Static Tension Research Articles

Psychological Stress and Role Management on Construction Technology Industry: Post-Pandemic Challenges

Psychological stress is an unpleasant feeling and emotion for a person who is in a state of restlessness, anxiety, and tension because of the mental or physical stress that occurs. The purpose of this study was to find out the level and factors of psychological stress faced by employees in terms of barriers to the role of company management, particularly in the context of construction technology industry. This study was conducted on construction workers in the district of Hulu Selangor affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses random sampling referring to the population of selected companies. The study sample was 70 people from a total target population of 70 people. The researcher used the method of distributing questionnaires from google forms medium which contains five-section, namely Part A (demographics of respondents), Part B (psychological stress factors among workers) and Part C (aspects of company management role) is the content for the research instrument. The data collected will be analysed using the Statistical Package for School Science (SPSS) program. Descriptive methods were used to obtain the mean, percentage, frequency, and standard deviation in this study. According to the study's findings, the level of psychological stress among worker’s was a moderate and employees also perceived the psychological stress associated with their managerial responsibilities in the context of construction technology sector. To foster a healthier and more productive workplace, this discovery can offer all parties involved with useful information they can use as a guide to leverage technological solutions and structural adjustments to prevent employees from experiencing psychological stress in the future.

Tempo-rhythmic characteristics of spontaneous speech of speakers of certain types of mental accentuations of personality in states of psychoemotional tension

The subject of psycholinguistic research is the formal signs of spontaneous sounding speech of the speaker in conditions of emotional tension. In our opinion, indicators of emotional tension of speech in perception are, first of all, formal means of sounding speech at the level of rhythm, tempo, speech failures, which are in relation to complementarity with the semantic content of the phrase and signal the degree of tension of speech. Thus, the state of emotional tension is transmitted by a complex of formal signs of sounding speech. As an example of the psychological factor of emotional tension, we considered court hearings in criminal cases. The object was audio recordings of spontaneous sounding speech of native speakers of the Russian language in a situation that determines the state of emotional tension of the speaker. The novelty of the research lies in the use of qualitative experimental methods in the analysis of spontaneous sounding speech in a situation of emotional tension. Obtaining objective results becomes possible on the basis of auditory linguistic analysis, which allows with a certain degree of reliability to assess the emotional state of the speaker (deviation from the norm, anxiety, tension, the presence and type of emotions, for example, excitement, surprise, fear / anger, etc.), psychophysiological state (abnormality, the presence of pathology), finally, establish boundary criteria for determining a stress disorder for a particular mental type. Of particular interest is the appeal to the psychological typologization of the personality of K. Leonhard, which makes a reliable analysis not only of the characteristics of the character (the so-called psychological phenotype of the personality), but also of his temperament (the psychological basis of the personality).

Anisotropic Hardening and Plastic Evolution Characterization on the Pressure-Coupled Drucker Yield Function of ZK61M Magnesium Alloy.

This paper studies the plastic behavior of the ZK61M magnesium alloy through a combination method of experiments and theoretical models. Based on a dog-bone specimen under different loading directions, mechanical tests under uniaxial tension were carried out, and the hardening behavior was characterized by the Swift-Voce hardening law. The von Mises yield function and the pressure-coupled Drucker yield function were used to predict the load-displacement curves of the ZK61M magnesium alloy under various conditions, respectively, where the material parameters were calibrated by using inverse engineering. The experimental results show that the hardening behavior of the ZK61M magnesium alloy has obvious anisotropy, but the effect of the stress state is more important on the strain hardening behavior of the alloy. Compared with the von Mises yield function, the pressure-coupled Drucker yield function is more accurate when characterizing the plastic behavior and strain hardening in different stress states of shear, uniaxial tension, and plane strain tension for the ZK61M alloy.

