Tense Verb Forms Research Articles

PIDGINISATION AS LINGUOCULTURAL PHENOMENON (on the example of African linguoculture)

This article identifies the features of such a linguocultural phenomenon as pidginisation and creolisation on the example of African linguoculture. The scientific problem is caused by the influence of globalisation on the state of languages and cultures within the framework of intercultural and interlanguage interaction, on the one hand, and the need to preserve native languages and cultures, on the other hand. The purpose of the article is to identify the key properties of such hybrid languages as Pidgin English and Creole English which operate in the largest country in West Africa – Nigeria. The research work is based on a combination of linguistic and cultural analysis method, which revealed the peculiarities of language and culture in the process of historical development, and comparative analysis method, which is the key to distinguish similar and distinctive features of Nigerian Pidgin English in relation to British English. The research work systematised the key historical, linguistic and cultural factors that influenced the formation and Pidgin English and Creole English development in Africa, and identified its key characteristics. It was proved that English is a universal means of interethnic communication for all social groups, but Pidgin English has simple structure at all language levels – phonetic, grammatical, lexical ones – and suits for everyday communication perfectly. Adapting to local realities, Nigerian Pidgin English at the phonetic level is the subject to assimilation and dissimilation of consonants, quantitative and qualitative reduction of vowels. The grammatical structure of Nigerian Pidgin English is the subject to maximum simplification, this level is characterised by the omission of articles; the use of abstract nouns in the plural form; the formation of adjectives’ comparison degrees and adverbs on the principle of a monosyllabic adjective; the use of simple tense forms of verb. The lexical structure of Nigerian Pidgin English is characterised by the functioning of high-frequency lexemes of autochthonous languages, which is due to the desire to follow the norms of native culture. All deviations from British English are explained by the need to create an accessible form of communication for all social groups using minimal linguistic means.

ASPECTS OF NEW HIGH GERMAN LANGUAGE FORMATION OF THE 18th CENTURY (Gabriel Bodenehr’s Plan of Kamianets-Podilskyi, 1726)

The research examines the peculiarities of the formation of the German language in the New High German period using the example of the plan of the Ukrainian city in Podil – Kamianets-Podilskyi. This document was created in 1726 in the city of Augsburg (northern Germany) by the famous German engraver and cartographer Gabriel Bodenehr. The work aims to study the process of the formation of the New High German language at its early stage in historical, cultural, regional and linguistic contexts; to illustrate them on the example of the text of the explication of the city plan. The task of this research is to characterize the peculiarities of the process of normalization of the German language in the New High German period; to determine changes in language levels on the example of the German text of the explanation of the city plan of Kamianets-Podilskyi. To achieve the specified goal and solve the tasks, the following research methods were used: descriptive, comparative-historical, biographical, comparative, and linguistic. As a result of the research, it was found that the text of the plan, although it was written in the New High German period, which is characterized by the desire to create a language standard and the departure from regional dialects, still retains its regional flavour and reference to the written norm of the Viennese chancellery. The conducted research proved that the orthographic and phonetic levels were most affected by the region, where there are significant variations of graphemes in marking the length and shortness of the sound, qualitative changes in vowel sounds, orthographic and graphic features of consonant markings, gravitation to the norms of the Viennese chancellery, as well as a gradual rejection of orthographic norms of the Middle High German period. Certain changes at the morphological level were found in the explication text, which testifies to the formation and consolidation of some grammatical categories (tense forms of verbs, use of passive constructions, declension of nouns and adjectives). The information focus of the text determines its lexical content, which can be seen in the author’s extensive use of anthroponyms (names of architectural and church buildings) and toponyms. The historical and cultural context of the development of the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi is reflected in the author’s use of proper names (names of historical figures, religious orders, political and military groups) and a significant number of borrowings from French, Turkish/Arabic, Latin, and Italian languages. It has been established that the syntactic level is the most normalized and closest to the modern German language. Therefore, the conducted linguistic analysis of the text of the city plan testified that in the first half of the 18th century, there was no complete unification of the written norm of the German literary language. However, separate attempts were made to standardize it. Among the promising research areas, it is worth conducting a comparative analysis of other city plans of this period in order to identify common features in the development of the German language.

