Tenure Structure Research Articles

Rural Housing in Ireland: A Description and Classification for the 1980s

This study utilises 1981 Census of Population data on housing and households in order to sketch in the essential structure of the Irish rural housing stock in the 1980s. Following an initial examination of the tenure structure and the quality of the stock, the main part of the paper is concerned with the development of a national typology of housing and households using the technique of Cluster Analysis. Seven main clusters are identified and their significant characteristics are described. The diversity of housing in the Irish countryside is adverted to. but it is pointed out that this diversity is under threat arising from the rapid expansion of new owner-occupied housing.

Power and Knowledge: International Relations Scholarship in the Core and Periphery

The field of International Relations (IR) is motivated as much by the institutional dynamics of American universities and the internal rewards structure of tenure, promotion, and merit pay, as it is by wider scholarly recognition. This article discusses how the incentives of the U.S. academe influence IR theory and how it imitates the preferences of American foreign policy. Moreover, this article denotes that IR scholarship has abstracted away from the realities of international affairs and it does not speak of, or speak to those in the far away periphery. It concludes by discussing two promising movements: Global IR and Planet Politics. Global IR involves rebuilding the theories of IR by incorporating contributions from the periphery, whereas Planet Politics is a manifesto for rewriting IR as a set of practices based on the concept of Anthropocene by proposing a new ontology that is driven by the dread of planetary extinction.

Investigating the Effect of Land Consolidation Projects on Agricultural Sustainability (Case Study: Haraz Plain in Mazandaran Province)

Investigating the Effect of Land Consolidation Projects on Agricultural Sustainability (Case Study: Haraz Plain in Mazandaran Province)

Conflicts of customary land tenure in rural Africa: is large-scale land acquisition a driver of ‘institutional innovation’?

This study combines legal and anthropological approaches to investigate how the establishment of a large-scale biofuel agro-industry is reinterpreting and potentially transforming customary institutional arrangements in rural Sierra Leone. The contractual relationships established between land acquirers and local authorities can be seen as an ‘institutional innovation’ that aims at interpreting and overcoming the limits of the national land regime. However, by formalizing customary land tenure structures through land registration, such innovations are exacerbating pre-existing social inequalities. We identified four categories of resulting conflicts: interlineage, intervillage, interfamily and intergenerational conflicts. Taken together, these conflicts question the current land-based sociopolitical structures of rural Sierra Leone and could be drivers of societal change.

Impacts of Industry Towards the Structure of Customary Land Tenure on the Natural Sago Forest in Imekko, Sorong Selatan Regency-West Papua

The goal of the research is to assess structural dynamics of customary land tenure in Imeko communities as a result of emergence regarding the operations of PT ANJ-AgriPapua and PerumPerhutani in Sorong Selatan Regency. The objectives are as follows: (1) to identify and map the structure of customatyland tenure rightsover the Natural Sago Forest (NSF) in Imekko; (2) to identify and mapstuructural dynamics of customary land tenure on the NSF in relation with the emergence of PT ANJ-Agri Papua and PerumPerhutani in Imekko. The research reveals that the customary land tenure exists under communal and collective ownership with regard to <i>keret/fam</i> (family names). Local communities are entitled with rights to access, collect forest products, use, control, manage, transfer and release, reclaim, and own their land. Individuals who do not have rights over the customary land are able to acquire ownership after obtaining permission with or without compensation on the line. In the case of Dusun Sagu, ownership belongs to family groups (member of nuclear family). Inheritanceon the NSF and Dusun Sagu are passed downtosons, or to the <i>keret/fam</i>, heirsof the family who cultivated the land. Moreover, the research finds that the structures of customary land tenure among Imekko communities are changing due to the emergence of PT ANJ-Agri Papua and Perum Perhutani in the area. From the eight rights that have been practiced for generations, only three rights remain: rights for limited access, use, and collecting forest products in the concession area of the factories. The community groups are supported to utilize these rights in order to meet their basics needs as well as and to generate income through forest utilization.

Housing affordability, tenure and mental health in Australia and the United Kingdom: a comparative panel analysis

This paper contributes insights into the role of tenure in modifying the relationship between housing affordability and health, using a cross-national comparison of similar post-industrial nations—Australia and the United Kingdom—with different tenure structures. The paper utilises longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey and British Household Panel Survey to examine change in the mental health of individuals associated with housing becoming unaffordable and considers modification by tenure. We present evidence that the role of tenure in the relationship between housing and health is context dependent and should not be unthinkingly generalised across nations. These findings suggest that the UK housing context offers a greater level of protection to tenants living in unaffordable housing when compared with Australia, and this finds expression in the mental health of the two populations. We conclude that Australian governments could improve the mental health of their economically vulnerable populations through more supportive housing policies.

