Tentative Methods Research Articles

Analysis of The Nature of Science in The Prototype Curriculum Based on Social and Science Students’ Book for Fourth Grade Phase B

The Nature of Science or NOS is knowledge that explains how science works and how scientists conduct research. NOS has aspects of form, namely products, processes and properties. The preparation stage, such as reviewing the literature on the NOS aspect and determining the NOS aspect used, namely from the form aspect, including products, processes, attitudes, and from the nature aspect, in the form of empirical, tentative methods, subjective, creative, theoretical and legal, socio-cultural, and scientific; The analysis stage, by analyzing the basic competencies and content in the curriculum and its embodiment in student books. This research was carried out with the following steps: Based on the results of the researchers' agreement, the minimum value limit in the data analysis process is 80%. Based on the results of the analysis, it is shown that the aspects and embodiments of the nature of science and the nature of the science books for fourth grade students are not explicitly explained. The excellent category is in the product aspect with an average percentage of >80%. While other aspects have a very less category with a percentage of <80%, even some aspects have an average percentage of <1%.

Female relatives and domestic service in nineteenth‐century England and Wales: Female kin servants revisited

AbstractThis article uses the full sample of the 1851 census enumerators’ books (CEBs) to revisit and reanalyse the well‐known phenomenon of female kin servants in the British census. We find that the recording of female kin servants points to three distinct possibilities – day servants, domestic work at relatives’ homes, and work at relatives’ homes as part of the family business unit. Accordingly, we argue that female kin servants offer a rare opportunity to look into the interaction between gendered work, household economy, and market economy, and they should be considered as much in the labour force as classic servants. We further offer tentative methods to revise the number of female domestic servants. Our revision suggests that domestic service probably employed more women than manufacturing activities of all sorts put together. It highlights the limited impacts of industrialization on most women's work experiences as well as traditional sector's importance for women's employment, even as late as the mid‐nineteenth century.

Modelled biological effectiveness comparisons of low, high and ultra-high (FLASH) radiation dose rates

This article considers quantitative comparisons of radiation effectiveness across a large range of dose rates, including low (LDR), medium, conventional or high (HDR) and ultra-high (or FLASH) dose rates.For comparisons of different continuous radiotherapy prescriptions, the linear quadratic model was used to derive ‘biological effective dose’ (BED) equations which included time-dependent enzymatic DNA repair in the low to high dose rate range for monophasic or biphasic repair kinetics. In a recent publication, much higher dose rates, associated with increasing overall radioresistance, was thought to be governed by a cube root (or similar) function of dose rate (which expresses the intensification of micro-volumetric linear energy transfer per unit volume and correlates with average inter-track distances) with resultant increases in the apparent α/β ratios. Explicit equations for assessments of BED* (defined as the excess BED beyond the threshold BED) are presented for dose rates ranging from around 0.1–5 × 106 Gy per hr. The method can also be adapted for tumour control comparisons.Graphical presentations are used to determine iso-effective doses of similar BED* values at different dose rates, for specified radiation doses. The threshold BEDs for radio-tolerance reduce in proportion to the change in the α radiosensitivity parameter. For dose rates above the HDR range, the intrinsic α/β ratio, which is independent of dose rate, continues to influence the magnitude of the changes in BED and dose required for a specified bio-effect, but in a modified form.For further research purposes, these tentative methods can provide isoeffective dose estimates to guide radiation use at different dose rates, but require further specific experimental validation. The methods may seem complex and contain many pitfalls. Further research is also required to identify residual enigmas, such as the exact dose rate and dose at which biological FLASH effects begin to operate and to validate these isoeffective dose predictions.