Verb tenses as a means of expressing simultaneity in the English and Russian languages (based on the verb “to do” and the conjunction “when”)

The article examines the possibility of expressing simultaneity using the verb “to do” and the conjunction “when” in one sentence. The relevance of the research is due to the need for comprehensive systematic studies of verbal and non-verbal means of expressing the category of simultaneity in English and Russian separately and in comparative terms. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following tasks were set and solved: 1) the tense forms of verbs in English and Russian, which help to express simultaneity; 2) the frequency of use of various tense forms based on a specific verb and conjunction in the compared languages. We used descriptive and comparative methods to implement the tasks set. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that it allows us to identify the features of expressing simultaneity in two different-structured languages. The scientific results and theoretical positions obtained in the course of our work can be used in the further study of simultaneity. The practical results of the research can be used in teaching functional semantics, general and comparative linguistics. The theoretical basis of the research was the works of Russian and foreign authors devoted to the study of simultaneity and its categories.

The Category of Evidentiality and the Mechanisms of its Expression in Kartvelian Proverbs

Evidentiality is a universal morphosyntactic category of text that can be expressed by morphological, syntactic and lexical means. However, its linguistic expression is diverse not only in non-related but also in related languages (Margiani, Kurdadze, Lomia 2019: 427). Evidentiality as a universal grammatical category “is directly linked to the semantics of the utterance, expressing the attitude of the speaker to the provided information and pointing to the reliable source (direct or indirect) of information“ (Margiani, Kurdadze, Lomia 2019: 17). The category of evidentiality is expressed on the levels of text and discourse by various means, of which the construction with indirect speech is of utmost importance. Special literature has proved that “indirect speech is historically secondary. It is obtained as a result of processing-transformation of direct speech“ (Kvachadze 1977:441). An empirical analysis has yielded proverbs of simple structure that are expressed by means of subordinate clauses only. Such proverbs are especially productive in the Kartvelian languages. The main clause in such proverbs implies the present and past tense forms of verbs of saying (‘they say’, ‘it is said’, ‘they have said’ and so on). These verbs are omitted due to ellipsis. Such proverbs mention neither a speaker nor an addressee. In such cases, the omitted part (i.e. the main clause) is compensated by particles like Georgian o which indicate indirect speech.Indirect speech particles are distributed among the Kartvelian languages as follows: It should be underlined that in Kartvelian proverbs the indirect speech particles of the 3rd person are used systematically while the particles of the 1st and 2nd persons are extremely rare. This can be explained by the fact that the indirect speech particle of the 3rd person in the Kartvelian proverbs generalises the expressed viewpoint and enhances the reliability of the context.The use of the indirect speech particles in Georgian, Megrelian, Laz and Svan can also be analysed from the viewpoint of evidentiality. As it is known from the scholarly literature, evidentiality is expressed both morphologically and semantically in the Kartvelian languages. Different types of evidentiality are expressed differently on various language levels. For instance, in Georgian, evidentiality is expressed by perfect forms of verbs, by lexical means, by indirect speech markers, by evidential particles, etc. (Topadze-Gäumann 2011). Interestingly enough, in the Kartvelian proverbs evidentiality can have single (morphological or syntactic), double, and even multiple markers. In the latter case, it is simultaneously expressed by indirect speech particles and by evidential tenses. However, it should be noted that the natural structure of Georgian paremiological units is represented by evidential forms with single markers (mostly indirect speech particles).

Improving the grammatical competence of future English teachers based on authentic texts

The article discusses the grammatical competence in the English language of future teachers in the undergraduate program as a component of effective foreign language teaching in the form of ability to correctly apply the morphological, syntactic and lexical norms of the English language in solving practical problems. Taking into account the teaching of English as a pedagogical specialty, it is necessary to take into account the communicative and pedagogical components of professional competence. Based on theoretical provisions in the form of an analysis of pedagogical conditions of the organization of education, the current study views the specifics of improving morphological grammatical skills in the form of teaching tense forms of English verbs on the material of authentic texts from classical literature. As part of the study, as part of a pedagogical experiment, according to the results in the experimental group, difficulties in mastering the tense forms of verbs were identified. Increasing the level of foreign language communicative competence will contribute to the improvement of theoretical and linguistic knowledge, to the formation of practical skills in the form of teaching the norms of the literary language.