الإجهاد الرقمي المدرك وعلاقته بالتحكم الإنتباهي لدى طلبة الإعدادية

Perceived digital stress expresses a state of anxiety or psychological tension resulting from a difficult situation. It is also a natural human response that prompts the individual to confront the challenges and threats that he experiences in his daily life. Everyone suffers from stress to one degree or another, but the way we respond to stress makes a big difference in The state of general well-being we live in, and stressful situations may cause or exacerbate mental health problems, Attentional control is the individual's ability to quickly switch between stimuli and focus on tasks effectively in the presence of environmental distractions and different emotional expressions. It performs many functional tasks that are of great importance in learning, including planning, which includes cognitive identification of the goal and sub-goals and appropriate performance to achieve these goals. The current research question was: Is there a relationship between perceived digital stress and attentional control among middle school students To achieve the objectives of the current research, the Perceived Digital Stress Scale was adopted, and the Attentional Control Scale was adopted. The validity and reliability of the research measures were verified by applying them to a sample of (300) male and female middle school students in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, who were chosen randomly, and the statistical bag was used. For Social Sciences (SPSS) in data processing, the research concluded that the members of the research sample have perceived digital stress and have attentional control, and that there is an inverse relationship between perceived digital stress and attentional control among the sample members, and the research concluded with several suggestions and recommendations. Keywords: perceived digital stress, attentional control, middle school students.

Study on the Synergistic Effect of Primary Support and Surrounding Rock of Large Buried Depth Tunnel in Soft and Fractured Strata

The soft and fractured strata can cause significant deformation of surrounding rock during tunnel excavation. This study analyzes field monitoring test results and compares numerical simulations from the third bid project of the Dali I section construction within the water diversion project in central Yunnan to address the issue of significant deformation following tunnel excavation in soft and fractured strata. It proposes an optimized support scheme consisting of a densified steel arch and enhanced initial support strength and stiffness. In addition, the research investigates support effectiveness considering varying support strengths and steel arch ring spacing. The study findings indicated the following: (1) The tunnel traverses soft and fractured strata, causing unevenly distributed vertical convergence deformation around the cavern. The maximum settlement occurs at the crown, showing pronounced nonlinearity. (2) The maximum stress in the steel arch is concentrated at the arch crown, measuring −19.02 MPa. The arch remains compressed, with stress decreasing from the crown to the waist. (3) The axial force in the anchor bolt reduces from the crown to the arch’s waist on both sides. As the depth of the rock mass increases, the axial force in each anchor bolt decreases and the tension state is maintained. The maximum axial force reaches 46.57 kN. (4) The maximum displacement decreases from 4.21 to 0.15 cm after the optimized support structure is implemented, demonstrating the optimization scheme’s effectiveness. Future constructions can refer to this scheme and make necessary adjustments based on various terrain conditions to ensure safety.

비구조화된 의사결정형 문제해결에서 초등수학영재 집단의 창의적 시너지 사례 연구

This study aimed to analyze cases of creative synergy in a group of 5th and 6th-grade elementary math-gifted students in an ill-structured decision-making problem-solving process. Two groups were selected according to the group output level in the applied task, and cases of a combination of contributions and process losses were examined, focusing on the three states of creative synergy through episode-by-episode discourse analysis. As a result, combining group members' contributions was linked to creative synergy, and it was essential to minimize process loss to connect complementary and tension states circularly. Based on these findings, further research on various variables, including individual characteristics, the completeness of individual problem-solving, concerns about group sustainability to maximize creative synergy, and factors and strategies for connecting and maintaining states of complementarity and tension, was proposed.

Stability Analysis of the Exploitation System with Room and Pillar by Analytical Methods

The mining method that is still often used in salt deposits is the room-and-pillar mining method, in which the dimensioning of the most requested element in the system is followed. The pillars are the elements subjected to the greatest loads. Knowing the size and distribution mode of the secondary state of stress—deformation—is a necessity that can lead to the design and realization of stable, reliable underground excavations. This paper proposes an analytical assessment model of the secondary stress state in the pillars between the operating rooms, as well as in the whole system room–pillar–floor, based on the results obtained from laboratory research through modeling and in situ research. For this purpose, the evaluation of the secondary stress state was carried out considering the following methods: (1) the dimensioning method based on the theory of limit equilibrium, taking into account the effective stress in the pillars; and (2) the mechanics of the continuous environment based on the design of some analytical models for evaluating the secondary stress-deformation state in the pillar and floor. The exploitation of one of the largest salt deposits in Romania is used as a case study, and the stability of the exploitation system with rooms and pillars is evaluated by analytical methods. The secondary state of tension was calculated at different points on the height of the pillar. Through the proposed algorithm, the value of the axial component of the secondary stress state at different points along the axis of a pillar located at a depth of 100 m varies between 1.498 and 1.657 MPa, compared to the value obtained by the finite element method and in situ measurements, which was 1.64 MPa. The comparison revealed a high degree of agreement between the results obtained for the depth of 100 m using both the FEM and laboratory and in situ measurements. This suggests that the proposed algorithm is a reliable method for predicting the secondary stress state. The presented algorithm can be extended in the field of mining deposits, where mining methods with rooms and pillars are used.