Nuclear Thermal-Hydraulic Phenomena: Bases and Challenges

In the domain of reactor transient simulation, the identification of thermal-hydraulic phenomena (THPs) plays a major role. The system codes should model all influential THPs and should be validated against integral effect tests and separate effect tests which cover all influential THPs. The validation and the uncertainty quantification should cover every model related to an influential THP. A list of 116 THPs, recently established, covers all water-cooled reactors and design basis accident (DBA) analyses. It synthesizes more than 30 years of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and International Atomic Energy Agency activities conducted by several safety specialists. A new tentative method to identify THPs was proposed based on two sources of information, the parameter evolutions in transients (depressurization, voiding, refill, heating, ...) and the set of balance equations with source and sink terms for convection, diffusion, interfacial transfers, and wall transfers. This method is just based on Gen-2 pressurized water reactor (PWR) transient analysis at the system, component, and basic process levels. The comparison of the 116 THP list with the list of the tentative methods is made in this paper for the particular case of GEN-2 PWRs. No major contradiction was found. Both methods identified phenomena at the system, component, and process level. The 116 list better identified special components that require “special models” in system codes. The use of equations identified many more local process THPs, which may help ranking phenomena in a scaling analysis and identifying validation needs. The comparison confirms a potential synergy and complementarity between approach 1, which is based on the 116 THP list, and approach 2, which is based on the tentative method; the outcome of this comparison suggests further efforts to combine them and complement them in a new international collaborative context. This analysis reports ongoing discussions between members of the Forum and Network of System Thermal Hydraulics Codes in Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics network of system code developers.

Recent Advances in Intelligent Source Code Generation: A Survey on Natural Language Based Studies.

Source Code Generation (SCG) is a prevalent research field in the automation software engineering sector that maps specific descriptions to various sorts of executable code. Along with the numerous intensive studies, diverse SCG types that integrate different scenarios and contexts continue to emerge. As the ultimate purpose of SCG, Natural Language-based Source Code Generation (NLSCG) is growing into an attractive and challenging field, as the expressibility and extremely high abstraction of the input end. The booming large-scale dataset generated by open-source code repositories and Q&A resources, the innovation of machine learning algorithms, and the development of computing capacity make the NLSCG field promising and give more opportunities to the model implementation and perfection. Besides, we observed an increasing interest stream of NLSCG relevant studies recently, presenting quite various technical schools. However, many studies are bound to specific datasets with customization issues, producing occasional successful solutions with tentative technical methods. There is no systematic study to explore and promote the further development of this field. We carried out a systematic literature survey and tool research to find potential improvement directions. First, we position the role of NLSCG among various SCG genres, and specify the generation context empirically via software development domain knowledge and programming experiences; second, we explore the selected studies collected by a thoughtfully designed snowballing process, clarify the NLSCG field and understand the NLSCG problem, which lays a foundation for our subsequent investigation. Third, we model the research problems from technical focus and adaptive challenges, and elaborate insights gained from the NLSCG research backlog. Finally, we summarize the latest technology landscape over the transformation model and depict the critical tactics used in the essential components and their correlations. This research addresses the challenges of bridging the gap between natural language processing and source code analytics, outlines different dimensions of NLSCG research concerns and technical utilities, and shows a bounded technical context of NLSCG to facilitate more future studies in this promising area.

Magnetocaloric effect, magnetostructural and magnetic phase transformations in Ni50.3Mn36.5Sn13.2 Heusler alloy ribbons

Thermomagnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in Ni50.3Mn36.5Sn13.2 Heusler alloy ribbons are reported. Large magnetocaloric response has been obtained for μ0H=3T in both the reversible adiabatic change in temperature ΔTad (−6.3 and +4.7K) and the isothermal change in the total entropy ΔST (+11.8 and −2.2JK−1kg−1), respectively at the temperature Tstr=271K at which the magnetostructural phase transition from the low-temperature Martensite phase (MP) to the high-temperature Austenite phase (AP) takes place, and at TCA=311K at which the magnetic phase transition in the AP occurs. The MCE has been studied through the Stoner’s magnetocaloric parameter ξS (Stoner EC. Phil Mag 19 (1935) 565), and a generalized expression for the equations of state for magnetic materials is presented. The phase coexistence of the MP and AP has been studied via their respective sublattice with opposite-aligned magnetic moments by means of the effective magnetic anisotropy density eA induced by the supercooled (superheated) secondary AP (MP) in the MP (AP). Magnetic fields higher than the critical value of μ0HR=0.5T produce alignment of the two magnetic moments and hence a change in the magnetic ordering in the MP from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic, resulting in a thermomagnetic behavior in which the field-cooling and field-heating magnetizations become coincident, the induced anisotropy vanishes eA=0 and the metastability disappears. New tentative methods to obtain the spontaneous magnetization of both MP and AP and their respective fractions in the phase coexistence range are reported.