On the issue of the peculiarities of mastering the grammatical category of gender by Russian-Yakut bilinguals of primary school age

The paper aims to identify the specific features of mastering the grammatical category of gender by Russian-Yakut bilinguals of primary school age. The relevance of the study is determined by the general context of the development in the field of ontolinguistics as a fundamental science (the identification of the common mechanisms of mastering Russian as the first and a second language). In addition, the research relevance is conditioned by setting applied tasks in the field of the methodology of teaching Russian to bilinguals. The experiment performed with Russian-Yakut bilinguals of primary school age (the experimental groups), monolingual Russian preschool children, and adult bilinguals (the control groups) revealed that on the whole, the Russian-Yakut bilinguals of primary school age mastered the category of gender worse than the Russian-speaking preschoolers of three – four years old. The most difficult way to mark the category is syntactic: firstly, primary school students in Yakut (especially) and Russian classes in Yakutia make a large number of mistakes in the gender agreement between adjectives and nouns. Secondly, errors are detected in the agreement between past tense forms of verbs and nouns. Replacement of nouns with personal pronouns and agreement between nouns and possessive pronouns pose the greatest difficulties for primary school-leavers. Thus, teaching children speaking the Sakha language should be started with mastering the most ‘transparent’ ways of expressing the category of gender. These include lexical (comparison of the grammatical gender and the sex of people / animals) and morphological (marking gender in the ‘perceptually salient’ grammatical endings of nouns in the nominative case). It is also necessary to note the role of the Russian-language input (i. e. the speech of the people around, which children perceive and process): in case this input is substantial and of high quality, the category of gender is much more thoroughly mastered.

Distinct orthography boosts morphophonological discrimination: Vowel raising in Bengali verb inflections

This study is concerned with how vowel alternation, in combination with and without orthographic reflection of the vowel change, affects lexical access and the discrimination of morphologically related forms. Bengali inflected verb forms provide an ideal test case, since present tense verb forms undergo phonologically conditioned, predictable vowel raising. The mid-to-high alternations, but not the low-to-mid ones, are represented in the orthography. This results in three different cases: items with no change (NoDiff), items with a phonological change not represented in the orthography (PronDiff) and items for which both phonology and orthography change (OrthPronDiff).To determine whether these three cases differ in terms of lexical access and discrimination, we conducted two experiments. Experiment 1 was a cross-modal lexical decision task with auditory primes (1stperson and 3rdperson forms, e.g. [lekhe] or [likhi]) and visual targets (verbal noun; e.g. [lekha]). Experiment 2 uses eye tracking in a fragment completion task, in which auditory fragments (first syllable of 1st or 3rdperson form, e.g. [le-] from [lekhe]) were to be matched to one of two visual targets (full 1st and 3rdperson forms, [lekhe] vs. [likhi] in Bengali script).While the lexical decision task, a global measure of lexical access, did not show a difference between the cases, the eye-tracking experiment revealed effects of both phonology and orthography. Discrimination accuracy in the OrthPronDiff condition (vowel alternation represented in the orthography) was high. In the PronDiff condition, where phonologically differing forms are represented by the same graphemes, manual responses were at chance, although eye movements revealed that match and non-match were discriminated. Thus, our results indicate that phonological alternations which are not represented in spelling are difficult to process, whereas having orthographically distinct forms boosts discrimination performance, implying orthographically influenced mental phonological representations.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CATEGORY OF THE TENSE OF THE VERB IN THE NORTHERN DIALECTS OF THE UDMURT LANGUAGE