Self-locking Kirigami surfaces via controlled stretching

Kirigami provides a powerful strategy to transform two-dimensional elements into complex three-dimensional functional structures with lengths ranging from nanoscale to microscale and macroscale. The stability and programmability of forming three-dimensional structures through mechanical actuation, whether external or self-balancing, are crucial. Here, we offer a system that performs the 2D to 3D transformation through sequential in-plane tension and release. As a result, the 3D state is obtained by out-plane popping and rotation and shows a self-locking behavior. The range of geometric parameters for kirigami elements with different stability properties is determined theoretically. The in-plane tension conditions are also calculated to break the transition point of the forming process. The horizontal and vertical modular array analysis demonstrates the scalability and programmability from the self-locking elements to the Kirigami surfaces. We expect that the kirigami pattern and design approach will serve for innovative systems, including tunable antennas, flexible electronics, and medical devices.

Facile Determination of the Poisson's Ratio and Young's Modulus of Polyacrylamide Gels and Polydimethylsiloxane.

Polyacrylamide hydrogels (PAH gel) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, an elastomer) are two soft materials often used in cell mechanics and mechanobiology, in manufacturing lab-on-a-chip applications, among others. This is partly due to the ability to tune their elasticity with ease in addition to various chemical modifications. For affine polymeric networks, two (of three) elastic constants, Young's modulus (E), the shear modulus (G), and Poisson's ratio (ν), describe the purely elastic response to external forces. However, the literature addressing the experimental determination of ν for PAH (sometimes called PAA gels in the literature) and the PDMS elastomer is surprisingly limited when compared to the literature that reports values of the elastic moduli, E and G. Here, we present a facile method to obtain the Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus for PAH gel and PDMS elastomer based on static tensile tests. The value of ν obtained from the deformation of the sample is compared to the value determined by comparing E and G via a second independent method that utilizes small amplitude shear rheology. We show that the Poisson's ratio may vary significantly from the value for incompressible materials (ν = 0.5), often assumed in the literature even for soft compressible hydrogels. Surprisingly, we find a high degree of agreement between elastic constants obtained by shear rheology and macroscopic static tension test data for polyacrylamide hydrogels but not for elastomeric PDMS.

Role of Sattwavajay Chikitsa in the management of stress disorders with special reference to Unmada

Stress disorder are due to both stress and strain. Stress can be defined as a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation. Stress is a natural human response that prompts us to address challenges and threats in our lives. Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The prevalence of stress in the general population is 29.6%. Sattwavajaya Chikitsa described by Acharya Charaka is nothing but withdrawal of mind from unwholesome objects. It also includes methods mentioned under Adravyabhuta Chikitsa.

Study on fatigue damage and frequency attenuation characteristics of carbon fiber composite

Fatigue analysis and life prediction are the key and challenging issues in the mechanics research of composite material. In this paper, based on the progressive damage analysis method and fatigue cumulative damage theory, a three-dimensional fatigue cumulative damage numerical model is constructed by introducing the orthotropic constitutive equation, 3D-Hashin fatigue criterion, and material performance degradation scheme. Two loading conditions of tension–tension fatigue and compression–compression fatigue of Carbon Fiber composite laminates were investigated. In the tension–tension fatigue experiments, when the cycle is [Formula: see text] times, the experiment and the numerical simulation all not completely destroyed. However, progressive degradation of stiffness and strength was observed in certain elements, accompanied by some internal damage. On the other hand, the experimental and predicted values for compression–compression fatigue were within a triple error band. Then the cumulative damage evolution law of each laminate under fatigue load was analyzed. Compression–compression fatigue damage initiated from the center of the hole and expanded to both sides of the composite laminate, and its fatigue life increased with the increase of the compression–compression fatigue load. Considering the degradation of stiffness in composite materials under fatigue loading, which leads to frequency attenuation in the structure, this paper established a connection between the fatigue state and frequency to obtain the frequency attenuation curve under fatigue loading. The relationship between frequency and fatigue life was revealed, allowing for the prediction of remaining fatigue life in practical engineering based on the rate of inherent frequency reduction.

