Yarn Tensile Properties Research Articles

Manufacturing and Properties of Yarns Containing Metal Wires

In this work, conductive yarn manufacturing that is formed by wrapping metal wire around the cotton yarn is described. Roving material at different thicknesses and copper and stainless steel-based wires having different diameters were fed into the ring frame to produce yarns containing metal wires. Performance of the composite yarns was tested by measuring yarn count, hairiness, and tensile properties. These yarns can be used in broad application areas of smart textiles for electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, dissipation of static electric charge, or conductive textile applications.

Measurement of Multiple Mechanical Properties of Fabrics in One Test

The compressibility, bending, weight, friction, tensile and shear properties of wool fabrics and yarns are of vital importance in the hung shape and virtual fitting of end-use textile products. A new apparatus has been developed for characterizing the above mechanical properties of wool fabrics and yarns through a single testing, and the corresponding modeling analysis for compressing, bending, weighting, friction, stretching and shearing properties were conducted and the corresponding characteristics were all measured just through one pulling out testing based on a three-point bending in principal. The compressing measurements for fabric and transversal cross-section yarn were conducted and could obtain the thickness under certain pressure and the low load and thickness curve. The bending modeling for small deflection was developed and adapted to the nonlinear relationship of bending moment and curvature, and the governing differential equation for bending rigidity was found. The weight of fabric in Gram per square meter and the linear density of yarn in Tex per unit length were both effectively and accurately calculated. The friction method was developed based on the Amonton’s Law, and the static and dynamic frictional coefficients were found. The tensile and shear properties under low stress were investigated and the corresponding characteristics, such as elastic modulus and shearing modulus, were obtained. Moreover, the fuzzy clustering analysis for handle of fabrics or yarns was utilized to classify and further verify the measured fabrics or yarns based on the mechanical properties mentioned above. Thereof, the comprehensive handle system for fabrics and yarns (briefly named CHS-FY) was necessarily self-designed and utilized to characterize the mechanical properties, which played a crucial role in quickly classifying the fabrics and yarns with different style. Meanwhile, the verifications of the comprehensive handle system for fabric and yarn was conducted, and indicated that there were in good agreement between theoretical and experimental results of mechanical properties of wool fabric and yarn, and showed that there existed high accuracy in classification with the fuzzy clustering analysis. Thereby, the comprehensive handle system for wool fabrics and yarns is effective and accurate in measuring the compressibility, bending, weight, friction, tensile and shear properties and fast classifying the handle of wool fabrics and yarns.

Strip twisted electrospun nanofiber yarns: Structural effects on tensile properties

Abstract

Influence of Polyester Fibre Fineness and Cross-Sectional Shapes on Tensile Properties of Yarns

Mechanical properties of 100% polyester and polyester-viscose (P/V) blended yarns produced from polyester fibres which vary in denier and cross-sectional shape have been analyzed. It is observed that fibre fineness and cross-sectional shape play a significant role in the translation of fibre properties to the respective yarn properties. As the fibre linear density decreases, fibre strength translation efficiency increases. In the case of trilobal fibre, translation efficiency is observed to be lower, but yarn breaking elongation is higher in comparison to the corresponding circular fibre. Scalloped oval fibre contributes more towards yarn strength and elongation versus the equivalent circular and tetraskelion fibres. In the P/V blended form, a decrease in yarn tenacity does not affect fibre fineness, but is substantially influenced by changes in the fibre profile. Contribution of broken viscose fibres (comparatively weaker component) at the point of actual breaking of yarn, i.e. Z-value, is altered depending on the polyester fibre profile, which is higher in trilobal and scalloped oval fibres in comparison to the corresponding circular ones, but the role of fibre linear density in this regard is rendered insignificant.

Effect of Morphology and Structure of Fiber and Yarn on Fuzzing and Pilling of Wool Knitted Fabrics

The morphology and dimension of wool fibers were compared from the usually processed in the wool applications to investigate the relationships between shape and dimensions of wool and fuzzing and pilling of knitted fabrics. The frictional coefficients of wool fibers were measured by capstan method. The surface morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the cuticle scale edge height (CSH) were measured to verify the relationship between CSH and the differential friction effect (DFE). The hairiness and tensile properties of yarn were also reported. The pilling comparative experiments of the corresponding knitted fabrics were conducted with the ICI pilling box according to GBT 4802.3-2008. The pilling grades were estimated by numbers of pills. Experimental results showed that the CSH increased with the slenderness of wool fiber when the length is approximately equivalent. Specifically, the DFE increased distinctly as the CSH increased. The pills weight of wool knitted fabric was in good agreement with the CSH, DFE.

