Tentara Nasional Indonesia Research Articles

The Role of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: A Civil–Military Cooperation (CIMIC) Perspective

This paper scrutinises the assimilation of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia – TNI) into civilian structures to shape a harmonised civil–military cooperation (CIMIC) in post-conflict peacebuilding initiatives. Acting as a crucial state apparatus, the TNI confronts a spectrum of threats, upholds national integrity, and follows Law No. 34/2004 by promoting soft power in non-combative military operations. Notwithstanding concerns raised by peace activists regarding potential human rights breaches during armed interventions, peacebuilding heavily depends on trust-building, which is a key catalyst for stakeholder cooperation. In contradiction to activists’ apprehensions, 2022 surveys reveal an impressive public trust level of around 93% towards the TNI. This robust public confidence sets a promising stage for the active engagement of the TNI in peacebuilding. To ensure effective participation, the TNI must demonstrate human rights commitment and adaptability to civilian protocols and guarantee non-repressive methodologies in peace missions. Leveraging its soft power, the TNI can cultivate productive alliances with civil institutions via joint ventures under civilian supremacy within a regulated CIMIC construct. The theory of change offers a unique perspective on the intertwined dynamics of civil–military collaboration, public trust and soft military power in peacebuilding, steering state policy outcomes. These are shaped by the government’s ability to reshape military duties devoid of military overreach. In conclusion, civilian control over the military materialises through shared accountability in peacebuilding endeavours, encapsulated within the CIMIC framework.

THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP AND SOFT-SKILLS COMPETENCIES OF THE PERFORMANCE AT THE FACILITY AND CONSTRUCTION UNIT INDONESIAN ARMED FORCES

<p>One of the work units under the Indonesian Armed Forces Headquarters Detachment (<em>Detasemen Markas Besar</em> <em>Tentara Nasional Indonesia </em>or Denma Mabes TNI) organization is the Facility and Construction Unit of Indonesian Armed Forces known as the Facility and Construction of Indonesian Armed Forces. The Facility and Construction of the Indonesian Armed Force shipment of construction materials have been delayed as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, the working-from-home (WFH) implementation affects the restrictions on collaboration and communication between leaders and participants. The existence of a leadership role supported by good soft-skills competencies, and career development, is expected to improve the performance of Indonesian Armed Force members. This study aims to determine the actual impact of leadership, soft-skills competencies, and career development on the performance of TNI members at the Facility and Construction of the Indonesian Armed Force. The study's findings revealed that soft-skills competencies and leadership characteristics directly impacted member performance. Additionally, a strong direct impact on professional development and soft-skills competencies on career development was discovered. It is well-organized that the leadership variable's influence on performance during career growth is insignificant in the indirect effect. On the other hand, the soft-skills competencies variable has a major impact on performance across career growth. This study concludes that organizational members' career growth and performance can be influenced by leadership and soft-skills competencies in the facility Construction of the Indonesian Armed Forces while leadership characteristics have no substantial impact on performance, career development as an intervening variable has a considerable impact on soft-skills competencies. Organizational performance improvement policies can be achieved through the career development of Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) members. Capacity-building efforts can focus on leadership and soft-skills competencies. </p>

THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP OF EDUCATION CENTER COMMANDERS TOWARDS READINESS FOR CHANGE IN EDUCATORS AT THE INDONESIAN ARMY EDUCATION CENTER

<p>The Indonesian Army (<em>Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat</em> or TNI AD) must have good quality education to face challenges in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, so military educators must be ready to change and develop learning innovations that are in line with the current needs of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). Transformational leadership is the most appropriate leadership style for change effectiveness. This study focuses on how transformational leadership affects educators' readiness to change learning methods. This research is a deductive quantitative research using a non-experimental design with a causal type of research. The research subjects are 174 military educators. The primary data collection strategy was a questionnaire. The questionnaire is an adaptation of Angela Ganni's questionnaire based on the theory of Bass & Riggio for transformational leadership while the readiness of the educators for change is based on the theory of Holt. Data analysis using multiple regression and descriptive statistics. The results showed that transformational leadership has no significant effect on military educators’ readiness to change. Leaders did not give personal attention and treated each member individually. Most of the military educators’ readiness to change was found in the medium category.</p>

Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga Dengan Motivasi Mengikuti Vaksinasi Covid-19

Background: Covid-19 has infected a lot of people in various countries. The implementation of vaccination raises new problems in the public, there are positive and negative reactions regarding the vaccination program. Incorrect data regarding the Covid-19 vaccine causes anxiety, fear and doubt.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between family support and motivation to participate in Covid-19 vaccination among members of Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) Angkatan laut (AL) in the Kodiklatal Satkes area.Method: This research used a correlational analytic design with a cross sectional approach. The population in this research is all members of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) Angkatan laut (AL) with the rank of enlisted in the Kodiklatal Satkes area as many as 384 people. The sample is 196 respondents using simple random sampling. The independent variable is family support and the dependent variable is motivation to participate in the Covid-19 vaccination.Results: The results showed that of the 196 respondents, most (58.7%) had good family support and most (52.8%) had high motivation. Based on the Spearman rank test, p value = 0.000 (p <0.05) which means that there is a significant relationship between family support and motivation to participate in the Covid-19 vaccination for members of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) Angkatan laut (AL) with the rank of enlisted in the Kodiklatal Satkes area.Conclusion: The better the family support, the higher the motivation of a person in participating in the implementation of vaccination. It is hoped that regular guidance from health facilities and health workers can increase one's motivation in participating in the implementation of the Covid-19 vaccination.

Indonezijskij orden Bintang Dharma na rodine i v Sovetskom Soyuze

Th e award system of the Republic of Indonesia remains unknown despite it refl ects a leading role of the National Army of Indonesia (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) in the Indonesian state and society. Th e paper sums up the data on the statute of the Bintang Dharma-Military Distinguished Service Star which was instituted in 1958. Th e paper also examines the media and other open sources concerning the Bintang Dharma and its awardees. Th e Order is an award of the top generals of three- or four-stars ranks, including four-star generals, lieutenant-generals, admirals and vice-admirals, air marshals and air vice-marshals. Th e Order is bestowed for distinguished services in the Armed Forces.

THE POLICY OF JOINT DEFENSE REGIONAL COMMAND I OF THE INDONESIAN MILITARY (KOGABWILHAN I TNI) IN SUPPORTING STATE DEFENSE

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Joint Defense Regional Command I (Kogabwilhan I) is the Operation Main Command (Kotamaops) of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI or Tentara Nasional Indonesia) which is directly under the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Kogabwilhan I’s task is to act as an initial follower and restorer in the event of a conflict in its territory, both for War Military Operations (WMO) and Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) as well as a deterrent in the event of a threat. The current phenomenon is that the organizational readiness of units in the Natuna area is not yet ideal, the readiness of human resources, especially the Indonesian National Armed Forces units in the Natuna area, is still limited, and the support for facilities and infrastructure of the Indonesian National Armed Forces units in the Natuna area is not adequate, and the implementation of operational activities in the Indonesian National Armed Forces units in the Natuna area. Natuna is not optimal. The purpose of this study is to provide government input on the implementation of Joint Defense Regional Command I (Kogabwilhan I) policies in supporting the national defense. This study uses a qualitative method which is an understanding of social phenomena from several participant perspectives. The results achieved are by the theory of Policy Implementation related to Resources, Communication, Disposition, and Bureaucratic Structure, a strategy is needed to revamp the bureaucratic structure and recalculate budget resources. </p></div>

Optimizing The Role Of The Indonesian National Army In Addressing The Crime Of Terrorism