Effect of Graphene Particle Diameter on Mechanical Properties of Graphene Composite Material

In order to improve the mechanical properties of alloys and broaden their application fields, high-performance metal matric composites have received more and more attention. Graphene has excellent mechanical properties and is often used as a reinforcing phase for various composite materials. However, as the reinforcing phase of the composite, the number, shape, and size of graphene have a significant effect on the overall mechanical properties of the composites. Therefore, the influence of graphene particle diameter on the mechanical properties of graphene particle reinforced metal matrix composites was studied in this paper. By establishing a series of finite element models, we simulated the mechanical behaviour of composite materials under static tension loading. The relationship between graphene particle diameter and material mechanical properties is revealed.

Association of stress and sleep quality among the health sciences students: An analytical study

Background: Stress termed as a state of both mental and physical tension and sleep quality defined as how well an individual sleeps, stress and sleep quality regarded as significant physical and mental health determinants. Objectives: To determine frequency of stress and sleep quality and to determine association between stress and sleep quality among health sciences students of Sialkot. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted after ethical approval on a sample of 264 students in Sialkot. A convenient sampling approach was utilized. The sample was gathered from private medical colleges of Sialkot having undergraduate health sciences students. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was employed to assess the levels of stress in students and Pittsburg sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used for student's sleep quality. The Data was analyzed through SPSS software, version 22. Chi-square test was used (p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant). Results: Study comprised of 264 undergraduates having a mean age of 20.82±1.34 including 224 (84.4%) females and 40 (15.2%) males. Study showed high prevalence of stress and poor sleep quality with statistically significant association (p=0.027). Majority of students were experiencing poor sleep quality 232 (87.9%). 15 (5.7%) participants had low stress, 191 (72.3%) students were at the level of moderate stress and 58 (22%) were at severe stress level due to bad sleep quality. Conclusion: The study concluded that there was high frequency of stress and poor sleep quality with significant association between stress and sleep quality but no significant association with demographics in targeted health sciences undergraduate students in Sialkot.

Dynamics of parameters of human cardiovascular and respiratory systems under the influence of speleoclimat

Speleotherapy uses the conditions of salt mines and caves to treat diseases of the skin and respiratory systems, to restore patients after illnesses, to maintain health, and stimulate the immune system. The purpose of this study is to study the dynamics of the parameters of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of a person under the influence of speleoclimate. The study involved studens of 1–2 courses of the Voronezh State Medical University. N.N. Burdenko. Every day for 10 days of speleotherapy after the end of speleotherapy, blood pressure, pulse, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and lung capacity were measured. The analysis of the obtained data was carried out using Excel and StatPlus Pro programs. It was revealed that human adaptation to the speleoclimate occurs both due to the frequency and strength of the heart contraction. The dynamics of the parameters of the respiratory system under the influence of speleoclimate reflects the adaptation of the study participants to the speleoclimate mainly due to the depth of breathing, to a lesser extent – due to the frequency of breathing. Mobilization of adaptive resources and the state of tension of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems during the development of the anxiety stage under the influence of speleoclimate is formed mainly due to intersystem mechanisms. Tension in the cardiovascular system persists after the 10th speleo procedure. It is shown that the speleoclimate has the ability to restore the vegetative status of a person. Differences in the dynamics of breathing parameters in girls and boys under the influence of speleoclimate were revealed.

Assessing pseudo-ductile behavior of woven thermoplastic composites under tension and bending