Topographic Wear Monitoring of the Interface Tool/Workpiece in Milling AISI H13 Steel

The wear of TiCN coating carbide cutting tools (Sandvik® Grade 1010 and 4220) in different hard-milling machining conditions was monitored, analyzed, and discussed for AISI H13 steel. This material is commonly used in the forge industry in order to optimize the manufacturing process according to a qualimetry/cost compromise criterion. AISI H13 steel generally is used in modern production for high wear-resistant dies and molds. One of the most basic and primary geometric shapes in the manufacture of molds and die cavities is the geometry known as "inclined plane." Experimental investigations were carried out on a "mold model" design with the aim of analyzing and optimizing the principal manufacturing conditions. The tests are dependent on manufacturing factors, particularly their impactin a complex tribological process. Five clearly defined different surfaces of the hardened AISI H13 steel model mold, with appropriate geometries were studied; i) vertical downward; ii) curved downward; iii) horizontal; iv) curved upward; and v) vertical upward.The analysis of cutting tool wear during this process was based on computerized measurements of visually observable wear and power consumption. Morphological investigations of the surface topography for the cutting tool, as well as of the work-piece surfaces, were systematically carried out. Moreover, the interactions with simultaneously measured energy consumption during the process are also explicated in the present study and therefore tentative methods to optimize hard-milling machining are offered.

An approach to optimize the settings of actuated signals

Traffic-actuated signal employs relatively complex control logic to regulate traffic flow. Introduction of control variables into the traffic-actuated system contributes to system operational flexibility and complexity, and also complicates the system with uncertainties. The paper proposes two tentative methods to optimize the actuated signal parameters: basic requirements of controller parameters and analytical model, and macroscopic computer simulation. It is concluded that when the actuated signal operates within the volume/capacity range of 0.4 to 0.6, it will create the most significant benefits; the research suggests that minimum green time in the main street shall be set long enough to meet the required demand, preferably at the 60% of the main street capacity. In order to ensure less control delay in a semi-actuated intersection, relatively small values of vehicle extension (e.g., 2.5 s) and maximum green time are recommended to be assigned to the less important street.

Improving the Accuracy of an Affinity Prediction Method by Using Statistics on Shape Complementarity between Proteins

To elucidate the partners in protein-protein interactions (PPIs), we previously proposed an affinity prediction method called affinity evaluation and prediction (AEP), which is based on the shape complementarity characteristics between proteins. The structures of the protein complexes obtained in our shape complementarity evaluation were selected by a newly developed clustering method called grouping. Our previous experiments showed that AEP gave accuracies that differed with the data composition and scale. In this study, we set a data scale (84 x 84 = 7056 protein pairs) including 84 biologically relevant complexes and then designed 225 parameter sets based on four key parameters related to the grouping and the calculation of affinity scores. As a result of receiver operating characteristic analysis, we obtained 27.4% sensitivity (= recall), 91.0% specificity, 3.5% precision, 90.2% accuracy, 6.3% F-measure(max), and an area under the curve of 0.585. Chiefly by optimization of the grouping, AEP was able to provide prediction accuracy for a maximum F-measure that statistically distinguished 23 target complexes among 84 protein pairs. Moreover, the active sites of these complexes were successfully predicted with high accuracy (i.e., 2.37 angstroms in 1CGI and 2.38 angstroms in 1PPE) of interface RMSD. To assess the improvement in accuracy we compared the results of AEP of different data sets and of tentative methods using ZDOCK 3.0.1 or ZRANK scores.

Ammonia ion selective electrode and indophenol methods can be used successfully to evaluate meat contaminated by ammonia (2007)

Anhydrous ammonia is used as a refrigerant in large warehouses for cooling meats, fruits, vegetables, milk, and other products. Ammonia offers several advantages over other refrigerants; it does not harm the ozone layer and is a very efficient heat transfer agent. However, cold storage facilities sometimes have ammonia leaks. When this happens, products are held for an indeterminate period or are condemned because there is no official method to evaluate the degree of product contamination. In one case, a warehouse owner discarded a product because he could not prove that it was safe. His insurance company would not compensate him because he failed to prove that the product was not safe for human consumption. Over the last several years, many owners of refrigeration warehouses have experienced this problem. Foodborne illness outbreaks caused by ammonia have been reported twice in the United States. On October 30, 1985, a foodborne outbreak was reported in two elementary school children in Wisconsin. The children suffered from burning of the mouth and throat, as well as nausea, within one hour of drinking milk packaged in half-pint containers. Analysis of the remaining containers revealed that the milk was contaminated with ammonia at levels ranging from 530 ppm to 1,524 ppm. The pH levels of the contaminated milk ranged from 9.1 to 10.0, while normal milk pH ranges from 6.7-6.9. This was the first reported incident of acute ammonia poisoning by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. On November 25, 2002, another outbreak was reported in several dozen school children in Illinois. The children suffered from stomachache, nausea, and headache within one hour of eating chicken tenders. A laboratory investigation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture=s Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) showed that the chicken tenders were contaminated with ammonia at levels ranging from 552 ppm to 2,468 ppm. Assessment of ammonia damage to determine whether food is fit for human consumption is based on tentative methods because published information is limited. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), at least three different measurement methods should be used to assess contaminated products: ammoniacal nitrogen, sensory test, and pH measurement. The objective of this study was to evaluate assays for ammonia detection so that they could be used for rapid in-plant testing of meat contaminated by ammonia refrigerant leaks and to determine the ammonia background of different meat products using the ammonia ion selective electrode (ISE).