The role of the Indonesian National Army ( Tentara Nasional Indonesia “ TNI ”) in countering terrorism is part of the strategy to combat terrorism. With the escalation of the threat of terrorism which not only threatens national security, but also state sovereignty, the involvement of the TNI is a necessity in order to defend the country from threats or terrorist attacks. This study describes the urgency of the TNI's involvement in efforts to overcome acts of terrorism that threaten state sovereignty, and how the ideal role of the TNI in efforts to combat criminal acts of terrorism is described. The method used in this research is normative legal research, using a statutory approach ( statu te approach ) and a conceptual approach ( conceptual approach ). The results of this study indicate that there is a need for regulations that clarify the main tasks and functions of the TNI in combating terrorism. The proposed efforts to involve the TNI in counter-terrorism include aspects of enforcement and prevention. In the aspect of prosecution, the technical involvement of the TNI in counter-terrorism operations is at the back, when the Anti-Terror Detachment 88 is in a condition beyond over capacity and the gradation of threats that endangers the sovereignty of the state. In the prevention function, the role of the TNI is more focused on the effective use of intelligence forces in supporting the prevention of criminal acts of terrorism. Technically, the role of the TNI that must be carried out is early warning, early prevention, and prosecution and restoration of an area as a result of acts of terrorism.

THE GUERILLA STAR OF INDONESIA — BINTANG GERILYA

The award system of Indonesia reflects its state developments, including the formation and transformations of the Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). The Republic of Indonesia was formed as a result of its struggle for independence against the Netherlands Colonial Empire. Many islands of Indonesia, their equatorial and tropical climate, as well as technical backwardness of the Indonesian society in the 1940s were among the main factors of the guerilla warfare against the Dutch. Guerilla squads were the main part of the People’s Security Army (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), later named the Republic of Indonesia Army (Tentara Republik Indonesia). Its victory over the Dutch in 1949 helped instituting of the first Order of Indonesia — Bintang Gerilja, or Bintang Gerilya in modern spelling — The Guerilla Star. The paper sums up the laws and acts of the Indonesian State concerning the Guerilla Star, as well as the data from open sources, like media and Wikipedia, about its awardees. These data are checked through the official reference books issued by the Service of History of the Indonesian Army (Dinas Sejarah Angkatan Darat). The paper focuses on the statute, description and bestowals of the Guerilla Star of Indonesia. The Order is an award to all Indonesians who fought for their Independence against the Dutch. The form of the Guerilla Star is like the Gallipoli Star of the Ottoman Empire. In 2009, the statute of the Guerilla Star was changed by the Indonesian Government. Now it may be bestowed for any guerilla defense of Indonesian interests.

АВИАЦИОННАЯ ЗВЕЗДА ИНДОНЕЗИИ – BINTANG SWA BHUWANA PAKSA

The award system of Indonesia currently includes fourteen orders and thirty-three medals. The history of award system of Indonesia and its connections with Indonesian politics and state development is almost unknown. There are official documents such as laws, presidential and government decrees which help to examine the instituting of orders and decorations, and open sources including encyclopedias, newspapers, and news websites which give an information about awardees. The paper deals with the Air Force Meritorious Service Star of Indonesia – Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa instituted in late 1968 by then-President Suharto. He also instituted two orders for other branches of the Armed Forces of Indonesia –Bintang Jalasena, or the Navy Meritorious Service Star, and Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi, or Army Meritorious Service Star. These decorations served to praise loyal army officers who actively supported the New Order Regime of Suharto. The Air Force Meritorious Service Star is a sign of a professional position of an officer in the Indonesian Air Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara).