This paper explores the functioning of tense forms of verb in the Northern dialects of the Udmurt language, which have insufficient coverage in scientific literature. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a comprehensive research of the category of the tense in the context of territorial varieties of Udmurt language. The empirical base of the research is the language materials of the author’s dialectological expeditions to the areas of Northern Udmurt. The paper highlights specific features of the Northern Udmurt dialects on the one hand and features with limited diffusion in certain microsystems of studied dialects on the other. Consistent comparison of the language facts of Northern Udmurt dialects with similar phenomena in other dialects of Udmurt is made. The study demonstrates that in the studied dialects the verb tenses in their substantial and structural characteristics largely coincide with the system of the Udmurt literary language. Dialectal peculiarities are revealed in derivation, paradigms of conjugation, distribution and semantics of the use of separate tense forms. Distinctive features of the morphological character are observed in terms of the expression of individual forms of the present tense, which is due to the phonetic laws existing in the Northern dialects. Certain intra-dialect peculiarities are revealed in the forms of inflection (for example, the paradigm of modal perfection in a positive aspect varying in the Northern dialects). The paper deals with quantitative composition and peculiarities of derivation of analytical past tense forms in the Northern dialects of the Udmurt language. The main attention is paid to the most widely spread analytical forms of past tenses. Structural and semantic features of functioning of considered forms in Northern dialects are noted. The study has identified dialectal differences in the accentuation in verb forms with the suffixes -my,-dy,-zy.

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES IN BELARUSIAN INTERPRETATION OF THE SERBIAN LITERARY DISCOURSE

Object: past tense verb forms in the Serbian and Belarusian literary languages. Subject: transformation varieties in Belarusian translation of the Serbian literary discourse, in particular for interpretation of different Serbian past tense verb forms in the mentioned East Slavic language. Purpose: this research deals not only with defining of the most widely used translation techniques but also with revealing of functional peculiarities of past tense forms in the Serbian and Belarusian languages, in the context of historical dynamics of the contemporary outlines of their preterit system building. Methodology: linguistic observation and description, philological analysis, contrastive method, contextological analysis, as well as semantic and structural analysis. Finding: the analysis of the Serbian and Belarusian linguistic material testified that a dominant place among numerous versions of translation techniques belongs to morphological substitution of Serbian past tense verb forms in Belarusian translation, that is caused by different historical development conditions of the Slavic languages belonging to various subdivisions. The universal past tense verb form in modern Belarusian subtly reflects shades not only of the Serbian Perfect with an auxiliary verb, but also those of truncated Perfect, synthetic Aorist and so forth. The author considers the most wide-spread difficulties in translation of simple, traditional and kind of stylistically neutral Serbian verb forms, which are anyhow capable of concentrating deep senses. A notable place is taken by research of contextually possible Belarusian equivalents of the Serbian Perfect without an auxiliary verb, as well as of ways of interpreting the Serbian preterit verb forms that differ semantically in Belarusian. Practical value: the research findings may be applied in teaching of special courses related to interSlavic literary translation, in compiling of two-language (Serbian-Belarusian and Belarusian-Serbian) dictionaries.

ВИДОВЫЕ (АСПЕКТАЛЬНЫЕ) ГРАММЕМЫ РУССКОГО ГЛАГОЛА И СРЕДСТВА ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ОБЪЕКТИВНОГО ВРЕМЕНИ В КИТАЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ (ФРАГМЕНТ ЛИНГВОДИДАКТИЧЕСКОГО ОПИСАНИЯ В ЦЕЛЯХ РКИ)