Application of air‐jet nozzle in short staple Siro spinning system

With the objective of reducing the hairiness of Siro spun yarns, two types of air‐jet nozzle differing in the angle of sub‐holes and suitable for an air vortex ring spinning system were designed and fabricated. The performance of the JetSiro spinning system on short staple fiber materials and the effects of the different parameters on the hairiness of JetSiro spun yarns, such as nozzle pressure of compressed air, distance between front roller nip and inlet of nozzle, and nozzle structure, were investigated using the Taguchi method. The physical properties of JetSiro spun yarns with those of conventional Siro spun yarns were compared. The results show that the parameters, air pressure and distance between front roller nip and inlet of nozzle have the strongest and weakest effect on yarn hairiness. In addition, the optimum spinning conditions were determined. The application of the air‐jet nozzle exhibits significant reductions in yarn hairiness of 40%. The results revealed no significant effect of the air‐jet nozzle on the yarn tensile properties and evenness.

Investigation of Movable Balloon Controller System on a Ring Spinning Frame

Compared to other spinning system, the ring spinning process has been used to produce higher quality yarns, but with a much lower spinning efficiency, resulted from the relatively high spinning tension that leads to increased yarn breakage rates and makes high power consumption. Thus, depressing yarn tension is essential to change the status. In this paper, we design a movable balloon controller system to reduce yarn tension. The system is automatic, composed of powder switch, touch screen, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), pulling-thread displacement sensor, controller of step motor, step motor and linear module. PLC, the core of the system, controls the position of the balloon controller by a series of programs. Then yarn tension was tested while spinning with movable balloon control ring, fixed balloon control ring and no balloon control ring, respectively. The result shows that the yarn tension can be depressed indeed by equipping this movable balloon controller system to some extent. Additionally, we find that the number of hairiness of ring spun yarns with this system can be reduced to some extent, while yarn tensile properties are not as sensitive to be worse. It is significant to cut down ends-down rate, improve the quality of ring spun yarns, the spinning efficiency as well as the energy efficiency of ring spinning.

Numerical and experimental research on the influence of parameters on the tensile properties of Murata vortex yarn

In this paper, a three‐dimensional numerical simulation is presented on the flow field inside the nozzle of Murata vortex spinning. Four parameters; nozzle pressure; jet orifice angle, twisting surface angle, and distance between the nozzle inlet and the spindle, are selected to investigate their influences on the airflow characteristics in the nozzle and, consequently, on yarn tensile properties. Experimental research is also conducted to investigate the influence of these parameters on the yarn tensile property. The computational results are compared with the experimental results and they are in good agreement. The research shows that with the increase of the nozzle pressure and the twisting surface angle, the yarn tenacity first increases and then decreases. Yarn tenacity increases with increasing jet orifice angle. Yarn tenacity decreases with the increasing distance between the nozzle inlet and the spindle.

Mathematical Modeling of Tensile Properties of Fancy Loop Yarns. Theoretical: Part I

To date, the structure and properties of loop fancy yarns with an extended structure have not been sufficiently explored. The aim of this paper is to develop a mathematical model describing the tensile load converted to one unit of linear density for a given yarn strain of a multiplied loop yarn that is the function of density of staple fiber length distribution, degree of fiber migration, slipping length, basic twist of component yarns, yarn twist, tensions stretching single component yarns and friction forces generated in component yarns. The derived mathematical relationships make it possible to objectively control the usable properties of yarns with extended surfaces.

Improvement of tensile properties of ramie yarns by applying a winding machine with heat treatment

AbstractA winding machine with heat treatment was newly developed to strengthen ramie yarns. During the treatment process, ramie yarn in normal or wet state was wound on a winding machine and passed continuously through a heater at 100 and 150°C, respectively, with different winding speeds and tensions. Higher tensile strength and stiffness of ramie yarn was achieved after heat treatment on wet yarn and winding speed had a significant influence on the tensile properties of yarns. However, a little decline in tensile strength was found for ramie yarns after heat treatment in normal state. This implies that the water‐swollened structure of ramie yarn during the heat treatment is crucial in strengthening yarns. In the case of heat treatment on wet yarns, the effect of winding tension on the tensile properties of yarns was studied. It was found that the tensile strengths and Young's moduli of ramie yarns first increased and then reached equilibrium as the winding tension was increased. The crystallinity calculated from X‐ray diffraction diagrams showed a slight decrease in heat‐treated ramie yarns whereas the crystalline orientation factors had no appreciable change. It was considered that the improved effect was related to the more oriented molecular chains in amorphous region and optimized yarn structure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Effects of alkali pre-treatment on dye exhaustion, color values, color fastness, tensile and surface properties of lyocell yarns