Determination Methods of Lipid Hydroperoxides

It has been passed many years since much interests were paid on lipid hydroperoxidation in some research fields such as foods, medicines, cosmetics and their related industries. During these decades, there are many reports on development and modification of lipid hydroperoxides determination methods, which is able to perform precise and reproducible analysis with a very small sample size. Those methods are contributing for not only evaluation of toxicity or effect of lipid hydroperoxides on living bodies but also quality control of oil and fat products.However, some methods used with halogen-containing solvents, for example the official and tentative methods for peroxide value measurement have to make further modification based on looking for alternative solvent since environmental pollution by halogen compounds is proceeding rapidly.In the present review, some popular or novel methods which are classified into titrimetric, colorimetric, enzymatic and instrumental methods are introduced and characterized.

Wind tunnel tests on model crane structures

Empirical methods for calculating wind forces on latticed tower-like structures at any angle to the wind and that had been developed earlier by the authors, are here extended to the calculation of wind forces on crane jibs. Wind-tunnel tests on model latticed and telescopic crane jibs and the model of a complete mobile crane are described. The patterns of forces and moments on the two types of jib are compared and tentative methods of calculation proposed. Higher lift forces were found with the telescopic than with the latticed jib and the overturning moment resulting from wind action on a mobile crane was found to be due almost entirely to the jib.

Schneider, F.: Sugar Analysis, ICUMSA Methods. Official and Tentative Methods Recommended by the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA), herausgeg. vom

Starch - StärkeVolume 32, Issue 9 p. 325-326 Buchbesprechung Schneider, F.: Sugar Analysis, ICUMSA Methods. Official and Tentative Methods Recommended by the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA), herausgeg. vom W. Kempf, W. KempfSearch for more papers by this author W. Kempf, W. KempfSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1980 https://doi.org/10.1002/star.19800320914Citations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume32, Issue91980Pages 325-326 RelatedInformation

Analysis of fats and oils

AbstractAnalytical information on fats and oils is required for trading, quality control, nutritional labeling and forensics. Development of analytical procedures was one of the historical reasons for the organization of the Society of Cotton Products Analysits; it continues as a major effort of the successor organization, the American Oil Chemists’ Society, through its Uniform Methods Committee and final publication of methods in the Society's “Official and Tentative Methods.” A review of the current status of methods development will be followed by a glimpse of methodological research currently underway.

A normal mode analysis of the sound power injection in reverberation chambers at low frequencies and the effects of some response averaging methods

A normal mode analysis of the sound power injection in rectangular reverberation rooms has been carried out. It has been restricted to a pure tone, high impedance point source, typical laboratory chambers and the 125 Hz 1/3-octave band frequency interval. The main goal has been to identify results and guidelines that can be theoretically deduced and that should be of significance in actual sound power measurement situations. Some fundamental implications of the normal-mode theory are pointed out. The conclusion is that it should be somewhat more accurate to estimate the sound power by means of mean square pressure measurements made near the room surfaces than to measure within a restricted interior space of the room. The problematical power dependency on the chamber dimensions, the source position and the source frequency has been numerically analysed to obtain a quantitative description of the various sources of error associated with the reverberation room method. By restricting the placing of the source, i.e., the source was not allowed to be near any of the room boundaries, some important advantages were observed. It was shown that the expected value of the sound power was approximately equal to the free field output of the source, and that the source position variance was significantly reduced. Some tentative methods of improving the measurement accuracy are presented. They are based on the idea of attaining an averaging of the irregular sound power frequency response by means of discretely changing room conditions such as the room geometry and/or the air temperature. The methods have been numerically evaluated to obtain guidelines for their application, and a comparison with more common methods has been made. Some practical and acoustical advantages with the discrete methods are also mentioned.

