Tephrosia Apollinea Research Articles

Prenylated Flavonoids from the Root of Egyptian Tephrosia apollinea – Crystal Structure Analysis

Three complex 7-oxygenated-8-prenylflavones, (-)-semiglabrin and (-)-pseudosemiglabrin, which are diastereoisomers, and lanceolatin A have been isolated from the root of Tephrosia apollinea (Del.) Link (Leguminosae) growing in Southern Egypt, together with two phytosterols, stigmasterol and sitosterol. The structures of the isolated compounds have been elucidated by means of physical and several spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, 1H, 13C NMR, DEPT, 2D 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC experiments, and high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), as well as some chemical transformations. The stereochemistry of the structures of (-)-semiglabrin and lanceolatin A have been confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The anticarcinogenic properties of the isolated compounds showed no inhibitory mechanisms concerning the initiation, promotion, and progression stage of carcinogenesis. Moreover, the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the root ethanolic extract are discussed

Weeds and weed management in irrigated lentil in northern Sudan

SummaryWeeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in Sudan, Field studies were conducted to determine the yield loss due to weeds, to identify the critical period of weed interference, to evaluate the activity of different herbicide mixtures in controlting weeds and their selectivity for lentil, and to evaluate different methods of weed control for developing an integrated weed management practice. At Rubatab. unrestricted weed growth accounted for up to 84% loss in yield. The critical period of weed control was between 2 and 4 weeks after sowing. However, a weeding regime experiment at Dongola, a cooler location with a longer growing season, indicated that the critical period was between 4 and 6 weeks after sowing. suggesting that the critical period might vary with the environmental conditions. The herbicides imazethapyr (0.05 kg a.i. ha‐1), terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha‐1) and prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha‐1), each in a tank mixture with pendimethalin (1.2 kg a.i. ha‐1), were tolerated by lentil, controlled weeds effectively and significantly increased yields at Wad Hamid. Their efficacy in controlling weeds at Rubatab was low, however, because of the presence of Tephrosia apollinea (Del.) DC. and Melilotus indica (L.) All., which tolerated these herbicides. Efficacy was also reduced in heavier soils. One supplementary hand‐weeding at 4 weeks after sowing enhanced the performance of these herbicides under such conditions. A tank mixture of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha‐1) with either terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha‐1) or prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha‐1) also provided good weed control and increased yield of lentil at Wad Hamid. Application of a higher dose (1.5 kg a.i. ha‐1) of terbutryn and prometryn caused phytotoxicity. Irrigation before seed‐bed preparation reduced grass and broad‐leaved weeds by 58% and 40% respectively, and gave a 30% increase in grain yield over no irrigation. Pre‐emergence application of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha‐1) and a supplementary hand‐weeding at 4 weeks after sowing gave excellent control of weeds and increased lentil yield by 57% over the weedy control. Thus, use of presowing irrigation, pre‐emergence herbicide and one hand‐weeding form an effective integrated package for controiling weeds in northern Sudan.

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND CONTENTS IN THE SEEDS OF LYGOS RAETAM L., L. RAETAM VAR. SARCOCARPA AND TEPHROSIA APOLLINEA.

Protein and non-protein amino acids in aqueous ethanol extracts from the seeds of Lygos raetam (Forssk.), L. raetam var. sarcocarpa (Zho) and Tephrosia apollinea (Del.) were analyzed with an automatic amino acid analyzer. The amino acid composition and contents of these plants were described. Several uncommon non-protein amino acids were detected and determined quantitatively.

The toxic effects of Tephrosia apollinea on goats

The toxicity of Tephrosia apollinea by mouth was studied in 12 goats, 11 of which died after 1 to 40 days of daily oral dosing with fresh or dried shoots. The main clinical signs were inappetence, dyspnoea, incoordination of movement, bouts of diarrhoea, flexion of the carpal joints, abduction and weakness of the hind limbs and recumbency. The main lesions were dilatation of the renal tubules, perineuronal vacuolation in the cerebrum and spinal cord, centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis and fatty change, catarrhal enteritis and haemorrhage in the lungs, heart and intestinal mucosa. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the concentrations of creatinine, urea and ammonia and in the activity of GOT and by a decrease in the total protein concentration in the serum. There was an increase in the lipid content of the heart, kidneys and liver. Leucocytosis was seen, due to an increase in neutrophils. The changes in the red cells indicated anaemia.

The major flavonoids of the seed of Tephrosia apollinea

A total of six complex 7-oxygenated-8-prenylflavones have been isolated from the seeds of Tephrosia apollinea and identified as the diastereoisomers (−)-semiglabrin and (−)-pseudosemiglabrin, (+)-glabratephrin, (+)-glabratephrinol, appollinine (7-methoxy-8-[3″-(2″,5″-dihydro-5″,5″-dimethyl-2″-oxofuryl)]-flavone and lanceolatin-A. The use of 13C NMR in the structure elucidation of flavones of this type is discussed. The potential chemotaxonomic value of Tephrosia flavones of the type isolated from T. apollinea is explored.