The effects of alkali (aqueous NaOH and KOH solutions) pre-treatment on dye exhaustion, color values, color fastness, tensile and surface properties of lyocell yarns were investigated. Dye exhaustion and color yield of lyocell yarns increased by increasing alkali concentrations. The lyocell yarns showed weight loss due to the decrease in carboxyl groups during alkali pre-treatment. The tensile strengths of lyocell yarns decreased with the increase of alkali concentrations because of the decrement of yarn diameter by weight loss the open twist spirals, and the increased volume of lyocell yarns after alkali pre-treatment. The washing and perspiration fastness results of untreated lyocell yarns were better than alkali pre-treated lyocell yarns, while the light fastness results of untreated and alkali pre-treated samples were similar.

Fiber to Fabric Processability of Silver/Zinc-loaded Nanocomposite Yarns

In this research, investigating the possibility of producing, fiber to fabric processing and also characterization of antibacterial organic/inorganic polypropylene (PP) filament yarns for permanent antimicrobial efficiency has been presented. The development of bacteriostatic filament yarn has been realized from mixing of virgin PP granule and various blending contents of silver/zinc-concentrated masterbatch. After producing as-spun filament yarns by a pilot plant melt spinning machine at the take-up speed of 2,000 m/ min, samples were drawn, textured and finally weft knitted. Physical and structural properties of as-spun and drawn yarns with constant and variable draw ratios were investigated and also tensile and crimp properties of textured yarns were evaluated. Tenacity and modulus of modified as-spun and drawn yarns were significantly higher than the pure PP. The investigation of antimicrobial activity showed a high percentage of biostatic efficiency on the modified samples.

Study of the Anisotropic Nature of the Rupture Properties of a Plain Woven Fabric

The ability of a textile fabric to support load at an angle to the two principal directions is important in structures used in load bearing technical applications. Using a simple approach, the angular rupture properties of a plain woven fabric were modeled. The primary restriction imposed was that the fabric width was restrained so that lateral contraction could not occur. This eliminated the possibility of the cut ends of the yarns playing a role and complicating the theoretical treatment. The input parameters were the yarn tensile properties, the fabric warp and weft counts, and the angle to the principal axis at which the properties were determined. A novel test method was developed that conformed to the restriction imposed in the theory and allowed the computed and the measured properties to be compared. Good agreement obtained validates the model and illustrates a new approach to investigating fabric mechanical properties.

Comparisons of Core—Sheath Structuring Effects on the Tensile Properties of High-Tenacity Ring Core-Spun Yarns

The structuring effects of the core and sheath on the tensile properties of core-spun yarns need to be systemized in order to meet potential application requirements. In this study, the core— sheath structuring effect was modeled theoretically, using a spring and damper as mechanical elements. Core-spun yarns with high tenacity filaments as the core and cotton staples as the sheath were prepared and tested to determine their tensile properties. Results demonstrated that the tensile system of the ring core-spun yarn could be described with four mechanical elements, two elements for the core-sheath geometry and two elements for the structuring effect. The core-spun yarns had a lower elastic modulus than the core filaments, and an easy viscous deformation of the core-spun yarn occurred with core spinning. Increasing the number of twists led to a consistent decrease in the strength of aramid core-spun yarn, while the high tenacity PET core-spun yarn had almost unaffected tenacity for various twist levels. The basalt core-spun yarn, however, demonstrated a twist factor level that indicated a potential maximum yarn tenacity. The breaking elongation of the aramid core-spun yarn had an increasing tendency with the number of twists. The high tenacity PET core-spun yarn remained in a limited range of elongation with twists. The basalt core-spun yarn had noticeably greater elongation as the number of twists increased.

Investigating the effect of various blend ratios of prepared masterbatch containing Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite on the properties of bioactive continuous filament yarns

In this research, possibility of producing and processing antibacterial organic/inorganic nanocomposite polypropylene filament yarns for permanent antimicrobial efficiency has been investigated. First PP powder and inorganic nanocomposite filler were mixed in a twin screw extruder and modified masterbatch was produced. Continuous filament yarn was made by a pilot plant melt spinning machine from the blend of PP granule and various blending contents of the prepared masterbatch. Pure PP and all other combined samples showed acceptable spinnability at the spinning temperature of 240 °C and take-up speed of 2000 m/min. After producing as-spun filament yarns, samples were drawn, textured and finally weft knitted. Physical and structural properties of as-spun and drawn yarns with constant and variable draw ratios were investigated and also tensile and crimp properties of textured yarns were evaluated. Moreover, the DSC, SEM, FTIR techniques have been used for characterization of samples. Finally antibacterial efficiency of knitted samples was evaluated. The experimental results indicated that the maximum crystallinity reduction of modified drawn yarns has reached to 5 %. The observed improvement in the tensile properties of modified as-spun yarns compared to the pure PP was significant. Drawing process improved generally the tensile properties of as-spun yarns. Tensile properties of modified textured and drawn yarns were higher than the pure PP. An optimum of antibacterial activity has been observed in the sample containing 0.75 wt% of nano-filler. It is interesting that the optimum of tensile properties has been also obtained for the sample with maximum bioactivity.