Analysis of functional groups in amino resins

Abstract Aiming at establishing recommended methods for the analysis of functional groups in amino resins, four tentative methods have been tested in an international cooperative exercise. The methods were employed on four model compounds and three commercial amino resin solutions. 13 C-NMR spectroscopy was additionally employed by two of the participants. The inter-laboratory analytical study has resulted in four recommended methods: 1. Solvent removal from amino resins, 2. Proton-NMR spectroscopy, 3. Alkoxy group analysis by transetherification plus G.L.C., 4. Alkoxy group analysis by Zeisel/Merz cleavage plus G.L.C. The recommended methods are improved versions of the tentative methods applied in the round robin and possible future inter-laboratory exercises will probably show a reduced variation between laboratories as far as quantitative results are concerned. As to qualitative analysis of amino resins, 13 C-NMR spectroscopy has been shown to be a powerful technique.

Referee chemists and official methods

AbstractThe need for Referee Chemists was recognized more than 50 years ago. Currently the Examination Board of the American Oil Chemists’ Society issues certificates to commercial laboratories in the name of qualified representatives who are members of the AOCS. A total of 79 chemists presently hold Referee Certificates in categories of cottonseed, soybeans, peanuts, cottonseed oil and other cup refined oils, soybean oil and other neutral oil loss oils, tallow and grease, protein concentrates, and cellulose yields. Referee Certificates have also been issued to a few chemists in Japan and Canada. The National Cottonseed Products Association, National Soybean Processors Association, etc., publish listings of their Official Chemists, who must first obtain AOCS referee certificates.Laboratories holding certificates must use Official Methods of the AOCS wherever applicable. The AOCSOfficial and Tentative Methods is one of the leading sources of standard methods for the fat and oil industries in the world. The origin of the present edition of AOCSMethods is described, and the roles of the Uniform Methods Committee, various technical committees, and the editor in the development, publication, and distribution of the methods are discussed.

New committee to scrutinizeAOCS Book of Official and Tentative Methods

New committee to scrutinize<i>AOCS Book of Official and Tentative Methods</i>

Report of the AOCS Instrumental Techniques Committee, 1972–73

AbstractThe Committee met twice during the year at the 46th Fall Meeting of the Society in Ottawa, Canada, and at the 64th Spring Meeting in New Orleans, La. The Spectroscopy Subcommittee had planned to study, in collaborative investigation, 2 published methods, 1 designed to provide a rapid determination of isolatedtrans isomers without recourse to external standards and the other to increase the sensitivity of these determinations. However, these investigations have been delayed because of lack of interest and inability to establish task groups within various laboratories. The Atomic Absorption Subcommittee completed collaborative testing of a method originating at the Southern Regional Research Center for the direct determination of trace metals in fats and oils by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The method will be submitted to the Uniform Methods Committee with recommendation for inclusion in theAOCS Book of Official and Tentative Methods. This Subcommittee has found that methods to provide increased sensitivity in determining small traces of metals by preconcentration by means of extraction procedures are not entirely satisfactory. Apparently this is because of inability to quantify the extraction preconcentration procedure. It will attempt to develop a more sensitive method, required for the analysis of refined oils, by the use of graphite furnace and carbon rods or carbon tube atomizers. Resignations of the chairman and 2 task group chairmen of the Gas Chromatography Subcommittee necessitated a reorganization of this Subcommittee, delaying plans to establish collaborative evaluation of methods for the determination of: (a) pesticides; (b) sterols; (c) resin acids in fats, oils, and other lipids; (d) the composition of turpentine by means of gas liquid chromatography; and (e) the composition of fatty acids by means of programed gas liquid chromatography. The NMR Spectroscopy Subcommittee conducted several collaborative tests to show that the instrumental method has advantages over the present dilatometric procedure in precision, scope, and time of analysis. The NMR procedure was found satisfactory with either wideline or pulsed‐source instrumentation but was dependent upon the method of tempering of the sample prior to analysis. A method specifying a precise tempering procedure in detail will be studied in additional collaborative tests. Satisfactory results will permit development of a specific procedure to be recommended as an offical method of the Society.

Standard Methods For Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Diabrotica and Hypera Beetles

Tentative methods for detection of insecticide resistance in Diabrotica and Hypera beetles were published in the “Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America,” Volume 16, No. 3, pp 147–153, 1970. Conference participants were listed in above citation. Efforts have continued since that date to test and finalize tentative methods.