Most fiber-reinforced composites are inherently brittle and fail suddenly at low strains without yielding and energy-absorbing capability. Still, under some conditions, they can demonstrate ductile like response known as pseudo-ductility. To investigate such a response, experimental analysis of carbon- and glass-fabric reinforced thermoplastic polymer (C/GFRP) composites was performed in on- and off-axis orientations under service loading conditions of tension and bending. Tensile tests of off-axis specimens were conducted with a full-field strain-measurement digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Cyclic bending tests of on- and off-axis C/GFRP specimens were performed to assess their ductility and damage behavior. The tests revealed that on-axis CFRP laminates failed due to fracture of brittle carbon fibers under tension, monotonic and cyclic bending. The on-axis GFRP samples demonstrated a linear-elastic brittle response under tension but a visco-elasto-plastic nonlinear behavior under monotonic and cyclic bending with hysteresis and energy absorption. This nonlinearity could be due to stress stiffening of thin laminates under large-deflection bending and mesoscopic effects in the woven fabrics. The off-axis C/GFRP specimens exhibited ductile behavior akin to metals, enduring high strains with permanent deformation before ultimate failure, and absorbing substantial amounts of energy. The pseudo-ductile response of the off-axis specimens is attributed to plasticity due to matrix cracking, fiber-matrix debonding as well as fiber trellising, whereas in the on-axis GFRP specimens, it is primarily due to visco-elasto-plastic behavior of glass fibers and the TPU matrix. It is concluded that material's response can be tailored for stiffness, strength and ductility for specific applications.

Effect of long-term aging on the microstructure evolution and fracture mechanism of 9% Cr steels

The fracture toughness of pressure pipe steels is vital for their design and safe operation. Understanding the deterioration of the fracture toughness and the corresponding fracture mechanisms is instructive and meaningful for material selection and development. The elastic–plastic fracture toughness of 9% Cr steels aged at 873 K and 923 K from the initial state to 20000 h was investigated at ambient temperature and 873 K. The deterioration of the fracture toughness and the corresponding fracture mechanisms are discussed in detail. For 9% Cr steels, voids mainly initiated from primary inclusions such as silicides, sulfides, alumina and manganides in as-received state, while voids initiated from both primary inclusions and secondary particles such as the Laves phase after long-term aging. These voids grew and coalesced with neighboring voids and crack tips subsequently until ultimately fracture. After aging at 873 K, the fracture toughness values tested at 873 K decreased from the initial state to 3000 h and then increased to 10000 h. The peculiar deterioration of the fracture properties after 3000 h of aging at 873 K can be attributed to the high number density of Laves phase particles in the steels. It was found that the densely distributed hard Laves phase particles induced strain concentration at the interface between the Laves phase and the matrix under plane-strain tension condition and promoted nucleation of voids. It was suggested that the spatial distribution of the Laves phase played a significant role on the void formation. 9% Cr steels with a denser distribution of Laves phases brings about voids with shorter interspaces, which are more susceptible to coalesce into crack tip, resulting in lower fracture resistance. After aging at 923 K from 10000 h to 20000 h, the number density, size and volume fraction of precipitates, block size, misorientation angle and dislocation density remained almost constant. The slight increase in the fracture toughness from 10000 h to 20000 h can be mainly ascribed to the coarsening of the martensite lath in this stage.

A System for Monitoring Animals Based on Behavioral Information and Internal State Information.

Managing the risk of injury or illness is an important consideration when keeping pets. This risk can be minimized if pets are monitored on a regular basis, but this can be difficult and time-consuming. However, because only the external behavior of the animal can be observed and the internal condition cannot be assessed, the animal's state can easily be misjudged. Additionally, although some systems use heartbeat measurement to determine a state of tension, or use rest to assess the internal state, because an increase in heart rate can also occur as a result of exercise, it is desirable to use this measurement in combination with behavioral information. In the current study, we proposed a monitoring system for animals using video image analysis. The proposed system first extracts features related to behavioral information and the animal's internal state via mask R-CNN using video images taken from the top of the cage. These features are used to detect typical daily activities and anomalous activities. This method produces an alert when the hamster behaves in an unusual way. In our experiment, the daily behavior of a hamster was measured and analyzed using the proposed system. The results showed that the features of the hamster's behavior were successfully detected. When loud sounds were presented from outside the cage, the system was able to discriminate between the behavioral and internal changes of the hamster. In future research, we plan to improve the accuracy of the measurement of small movements and develop a more accurate system.