The Challenge of Crafting Institutions for the Commons: The Case of Community Forestry Support Programs in Mexico 2003-2008

Mexico forest tenure structure is known worldwide for its progressive approach of giving local communities full property rights to set a robust support to sustainable livelihoods in forested areas. Most forest areas in Mexico are owned by local communities either through the ejido, agrarian indigenous or groups of small owners. In the last 30 years, many forest communities explored forest production at a commercial scale, creating their own communal business and concurring to national markets with their timber and non-timber products. The socio-economical impacts of this approach were tremendous, steadily improving communities living standards. This success prompted rural organizations to ask the Mexican government to launch programs to expand the community forestry model. With international assistance from the World Bank and other agencies, the government of Mexico launched three different programs to foster forest commons: the Forest Conservation and Management Program, the Indigenous, Communities and Biodiversity Project and the Mexican part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Performance of these programs has been assessed through the World Bank evaluation framework, but the question about their environmental impact or even about their environmental sustainability and therefore their validity as national policies has been scantily explored and practically not debated. To contribute to answering these questions, the author made an extensive analysis of their impact over forest cover during the 2003-2008 period using land cover maps and correlated them with institutional development variables, building a social organization and collective action index (SOCAI), following Elinor Ostrom institutional analysis and development framework (IAD).

Analysis of the Agrarian Land Reform in Uzbekistan During the Soviet Era and After Transition

Abstract The aim of this paper is to review the development of land tenure process in Uzbekistan from the times of socialism up to current days. Based on the results of the analysis we found out that structure of land tenure in Uzbekistan before 1917 was different. After the implementation of the agrarian reforms in December 1925 by Soviet government, the land was nationalized in Uzbekistan. However, during transition period the structure of land tenure after the establishment of new land reforms was significantly diversified in Uzbekistan. Success of the land reforms is very important for Uzbekistan in providing stable growth in the country. Given analysis is based on data from official statistical organizations, international organizations and other research materials.

CARTOGRAFIA GEOGRÁFICA CRÍTICA E O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO 'ATLAS DA QUESTÃO AGRÁRIA BRASILEIRA'

&lt;p&gt;Este artigo aborda a proposta teórico-metodológica de uma Cartografia Geográfica Crítica e sua aplicação no desenvolvimento do Atlas da Questão Agrária Brasileira (www.fct.unesp.br/nera/atlas). O trabalho é parte dos resultados da tese de doutorado defendida em 2008 na Unesp de Presidente Prudente e foi apresentado na mesa A cartografia no contexto socioambiental no II Cartogeo, realizado em 2010 pelo Departamento de Geografia da USP. No artigo apresentamos os fundamentos da proposta da Cartografia Geográfica Crítica e a análise da estrutura fundiária brasileira, um dos vários temas que compõem o Atlas.&lt;/p&gt;

The German housing system: fundamentally resilient?

The initial research question was: How can we explain the fact that the German housing system was seemingly unaffected by the financial crisis? The relative macro-economic stability of the German economy is part of the story, but the initial question led to a more fundamental analysis of why there had been no precrisis excesses in the German housing market. The longer term lack of volatility in Germany is just as in need of explanation as the excesses elsewhere. An important part of the explanation may be the particular tenure structure of the German housing market—which is characterized by a low homeownership rate and a large market share for private landlords. This structure was shaped over time by institutional development. In particular, mortgage finance systems and habits did not develop independently of that tenure structure. Equally that tenure structure arises in part from regulation and housing subsidy systems that do not favour homeownership.

Neighbourhood Structures and Crime: The Influence of Tenure Mix and Other Structural Factors upon Local Crime Rates

Public policy in the UK has used housing tenure diversification to achieve social mix in deprived areas. Such ‘mixed communities’ are thought to be more cohesive and sustainable, with reduced crime and antisocial behaviour. However, the articulation of the link between tenure mix and crime is weak and the evidence unclear. Using geocoded crime data for Glasgow for 2001 and 2008 alongside neighbourhood structural data, including tenure mix, this paper examines the influence of neighbourhood structural factors upon annual crime rates as well as upon changing crime rates. Although crime rates are patterned by local tenure structures, the direct effects are not large. The strongest associations with local crime rates are for income deprivation levels and the number of alcohol outlets in an area. Although housing tenure structures play a part in influencing local crime rates, it may be more a result of sorting effects than neighbourhood effects.