Papua

Papua Budi Hernawan (bio) To mark the 2020 International Human Rights Day in Papua, 147 Catholic priests of Papua released a moral appeal to all parties involved in Papua's conflict, including church leaders, the government, the security apparatus, investors, and the Majelis Rakyat Papua (Papuan People's Council), as well as the Tentara Pembebasan Nasional Papua Barat (tpnpb, West Papua National Liberation Army). They urged these parties to uphold dialogue in order to stop violence across Papua. At the end of the appeal, the priests stressed: "We, the priests of Papua, agree and strongly offer an approach of dialogue. This approach becomes a new and dignified policy to develop a stable, just, peaceful, and prosperous Papua. At the same time, [we] categorically reject and condemn violent acts in this land" (Pastor Katolik Papua 2020; translation mine). It is important to note the use of the word "condemn," which is quite unusual for a document from the Catholic hierarchy. The statement sums up the general concern of the Papuan public. On the one hand, it expresses a sense of frustration, anger, and desperation at the protracted violence that has caused the loss of so many lives in Papua, especially in the Central Highlands. On the other, it reflects the priests' determination and hope to address the protracted conflict in a peaceful way. Their optimism remains strong. "It is the way to remind the government that they need to hold a dialogue with Papua as the way to address the conflict," said Fr John Bunay, the New Coordinator of Jaringan Damai Papua (Papua [End Page 548] Peace Network) (pers comm, 3 March 2021). If we look back to the frequency of security incidents in the Central Highlands of Papua in 2019, at least thirty such incidents occurred in the districts of Nduga, Puncak, Intan Jaya, and Mimika. Therefore, the priests' concerns are justified. Since the killing of road workers at the end of 2018 (Hernawan 2019, 536), the activities of the tpnb have increased exponentially. No longer limited to the district of Nduga, they have expanded to the neighboring districts. Eleven tpnpb groups actively operate in these districts and have territorial control in various areas within them. This situation also means a significant increase in the operations of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (the Indonesian national military), which has been deployed to hunt down the tpnpb. Joint forces of the military and the police have frequently engaged the tpnpb in these districts, leaving casualties on both sides. Those bearing weapons also target civilians. As a result, the local residents have been caught in the ongoing armed conflict, which has forced many to leave their homes and take refuge outside of their home districts. Some of them have managed to go to other towns as far as Nabire, Enarotali, or Timika, while others have scattered throughout the bush or are unaccounted for. Schools, markets, local government offices, and airstrips have been closed for months. The situation in Intan Jaya in particular became worse in the second part of the year when three church workers were either killed or wounded. The first case was the killing of Rev Yeremia Zanambani, who was found dead in his pig stall on 19 September 2020. The second case occurred on 7 October 2020, when Agustinus Duwitau, a Catholic Church worker, was shot and wounded (Lantipo 2020). A witness told the media that Duwitau was carrying an air rifle for hunting, so the security forces might have thought he was a member of the tpnpb. The incident occurred when the Papuan Provincial Council's task force was about to leave the Sugapa airstrip, so they were not able to handle it. The third case happened on 26 October 2020, when Rufinus Tigau, a Catholic catechist, was shot dead by the army in his own yard and was buried without permission from his family (Mambor 2020). He was accused of being a member of the tpnpb, which Fr Martin Kuayo, the apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Timika, categorically denied. In his media statement (Dagur 2020), Fr Kuayo clarified that Tigau had been the assistant of the parish priest of Bilogai and had played an important role in church...

Transformation of infectious diseases and the Indonesian national military health research collaboration in supporting national health security.

Transformation of infectious diseases is a dynamic movement of the spread of disease that is largerly determined by the ability to understand geomedical maps, disease transmission and impacts on national security. Disease transformation is an order of infection that can be life threatening in a clinical perspective an outbreak at the community level. The involvement of the Indonesian National Military (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) in the transformation of infected diseases is a network that needs to be strengthened, considering that its role is very important to maintain health security as a gate for national security. Strength in dealing with the extraordinary event of infection requires on going collaboration, competence, networking and integration.

Military Police Jurisdiction in Investigating Connectivity-Related Criminal Cases

The investigation of connectivity-related cases is conducted by a dedicated team composed of Military Police officers and prosecutors, each acting within their respective legal jurisdictions for criminal investigations. This study aimed to demonstrate that the Military Police, in conjunction with other law enforcement agencies within the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia [TNI]), must collaborate to assist TNI leadership in upholding discipline and fostering awareness of legal compliance among TNI personnel. This collaboration is essential for creating highly disciplined and professional TNI personnel in carrying out their duties and maintaining order and discipline within the units. This study was qualitative research, employing a descriptive approach to systematically gather factual and timely data aligned with the research objectives. The findings revealed that the resolution of connectivity-related cases may be adjudicated in either civilian or military courts, depending on the severity of the harm. To coordinate the handling of such cases in civilian or military courts, the Deputy Attorney General for Military Criminal Affairs (Indonesian: Jaksa Agung Muda Bidang Pidana Militer [JAMPIDMIL]) has been established.