Myotonometric Assessment of the Short-Term Effects of Manual Therapy on Upper Trapezius Myofascial Trigger Points

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to assess the short-term effects of one manual therapeutic intervention by quantifying the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of upper trapezius myofascial trigger points. (2) Materials and Methods: Fourteen volunteer subjects (six males and eight females) aged 22 to 47 years, with myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle on both sides participated in this study. The biomechanical and viscoelastic properties were assessed with the Myoton Pro (Estonia) before the application of manual therapy (T0), then immediately after the end of the treatment session (T1) and finally one hour after the end of the treatment session (T2) in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied treatment. (3) Results: The oscillation frequency in the right upper trapezius muscle was significantly lower than in the left upper trapezius muscle both immediately, after the end of the manual therapy session (p = 0.03) and one hour after the session (p = 0.03). Regarding the state of tension in the right upper trapezius, a significant decrease was observed one hour after treatment compared to baseline (p = 0.04). In the left upper trapezius muscle, one hour after treatment, the dynamic stiffness value was significantly higher than in the right upper trapezius (p = 0.01). (4) Conclusions: Myotonometry could become a useful method to assess the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of muscles, identifying trigger points and monitoring the results of therapy.

Petrophysical Analyses of Rock Construction Materials from a Roman Rural Settlement in Podšilo Bay on Rab Island (North-East Adriatic, Croatia).

This article presents the results of petrophysical analyses of limestones and sandstones used for the construction of the wall structures of a Roman rural settlement located in Podšilo Bay on Rab Island (Croatia). An on-site analysis of the walls indicated the use of different lithotypes, which is an uncommon case in the area. So far, no petrophysical properties of the applied materials have been tested, and their provenance has not been specified. The aim of this research was to determine their usability as construction materials in an attempt to determine the possible reasons behind the usage of multiple lithotypes and their suitability as building materials. The following procedure was used to address these issues: (1) determination of the petrographic characteristics of the rocks, (2) performance of tests to characterise the mechanical properties in a complex stress state of uniaxial tension followed by uniaxial and triaxial compression, and, finally, (3) determination of the internal structure of the rocks using methods based on X-ray imaging. Multi-proxy characteristics of the materials including numerous observations and methods were performed: optical microscopy used to characterise rock petrography and mineralogy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with EDS, as well as grinding tests; furthermore, mechanical properties were determined on cylindrical samples in accordance with European standards. X-ray microtomography using the XμCT method enabled microscopic observations and determination of the orientation of discontinuities and the rock structure. The performed analyses allowed us to distinguish three lithological types of sandstone and two types of limestone among the examined stone blocks. Stone blocks of fine- and medium-grained sandstone with carbonate binders, as well as sparitic limestone and mudstone with calcite veins, were used to build the studied structures. The analysed blocks showed traces of partial edge processing. Despite the defects in the material structure identified using XμCT, all the types of rock were characterised by high or very high strength. High values of longitudinal wave velocity confirmed the good quality of the material. These results contribute to a better understanding of the construction process and the related technological choices, and they provide the first dataset which can be used for the reconstruction of the building's original appearance in the future.

VAM-based equivalent-homogenization model for 3D re-entrant auxetic honeycomb structures

The integration of two vertically crossed re-entrant honeycombs gives rise to a 3D re-entrant honeycomb (3D-RH), which displays intricate three-dimensional auxeticity. To simplify the modeling complexity, this study employs asymptotic analysis of the energy functional stored in the unit cell of the 3D-RH to develop unified constitutive models for 3D structures and panels with multiple length scales. Based on this, an equivalent 3D Cauchy continuum model is established for multi-layer 3D-RH, while a 2D equivalent plate model is developed for sandwich panel with single-layer 3D-RH (SP-3D-RH). The accuracy and effectiveness of these equivalent models are subsequently confirmed through investigations of the X-shaped compressive deformation of multi-layer 3D-RH, as well as the in-plane auxetic deformation and out-of-plane dome-shaped deformation of single-layer 3D-RH. Compared to traditional hexagonal and re-entrant honeycomb sandwich panels, the SP-3D-RH exhibited enhanced equivalent tensile stiffness while effectively mitigating maximum deformation and strain energy under bending and tension conditions. However, due to its relatively low equivalent shear stiffness, the SP-3D-RH exhibited significant deformation and strain energy when subjected to torsional loads, resulting in local stress concentration in the connect region between adjacent facesheets. Parameter analysis shows that the facesheet-to-strut thickness ratio had a substantial impact on the equivalent stiffness and in-plane behavior of the SP-3D-RH, while adjusting the horizontal strut length, strut depth, and re-entrant angle of the 3D-RH can improve the out-of-plane behavior.