Grassroots Capacity Building for REDD+: Lessons from Nepal

Meaningful engagement and effective participation of grassroots stakeholders and forest managing communities in national policy formulation and local institutional processes for forest management have implications for the future global climate regime and poverty reduction among forestdependent poor. In this context, the institutional and technical capacity of grassroots stakeholders is critical in ensuring effective and successful implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, including Conservation and Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks (REDD+). Capacity building for grassroots stakeholders is particularly crucial as REDD+ has to be implemented in a complex local environment shaped by multiple land use systems, sharply divided politics, conflicting policies, different levels of forest dependencies, complex social relations, unclear governance and tenure structures and differential climate impacts. It has been learned from the grassroots capacity building programme that there is a need of partnership and collaboration between grassroots stakeholders to build capacity for fighting against climate change at local level. However, there is no ‘one size fits all’ formula for capacity building, partnership and collaboration. Multi-pronged and multi-scale capacity strengthening strategies that draw on the strengths of various learning methods and address the unique needs of targeted stakeholders would be effective. These would/ should always be target-driven, addressing the specific needs and conditions of stakeholders, and reflecting their sustainable development strategies, priorities and initiatives. There is still a need to re-orient and strengthen the capacity of the key stakeholders of REDD+ in Nepal so that they can better analyse and understand their own carbon forestry conditions and develop strategies to get more benefits from the REDD+ scheme.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8617 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 1-13

EARLY PUEBLO RESPONSES TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY: FARMING TRADITIONS, LAND TENURE, AND SOCIAL POWER IN THE EASTERN MESA VERDE REGION

Maize agriculture is dependent on two primary environmental factors, precipitation and temperature. Throughout the Eastern Mesa Verde region, fluctuations of these factors dramatically influenced demographic shifts, land use patterns, and social and religious transformations of farming populations during several key points in prehistory. While many studies have looked at the influence climate played in the depopulation of the northern Southwest after A.D. 1000, the role that climate played in the late Basketmaker III through the Pueblo I period remains unclear. This article demonstrates how fluctuations in precipitation patterns interlaced with micro- and macro- regional temperature fluctuations may have pushed and pulled human settlement and subsistence patterns across the region. Specifically, we infer that preferences for certain types of farmlands dictated whether a community used alluvial fan verses dryland farming practices, with the variable success of each type determined by shifting climate patterns. We further investigate how dramatic responses to environmental stress, such as migration and massacres, may be the result of inherited social structures of land tenure and leadership, and that such responses persist in the Eastern Mesa Verde area throughout the Pueblo I period.

A new methodology for measuring land fragmentation

The presence of land fragmentation can indicate that an existing land tenure structure is problematic. It can be a major problem in many regions because it restricts rational agricultural development and reduces the opportunities for sustainable rural development although in some cases, it can prove beneficial and desirable for social and environmental reasons. Whilst policies to counter land fragmentation require reliable measurement of the situation, current fragmentation indices have significant weaknesses. In particular, they ignore critical spatial variables such as the shape of parcels as well as non-spatial variables such as ownership type and the existence or absence of road access for each land parcel. Furthermore, there is no flexibility for users to select the variables that they think appropriate for inclusion in the fragmentation index, and no variable weighting mechanism is available. The aim of this paper is to introduce a new ‘global land fragmentation index’ that combines a multi-attribute decision-making method with a geographic information system. When applied to a case study area in Cyprus, the new index outperforms the existing indices in terms of reliability as it is comprehensive, flexible, problem specific and knowledge-based. The methodology can be easily applied to assess the quality of any existing system for which evaluation criteria can be defined with values ranging from the worst to best conditions.

REDD Policy Impacts on Indigenous Property Rights Regimes on Palawan Island, the Philippines

Several Southeast Asian states have been working feverishly to design and implement REDD policy frameworks to fulfil their commitment to global climate change mitigation. In doing so, state agencies will be challenged to design REDD plus policies that value and conserve forest carbon in ways that align with national policies and local priorities for managing forest landscapes defined by complex property rights regimes. However, as with other market-based policies, the expeditious delivery of REDD could bypass critical analysis of potential interactions with national tenure regimes, customary property rights, and local livelihoods. Drawing on the case of Palawan Island—a forested frontier island in the Philippines—we examine how nascent REDD policies can articulate with state sanctioned tenure, customary tenure, and forest uses in changing livelihood contexts. This paper draws on research among Tagbanua and Pala’wan people to illustrate how complex and changing tenure structures, commodity markets and livelihood dynamics may influence how REDD plus interventions affect indigenous customary lands and forest use. We argue that the ability of indigenous forest users to maintain stored carbon and improve livelihoods is contingent upon the ‘socio-material’ form of carbon—a commodity defined in relation to the resources and social processes of which it is part.