Актуальность. Выражение временных и тесно связанных с ними аспектуальных значений русского глагола – весьма сложный фрагмент грамматики русского языка, что заставляет специалистов-практиков обращаться к родному языку учащегося или к языку-посреднику. Практика показала, что сопоставительный (контрастивный) анализ, проводимый в учебных целях, особенно актуален в аудитории носителей неевропейских языков, в частности, китайского языка, который, как известно, хотя и является аналитическим, но не похож на европейские языки по способу выражения лингвоуниверсальных временных и аспектуальных значений.Цель и методика. Исследование выполнено в направлении функционально-коммуникативной фундаментальной прикладной грамматики русского языка [9]. С целью создания лингводидактического описания русского языка как иностранного для аудитории многочисленных китайских учащихся мы рассматриваем фрагмент грамматики глагольного вида в сопоставительном аспекте.Методы исследования. Статья предназначена для практиков-русистов, в основном не владеющих китайским языком, примеры могут быть использованы в китайской аудитории, этим обусловлена необходимость калек (без изменения форм русского слова) и латинской транскрипции китайских примеров в системе 汉语拼音 Hànyǔ pīnyīn (Ханьюй пиньинь). Сравнительный (контрастивный) метод позволяет учесть лингвистическую относительность и сформировать у учащихся ‒ носителей китайского языка алгоритм перекодировки путем использования учебного перевода как обучающего приема.Результаты. В статье показаны различия способов выражения временных планов предложения-высказывания и аспектуальности в китайском и русском языках, что вынуждает практиков РКИ искать иные способы представления данной категории, чем принятое в базовых учебниках приписывание формам совершенного вида значений «однократность» и «результат», а также семантический признак «изменение ситуации», а формам несовершенного вида – значений «факт», «процесс» и «повторяемость». Дело в том, что ряд граммем не противоречат друг другу (процес с и повторяемость; факт и результат), а сами эти граммемы проявляются в видовременных формах не любых глаголов, а только у глаголов определенных семантических (аспектуальных) классов.Область применения результатов исследования. Результаты исследования актуальны для лингводидактического описания глагольного вида как одной из категорий (функционально-грамматической), предназначенной для выражения универсально-языковых значений аспектуальности, и для оптимизации преподавания РКИ китайским учащимся и создания грамматики глагольного вида в педагогических целях.

ДОДАТКОВІ ЗАСОБИ ПІДСИЛЕННЯ ВИРАЗНОСТІ ПРЕТЕРИТАЛЬНИХ ФОРМ ДІЄСЛОВА В СЕРБСЬКОМУ ЛІТЕРАТУРНО-ХУДОЖНЬОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The article deals with an outstanding role of secondary means of enhancing the stylistic expressiveness of preterit verb forms in the Serbian literary discourse on a large diachronic cut, which, along with explicit means, enrich their figurative potential. Such factors include the negative particle не; the negative amplifying particle ни; the particles ено, ето, год, ала; the conjunction junction и; the adverb баш; the preterit forms based on verbs with prefixes or polyprefixed verbs etc. Not only semantic and formal peculiarities of tense verb forms, but also their morphologic and word-formative features come into notice in this respect. In the first instance, negative particles and conjunctions as parts of reiterations act as expressive additional means of preterit semantics enhancing. B. Stancović and V. Ognjenović, R. Petrović often resort to this method’s use. Satirical works by E. Kosh abound with use of the intensifying negative particle «ни» and the conjunction «и» in masterfully built sentences with inverted word order. Various particles decorate not only prose and drama (S. Ranković, B. Nušić), but are also found in the discourse of literary criticism (L. Nedić). The Serbian literary works discourse of different historical periods witness that in general additional means of figurative expressiveness do not double but considerably complete, enrich and harmonize various semantic and expressive range plans of explicit means of past tense grammatical designation. The second prefix’s semantics is particularly interesting in this regard. The research illustrates, in particular, that the second prefix’s role does not come down just to perfectivization of imperfective verbs with prefix. The prefix, which is added to a verb that is already prefixed, modifies its meaning without changing the main verb’s meaning. However, sometimes, like the first prefix, the second prefix has both grammatical and lexical function.