PEMBERONTAKAN KESATUAN RAKJAT JANG TERTINDAS (KRJT) DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN (1950-1963): SEBUAH KAJIAN AWAL

The focus of this article is historiography of rebellion of Unity of the Oppressed (Kesatuan Rakjat jang Tertindas/KRjT) which is led by Ibnu Hadjar on South Kalimantan (1950-1963). In 1950, Ibnu Hadjar’s troops choose desertion from Indonesian National Army (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) and entered to the forest on the range of Meratus hills, for doing the rebellion to the Government of Indonesia, whereas, 1963 is the time when The KRjT surrendered and Ibnu Hadjar be arrested. The result showed that the emergence of KRjT caused by crystallizing of dissatisfaction and hurt over Jakarta’s policy in treating local ex-guerrillas in the early 1950s. Ibnu Hadjar and his followers felt leisureliness that appear between what they expect in terms of status and material acquisition with what they have or their capacity for got it (relative deprivation).

Civil Reserve Component as an Alternative for Strengthening Border Security in Indonesia

Indonesia as the world’s largest archipelagic state has 90 outer islands with 67 islands bordering to the neighboring countries. Through this frontier, it is found number of problems that arise such as the smuggling of goods and people, drug trafficking, terrorism, small arms smuggling and occupation of territory by neighbouring countries. Not all these problems can be handled by the government and Indonesia National Army (Tentara Nasional Indonesia or TNI). Therefore the idea for the establishment of civil reserve components through basic military training to increase border community defence of Indonesian sovereignty needs to be considered. Through the civil reserve component, the community will be given training to strengthen Pancasila values while preparing the community to be responsive to the various border issues. Using a juridical normative study, this paper will discuss the benefits and challenges of border security through the strengthening of the civil reserve component using national law and international law perspectives

Analisis Persepsi Anggota Koperasi Terhadap Perbaikan Layanan Dari Dampak Penggunaan Sistem Simpan Pinjam Koperasi Divif 1 Kostrad Depok

Penelitian proses bisnis yang terjadi di dalam Koperasi Divif 1 Kostrad bertujuan untuk mengetahuimutu pelayanan yang diberikan kepada anggota. Permasalahan yang muncul saat ini adalah bagaimanadampak pengguna layanan terhadap sistem yang terjadi pada Koperasi Simpan Pinjam dan apakahakan dipengaruhi oleh persepsi anggota dengan kualitas sistem yang digunakan saat ini. Pengambilansampel sebanyak 89 responden yang dibagi tiga divisi menggunakan teknik purposive sampling denganperhitungan rumus slovin dan pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner. Adapun tujuan penelitian yaitu :(1) Mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh pengguna dalam sistem pelayanan di Koperasi Simpan Pinjam,akan adanya penambahan fungsi dalam sistem atau pembaharuan alat pendukung sistem. (2)Mengetahui apakah persepsi kepuasan dan persepsi kelayakan berpengaruh terhadap penerimaananggota Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) Kostrad dari dampak penggunaan Sistem Koperasi SimpanPinjam. Penulis menghitung hasil penelitian menggunakan rumus metode penelitian kuantitatifSugiyono. Hasil penelitian dari kuesioner menunjukkan bahwa persepsi kepuasan dan persepsikelayakan sangat mempengaruhi terhadap dampak penggunaan Sistem Koperasi Simpan Pinjam.Kata-kata kunci: purposive sampling, penelitian kuantitatif, SPSS, koperasi simpan pinjam

Strategic Culture and Indonesian Maritime Security

AbstractStrategic culture plays a significant role in shaping current practices of maritime security in Indonesia. Rooted in the history and experiences of the military and the state itself, Indonesian maritime strategic culture shapes the perceived roles and responsibilities of the Indonesian primary and most capable maritime security agency, the Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut. Albeit institutional, doctrinal reform and weapons modernisation, the navy appears to be reluctant to relinquish its long‐standing law enforcement and internal security roles resulting in overlap of roles and responsibilities among the various maritime security agencies in Indonesia. This article argues that the historically shaped strategic culture, particularly the blurred distinction between ‘defence’ or sovereignty protection and ‘security’ or law enforcement, has not allowed the Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut to focus on the increasingly demanding traditional military roles. An understanding of Indonesian strategic history and culture as well as its civil‐military relations is thus essential to comprehend this problem.