Plantation forest leases: experiences of New Zealand Māori

Numerous scholars agree that to integrate stakeholder demands into forest management is the central challenge facing forestry science. A necessary step is to translate public views and expectations into forest management techniques. This study uses document analysis and in-depth interviews to understand the values and expectations of New Zealand’s indigenous people (Māori) who have exotic species forests planted on their ancestral land. The two case studies involve long-term forest lease arrangements where Māori families are the collective owners of the land but the forest is managed by third parties. The results suggest that the landowners’ overall view of forestry is more critically influenced by political frameworks than by forest management techniques. The structures of governance and tenure and the legislation affecting the land are viewed as complicated and constraining. However, after decades of experience, Māori have successfully incorporated plantation forests into their sense of people and place. Despite difficulties and disappointments, the land use of forestry and forest regimes are, overall, viewed favourably by the landowners, consistent with environmental considerations and their culture and values.

ESTRUTURA FUNDIÁRIA DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS – 2003

The article weaves considerations about agrarian structure of Goias state, having secondary data and the mapping of fiscal modules in municipal scale as center of the analysis. Such land tenure structure is not lots of different than occurs in regions and municipalities scarcely populated in which the large estate, despite to belittle quantity, occupies the greatest part of the state rural areas.

Is Privatization the Answer for Social Housing? A Comparative Study of China and the United Kingdom

Since the end of the 1970s, both China and the United Kingdom experienced significant privatization processes in their social housing systems. The reasons for and main policies during the privatization process in the two countries are reviewed and compared in this paper. The privatization processes are separated into two stages: the first stage began in the 1980s, when both countries intended to improve the living standard of those households in social housing The second stage began in the 1990s when more complex goals, such as private financing, were established by the central governments of the two countries. The pros and cons of privatization in the experiences of the two countries are analyzed. It is recommended that the Chinese government should concentrate on regulating the tenure structure and rental market, protecting low-rincome families, and introducing property taxes on private households. For the United Kingdom, it is recommended that the financing policies should be regulated and the management efficiency should be improved of privately financed housing projects.

An agent based model to simulate structural and land use changes in agricultural systems of the argentine pampas

The Argentine Pampas, one of the main agricultural areas in the world, recently has undergone significant changes in land use and structural characteristics of agricultural production systems. Concerns about the environmental and societal impacts of the changes motivated development of an agent-based model (ABM) to gain insight on processes underlying recent observed patterns. The model is described following a standard protocol (ODD). Results are discussed for an initial set of simplified simulations performed to understand the processes that generated and magnified the changes in the Pampas. Changes in the structure of agricultural production and land tenure seem to be driven by differences among farmers’ ability to generate sufficient agricultural income to remain in business. In turn, as no off-farm or credit is modeled, economic sustainability is tied to initial resource endowment (area cropped). Farmers operating small areas are economically unviable and must lease out their farms to farmers operating larger areas. This leads to two patterns: (a) a concentration of production (fewer farmers operating larger areas) and, (b) an increase in the area operated by tenants. The simulations showed an increase of soybean area, linked to the higher profitability of this crop. Despite the stylized nature of initial simulations, all emerging patterns are highly consistent with changes observed in the Pampas.

Decline and depression: the impact of the global economic crisis on housing markets in two post-socialist states

The goal of this paper is to outline the main factors influencing the diverse consequences of the global economic crisis on housing and mortgage markets in two post-socialist economies—the Czech Republic and Hungary. In the former there was a mild decline of markets while in the latter there has been a depression of markets. The paper also contributes to the convergence and divergence debate on housing policies in Europe. In the last two decades the post-socialist states have moved toward a market-based housing system (a convergence trend), but substantial differences have simultaneously emerged in tenure structure, housing finance institutions and housing policies (divergence trends). The Czech Republic and Hungary have introduced efficient market reforms in their economy but they have followed different paths in reforming their housing systems. This article shows that divergence in housing systems explains some of the differences in the impact of the global economic crisis on the housing and mortgage markets. However, the article concludes that housing policy responses to the impact of the global economic crisis on housing markets may on balance reinforce convergence trends.