Category of Tenses of Verbs in the Azerbaijanian and Japanese Languages

The article explores tenses of verbs in the Azerbaijanian and Japanese languages on the basis of their comparison. Structural-semantic and functional features of verb tenses are described in the both compared languages. Morphological indications of verb tenses are thrown light on the basis of correlation of language and speech, mutual correlations of the elements of the lexical units. Syntactic position, in which different tenses of verbs in the investigated languages are used, is considered. Determination of real position of the meaning of the tenses possesses senses just in the parts where positions oppose one another in their differentiations in the points of count-down. Consequently, role of category of tenses shows itself in pointing out the one, in which relation at the moment of speech the phenomenon of reality stands, with which the contents of the given utterance are related. Also the correlation of tenses and voices, tenses and mood and so on, which possess more significance in the structure of the sentence are thrown light in the investigation. Category of verb tenses is a complex grammatic category, which is expressed by steady morphological indications, appearing in conformity with objective laws of the language. Characteristic for the grammatical category of tenses in the both languages is the fact that it expresses both the relation of moment of speech with the moment of action (absolute meaning), and the relation with the moment with which another event is correlated (relative meaning) in the sentences and in the texts. Study of a circle of tense meanings of the verbs in the compared languages makes it possible to determine common features for the Azerbaijani and Japanese languages and specific peculiarities for each of their categories of verb tenses. Characteristic for the Azerbaijani language is the fact that the relative meaning acts as one of the meanings of some tense forms of the verb. If a relative meaning is expressed by the morphological indications, then the difference between absolute and relative meanings is discovered on the morphological level, on the level of pluskvamperfect of future in the past tense. Relative meaning of the tense forms of verbs may depend on the contextual environment. In this case difference between absolute and relative tenses lies on the level of syntactic tenses. System of tenses of verbs in the Japanese language is different by the fact that one and the same form of the verb is able to express several different meanings. Depending on the context of the form of verb in the Japanese language acquire relatively-tense meanings. It gives us ground to qualify the system of tense forms of verbs in the Japanese language as absolutely-relative. In the Japanese language temporal opposition of the language makes it possible to unite several grammatical meanings and their various shades of meanings in one form of the verb. Verb forms with the meaning of absolute tense forms can be used for the expression of the meanings of absolute tenses, i.e. they in certain positions and in certain contexts acquire relatively-temporal meanings. In the Japanese language in the speech referring to the past, the predicate of the main sentence acquires form of non previous tenses, if the actions expressed by these tenses on a certain space of time take place parallelly with the actions expressed by the predicate of the following sentence. Often, on the basis of temporal relations of speech in the past is understood a certain moment or the space of time about which it is spoken. In this case, all the actions finishing till this moment appear by the forms of previous tense, and the rest by the non-previous forms. The actions, which are not completed, can’t be considered as the mentioning of the action of the previous one and is expressed by the verb form of the previous tense.

A classroom intervention on Spanish grammar and writing: the use of the past tense with secondary school students / La intervención didáctica en el aula sobre gramática y escritura. El saber gramatical y la revisión de textos en el uso de los tiempos verbales del pasado con alumnos de secundaria

This article presents an innovative experience which links grammar teaching with writing, following the premises of the Grammar Didactic Sequences (GDS) with one basic objective: to create a situation in which students learn to reflect on the language they use and are able to use these reflections to improve their writing. The GDS, focused on the use of past tense verb forms, was carried out with fourth-year secondary school students in Spain. This article highlights the difficulties experienced by students when using grammatical concepts as elements to control usage and the importance of revising texts in order to create metalinguistic awareness in a recursive didactic process: from grammar to writing, from writing to grammatical revision, and final version writing.

The use of was in Afrikaans passive constructions: a diachronic corpus study

:Afrikaans passive constructions have received significant attention in the literature for almost a century. The matter of using was instead of is in past tense passives is regularly attended to, and usually condemned in certain contexts of use. This article explores three related topics regarding Afrikaans passives with the use of a corpus of Afrikaans from 1911–2010. (1) The topic of usage patterns of Afrikaans passives in general and was passives more specifically is explored by showing, among other things, a stable ratio between past and present tense verb forms and stable agentivity, as well as showing that was passives are fairly infrequent in the data and decreasing slightly. (2) The next matter concerns details of was passive use, and three different tense distinctions are found in the data: simple past tense, past perfect tense, and, somewhat unexpectedly, dissociated past tense. Some unexpected increases and decreases in usage are reported. (3) The possibility of English influence causing the ‘incorrect’ uses of was in the passive as proposed by grammars are investigated; drawing on theory on contact-induced change and the corpus data, it is proposed that Afrikaans past tense copula constructions are more likely responsible for simple past tense was passives.

