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi muscles from salamanders to mammals with special reference to their innervations from the brachial plexus, Anatomical Science International 97, no.11 (Oct 2021): 124–137.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-021-00636-5Tatsuya Hirasawa, Shigeru Kuratani Evolution of the muscular system in tetrapod limbs, Zoological Letters 4, no.11 (Sep 2018).https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0110-2Rui Diogo, Janine M. Ziermann, Marta Linde-Medina Is evolutionary biology becoming too politically correct? A reflection on the scala naturae , phylogenetically basal clades, anatomically plesiomorphic taxa, and ‘lower’ animals, Biological Reviews 90, no.22 (Jun 2014): 502–521.https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12121Rui Diogo, Elly M. Tanaka Development of fore- and hindlimb muscles in GFP-transgenic axolotls: Morphogenesis, the tetrapod bauplan, and new insights on the Forelimb-Hindlimb Enigma, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 322, no.22 (Dec 2013): 106–127.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22552Tatsuya Hirasawa, Shigeru Kuratani A new scenario of the evolutionary derivation of the mammalian diaphragm from shoulder muscles, Journal of Anatomy 222, no.55 (Mar 2013): 504–517.https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12037Rui Diogo, Marta Linde-Medina, Virginia Abdala, Miriam A. 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DISLOCATION OF THE HUMERUS.: Cure of an Old Dislocation of the Humerus by Division of the Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major, and Teres Minor Muscles

DISLOCATION OF THE HUMERUS.: Cure of an Old Dislocation of the Humerus by Division of the Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major, and Teres Minor Muscles