Techniques for Torque Modification of Singles Ring Spun Yarns

This article reports on a systematic study of various spinning techniques to produce torque-free singles ring spun yarns on a modified ring frame. The modification units, including optional fiber separation devices and a false twist device, were incorporated into the conventional ring spinning frame so that the balanced or reduced yarn residual torque could be achieved in one step. Three modification systems were proposed and two of them were investigated on a ring frame to produce pure cotton singles yarns. The spirality of the resultant single jersey knit fabrics was greatly reduced. Properties and performance characteristics of control and modified yarns, as well as their resultant fabrics, were evaluated, including yarn tensile properties, hairiness, evenness, snarling, burst strength, air permeability, handle, and pill resistances.

Effect of bio-friendly conditioning agents on jute fibre spinning

From early times, jute fibre has been generally conditioned for easy spinning by adding oil and water in the form of an emulsion. The commonly used oil consists of C 12–C 31 fractions of mineral oil that sometimes impart different intensities of oily (kerosene) or fishy smell to the end product. In the present work, efforts have been made to find a suitable sustainable substitute of mineral oil based conditioning agent for spinning of jute yarn and for this, three types of vegetable oil (rice bran oil, palmolein oil and castor oil), a silicone emulsion, a mixed enzyme system and glycerine have been used separately or in combinations as conditioning agents for jute fibre before its mechanical processing for making yarn in jute spinning machines. Considering comparable mechanical process performance for spinning of jute fibre ( viz., fibre loss as droppings during processing, moisture retention prior to spinning stage and spinning end breakage rate), tensile properties of yarn, and lower yarn hairiness, it may be suggested to use 2.5% castor oil alone, or 2% castor oil in combination with 0.1–0.5% glycerine in the form of oil-in-water emulsion as the most suitable alternatives to conventional mineral oil-based jute conditioning agent to spin ordinary jute yarn.

Comparison of artificial neural network and linear regression models for prediction of ring spun yarn properties. I. Prediction of yarn tensile properties

In this study artificial neural network (ANN) models have been designed to predict the ring cotton yarn properties from the fiber properties measured on HVI (high volume instrument) system and the performance of ANN models have been compared with our previous statistical models based on regression analysis. Yarn count, twist and roving properties were selected as input variables as they give significant influence on yarn properties. In experimental part, a total of 180 cotton ring spun yarns were produced using 15 different blends. The four yarn counts and three twist multipliers were chosen within the range of Ne 20–35 and αe 3.8–4.6 respectively. After measuring yarn tenacity and breaking elongation, evaluations of data were performed by using ANN. Afterwards, sensitivity analysis results and coefficient of multiple determination (R2) values of ANN and regression models were compared. Our results show that ANN is more powerful tool than the regression models.

Tensile and electrical properties of carbon nanotube yarns and knitted tubes in pure or composite form

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have exceptionally high strength and high elastic modulus, as well as good electrical and thermal conductivity. The objective of current research is to develop new lightweight, strong, and conductive materials by using CNTs primarily in pure form. Recently, we have developed a solid-state processing method that enables the CNTs to be assembled into pure yarns and webs, avoiding the problems associated with the presence of a binder, and improving the exploitation of the inherent properties of the individual CNTs. In this paper will report on recent experience with spinning CNT yarns and the effect of twist on selected properties. We also report our results on knitted tubes, in both pure and composite form.

Analysis of Two Modeling Methodologies for Predicting the Tensile Properties of Cotton-covered Nylon Core Yarns

In this study, the capability of artificial neural networks and multiple linear regression methods for modeling the tensile properties of cotton-covered nylon core yarns based on process parameters were investigated. The developed models were assessed by verifying Mean Square Error (MSE) and Correlation Coefficient (R-value) the test data prediction. The results indicated that artificial neural network algorithm has better performance in comparison with multiple linear regression. The difference between the mean square error of predicting these two models for breaking strength and breaking elongation was 0.365 and 0.119, respectively. The five-fold cross-validation technique was used to evaluate the performance of artificial neural network algorithm. Moreover, the weight decay technique was also used for preventing the memorization.