The Use of Dictogloss as an Information Gap Task in Exploiting Dual Application Principle in Learning Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are one of the most challenging grammatical structures for ESL students to learn. The Dual-Mechanism Model states that there are two mechanisms of how regular and irregular verbs are processed, regular verbs are processed through rule application mechanism whereas irregular verbs are retained and retrieved from associative memory. This sometimes results in the heavy use of rote-learning and raw memorization of irregular verbs in order for ESL learners to acquire these grammatical structures. However, it is implied that dictogloss, an information gap task, may assist learners to learn irregular verbs without strong emphasis on drilling and memorizing. 34 students of a vocational college in Malaysia were selected and assigned into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was given three types of dictogloss tasks involving three different cognitive processes of matching, ordering and listing which required them to conjugate irregular verbs whereas conventional drilling exercising was given to the control group. Paired and unpaired samples t-tests indicate that dictogloss is effective in facilitating learners’ mastery of past tense forms of irregular verbs. The findings from the questionnaire also denote positive perceptions on the tasks in assisting their learning of the target form. Hence, dictogloss can substitute drilling and memorizing exercise in learning irregular verbs.

Semantic impairment and past tense verb production: neighbourhood and frequency modulation of irregular past tense production

Background: An ongoing debate concerns whether two distinct processes are necessary to explain our production of regular and irregular past tense verbs. A key notion within a single-mechanism account is that the production of past tense verb forms is mediated by semantic knowledge and phonological support from verb neighbourhoods. There are currently very few studies that examine the effect of verb neighbourhoods within the irregular past tense on production.Aims: The study assessed the relative contributions of frequency, phonological support from neighbourhoods and semantic knowledge to the past tense verb production of JF, a patient with posterior cortical atrophy and impaired semantic knowledge. We also explored interactive effects between these factors, e.g., whether effects of phonological support from verb neighbourhoods (e.g., sleep–slept, weep–wept) were stronger when semantic knowledge about items was compromised.Methods & Procedures: We assessed irregular past tense verb production in JF and control participants using a series of verb production tests.Outcomes & Results: JF’s past tense verb production was predicted by the degree of regularity, frequency, and irregular phonological “neighbourhood” size, along also with the integrity of his semantic knowledge about the verbs. These factors interacted: the effect of phonological support from neighbourhoods was strongest where frequency, and semantic knowledge about individual items, was low.Conclusions: The data demonstrate that irregular past tense production is graded in this case. The effects of phonological verb neighbourhoods and semantic knowledge are consistent with a single-mechanism model. The findings emphasise effects of phonological neighbourhoods in supporting production of the English irregular past tense, and we argue that a single-mechanism model provides the most parsimonious explanation of the data.

Some Aspects of the Conceptualization of Temporal Relations in Uzbek

This article is written in the framework of cognitive linguistics, briefly outlined here. Cognitive linguistics rests on a number of theoretical assumptions concerning the nature of linguistic knowledge, the source of meaning, the role of metaphor, and the source of linguistic variation. Linguistic knowledge is not considered to be fundamentally different from other knowledge; rather it is an integral part of overall human cognition. Nor are there any autonomous modules within language; instead grammatical meaning forms a continuum. Temporal relations are represented in the language in different discourses by means of various language elements. Firstly they can be expressed by the help of the words with the temporal meaning. That is called a lexical way of expressing temporal relations. The second way is the grammatical way where temporal relations are expressed by different tense forms of verbs. The third way of expressing the temporal relation is syntactical way, which consists of two subtypes. 1) Expressing temporal relations by means of phrase structures. 2) Expressing temporal relations by means of the clauses in composite sentences. The author analyses the temporal relations in Uzbek'one of the Turkic languages used in Central Asia by the speakers living in a vast territories of former soviet republics. The author analyses two types of temporal meanings in Uzbek'Absolute tense meanings and Relative tense me anings. Such kind of division has become possible only when the linguists began using the concepts and methodologies of Cognitive'linguistics. Embodied perce ptual experience is the source of meaning. This means that the foundation of all knowledge, including linguistic knowledge, is perceptual input, itself determined by the interaction of our bodies with the world. In addition to direct experiences of our physical surroundings, we have other experiences, such as emotions, imagination, deductive reasoning, abstract thought, etc.