The Soldiers Welfare: The Military Keynesianism Perspective for The Indonesian Armed Forces’s Professionalism

Building professional soldiers into the wishes and commitments of many countries, this is due to the strengthening of threats that are not only traditional threats, but also non-traditional threats. This situation confirms that the presence of professional soldiers will ensure the sovereignty of the state, because the military institution can focus on its duties and functions on the defense of the country. In this context, the Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia—TNI) is also faced with situations that place TNI institutions to become professionals, relying on democratic civilian government through the defense ministry with an emphasis on improving the welfare of soldiers simultaneously with efforts to modernize Indonesia's defense system. Because the Military-Keynesianism approach believes that improving the welfare of the army is part of the consequences of increasing defense budgets. The paper argues that the increase in defense budget will be correlated with the welfare of the army, although the policy is not directly for the welfare of the army. The article also argues that the increase in the defense budget should improve the TNI foundation as an ideal institution by emphasizing the welfare of soldiers.

THE TOTAL PEOPLE'S DEFENSE AND SECURITY SYSTEM: PROBLEMS OF THE STATE-SPONSORED MILITIA IN INDONESIA

The establishment of state-sponsored militia has raised concerns of human rights violations in non-international armed conflict in Indonesia. Most of the state-sponsored militia have been formed and tacitly supported by the Indonesian National Defense Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) mostly based on the implementation of a concept called the Total People’s Defense and Security System (sistem pertahanan rakyat semesta-sishankamrata). The Total People’s Defense and Security System is the grand strategy adopted based on Indonesia’s experience during Indonesia’s physical revolution or armed struggle for independence (1945-1949) and recognized under the Second Amendment to the 1945 Constitution. This article will elaborate on, first, the constitutional history and ideology of ‘total people’s defense’ which contributes to the political ideology of the military and its relations with the existence of militia groups; and second, the active encouragement of militia abuses by the Indonesian military as part of a campaign to maintain control of regions seeking independence, along with the constraints imposed by the military itself on the manner in which it conducts such campaign.

Current Data on the Indonesian Military Elite, April 2008–September 2013

This report updates data from previous articles and identifies the shuffling of key positions within the Indonesian National Defense Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) headquarters, including changes that took place within the army’s central and regional commands between April 2008 and September 2013 (covering primarily the second term of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s administration). There were two major developments during this period. First, a simultaneous reshuffle of the armed services’ chiefs of staff one month after the reelection of President Yudhoyono. Second, there were three different TNI commanders-in-chief during this time and four of the army’s chiefs of staff were replaced. Overall, the shuffling indicates a smooth and organized leadership transition from older to younger officers.

Profesionalisme TNI di tengah Transisi Politik

The Indonesian Armed Force (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) has for decades been the instrument used by those in power to endorse and hold their powerful positions. As a consequence, the Indonesian Armed Force has not only lost its professionalism, but also its quality and competence. A professional army can only be established in the condition of a democratic political life. In this article the author describes the situation in Indonesia nowadays, i.e. the transition towards democratization. In this process, the most important agenda is to return the main function of the Indonesian Armed Force in line with the need and the will of Indonesian people, i.e. to guard the nation sovereignty and territory. However, the author also recognizes the other functions the armed force has to carry out. In relation to this, the article examines how the professionalism of the Indonesian Armed Force can be formed in the midst of a political transition process. The author proposes several steps to be taken, i.e. to revise or replace the legislation about the state's defense policy; revise the armed force's doctrine so as to accommodate the people's needs; revise the legislation on the police force to enable the police to guard the civil order, strengthen the law, and avoid the outside intervention; as well as to allow the armed force's members to choose their representatives in the general election.