Phonological and morphological constraints on German /t/-deletions

In running speech, deviations from canonical pronunciations are omnipresent. In extreme cases, segments such as /t/ are deleted altogether. On the other hand, /t/ may have morphological meaning, for instance, as marker of past tense in deal-t. Is it thus less likely that /t/ is deleted in dealt than in monomorphemic words, such as paint? Previous research suggests that morphological constraints on /t/-deletions indeed exist in English. However, in languages like German with richer morphology than English, the probability that /t/ with morphological information is deleted seems to be higher, particularly in contexts where /t/-deletion can allow for cluster simplification. Would such phonological effects override morphological constraints on /t/-deletion? To this end, a novel inflectional spoken verb form corpus was constructed in order to analyze the role of phonological and morphological influences on /t/-deletions. Final /t/ was part of suffixes in 2nd and 3rd person singular present tense verb forms (e.g., mach-st; mach-t; ‘make’). Statistical analyses on /t/-deletions revealed that phonological context was highly predictive of /t/-deletions, particularly in cases where cluster simplifications were possible. This was true even in the 3rd person verb forms, where /t/ is morphologically more meaningful than in the 2nd person verb forms, and despite the fact that overall, /t/ was deleted less often in the 3rd than in the 2nd person. Altogether, this suggests that both phonology and morphology may constraint (or predict) /t/-deletions in German, but phonology can override morphological constraints in certain situations.

Relative Effects of Prompts and Recasts on the Development of Implicit and Explicit L2 Knowledge

This present study concerned whether prompts and recasts that occur during interaction could play a role in L2 development. Adopting an untimed grammatical judgment test and an elicited oral imitation test to measure explicit and implicit knowledge, this study examined the relative effects of prompts and recasts on L2 development of past tense forms. The participants were pre-intermediate learners enrolled in English as a foreign language (EFL) classes at a university in Korea. The learners were assigned to two prompt groups, a recast group, and a control group. The analysis of the untimed grammaticality judgment test revealed that the participants promoted their explicit knowledge of the past tense forms of regular and irregular verbs when prompts were provided. The analysis also showed that the learners who received recasts improved their test scores but only in irregular past tense forms. No significant group difference was found among the treatment groups and the control group in the results of the elicited oral imitation test used to measure implicit knowledge of the target forms. These results indicated that prompts were beneficial for short-term L2 grammatical learning of EFL learners of pre-intermediate level. The implications and limitations are discussed in terms of the role of prompts in driving L2 development.

Poetics of Disintegration in Laure’s “Poems before the summer of 1936”

This article examines issues of grammatical gender and symbol in the poetry of Colette Laure Lucienne Peignot. I have focused on the poetics of disintegration in the section entitled "Poems before the summer of 1936," in which we encounter a number of poems written in free verse that reflect different aspects of Laure's notion of the poetic sacred. The poetic sacred, for Laure, relates to the moment when the eternal part of a human being becomes actualized via the engagement of fulfilling a goal while simultaneously being aware of the "weight of death." For Laure, if a person cannot or can no longer experience this emotion, then the person's life is deprived of meaning, deprived of the sacred. Many of the poems in "Poems before the summer of 1936" recount journeys that the speaker, or statement subject "I," embarks upon. Great attention is paid to the grammatical gender of the statement subjects in these poems, although, at times, grammatical gender can be difficult to determine. Sometimes grammatical gender can be discerned in the past tense forms of verbs in the French language, and other times it can be determined by Laure's use of masculine or feminine rhymes in her work. But often, Laure conceals the gender of her statement subjects, choosing instead to focus on represent a rejection of traditional gender roles in her poetry. Ultimately, this article seeks to posit Laure among France's best known writers and thinkers in the early part of the twentieth century, to help close the huge gap in the canon left by the absence of women writers and thinkers between the years 1880-1930.