Tennis Game Research Articles

Analysis of Table Tennis Game and Point System on Ace China Players

Analysis of Table Tennis Game and Point System on Ace China Players

Tennis Real Play

Tennis Real Play (TRP) is an interactive tennis game system constructed with models extracted from videos of real matches. The key techniques proposed for TRP include player modeling and video-based player/court rendering. For player model creation, we propose the process for database normalization and the behavioral transition model of tennis players, which might be a good alternative for motion capture in the conventional video games. For player/court rendering, we propose the framework for rendering vivid game characters and providing the real-time ability. We can say that image-based rendering leads to a more interactive and realistic rendering. Experiments show that video games with vivid viewing effects and characteristic players can be generated from match videos without much user intervention. Because the player model can adequately record the ability and condition of a player in the real world, it can then be used to roughly predict the results of real tennis matches in the next days. The results of a user study reveal that subjects like the increased interaction, immersive experience, and enjoyment from playing TRP.

Like a Horse and Carriage: (Non)Normativity in Hollywood Romance

Like a Horse and Carriage: (Non)Normativity in Hollywood Romance

The Hidden Mathematics of Sport

The Hidden Mathematics of Sport takes a novel and intriguing look at sport, by exploring the mathematics behind the action. Discover the best tactics for taking a penalty, the pros and cons of being a consistent golfer, the surprising link between boxing and figure skating, the unusual location of England's earliest 'football' game (in a parish church), and the formula for always winning a game of tennis. Whatever your sporting interests, you will find plenty to absorb and amuse you in this entertaining and unique book - and maybe you will even find some new strategies for beating the odds.

Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivations for Physical Game Systems Use Behavior

With the recent proliferation of physical game systems in entertainment contexts, gaining a better understanding of why users are willing to utilize physical game systems has become an important topic for practitioners and academics. The current study attempts to explore the determinants of behavioral intention pertaining to the use of physical tennis games from the perspective of both hedonic and utilitarian motivations. A research model is proposed based on the existing literature. Data collected from 124 experienced players of physical tennis games are tested against the research model using the partial least squares approach. The results indicate that both perceived exercise utility and perceived enjoyment have a significant influence on behavioral intention. In addition, perceived motion-sensing, challenge, interactivity, ease of use, and design aesthetics are found to have a significant effect on perceived enjoyment. More specifically, perceived motion-sensing is observed to be the antecedent of perceived exercise utility. The findings of this study provide several important implications pertaining to both the research and practice of physical game system development and diffusion.

Editorial

Wolfgang Beck was born, together with his twin brother Reinhard, in Munich on May 5, 1932. As a student in Gymnasium his interests included soccer, skiing, tennis, music and, of course, chemistry. Now, at eighty, Prof. Beck is in very good shape, both physically and mentally. He plays an excellent weekly game of tennis, plays his electronic organ and pays regular visits to concerts and the theater. After finishing Gymnasium in 1952, he began studying chemistry at the Technische Hochschule München (now the Technische Universität München) under such academic luminaries as Hieber, Goldschmidt, Schiebe and Patat. After becoming a Diplomchemiker in 1957, he joined Walter Hieber's group and earned his Ph.D. in 1959. His thesis was entitled “On the structure of some metal carbonyl and nitrosyl compounds” and dealt with nitrosylhalides of iron and cobalt, and X-bridged dimers of the type [}Fe(ν- X)(CO)3}2] (X1S, Se, SR, SeR). Prof. Beck became a specialist in IR spectroscopy as an analytic tool for transition- metal complexes of pseudohalides (fulminate, azide) and started his independent research for his Habilitation on fulminate metal complexes (1963). Some highlights of his early research were the determination of the structure of fulminic acid H-CNO by IR, the improvement of the stability of anionic azide complexes by using large cations and the cycloaddition reactions of azide ligands in metal complexes (under very mild conditions). His successes were crowned in 1968 when he became Full Professor of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. There he initiated and developed several promising areas of research which are still highly relevant today: – Metal complexes of dyes (such as indigo) and stable radicals – Reactions of metal carbonyls with thiiranes and aziridines – Metal complexes of biologically important ligands (amino acids, peptides, sugars, steroids, nucleobases) and the anti-tumor activity of platinum complexes: pioneering work in the field of bioorganiometallic chemistry – Metal-mediated formation of peptides – Strong organometallic Lewis acids: metal complexes with weakly coordinating anions – Directed synthesis of hydrocarbon-bridged metal complexes Prof. Beck has guided around one-hundred-and-fifty coworkers and the results of their work have been published in more than six-hundred-and-fifty papers and several reviews. His success and high regard in the world of science have been honored with guest professorships such as one at the University of Wisconsin in 1977, offers of professorships at the universities at Marburg (1967) and Hamburg (1977) and by many awards such as the Karl-Winnacker Stipendium (1966), the Chemistry Award by the Academy of Science, Göttingen (1967), the Liebig Denkmünze of the German Chemical Society (1994), the Lavoisier Medal for Bioinorganic Chemistry (2002) and last, but not least, an honorary doctorate from the Technische Universität München (2011). He has been a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals and a referee of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, 1981-1992). In addition to his research activities, Wolfgang Beck was engaged in academic administration as Director of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Dean of the Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, and was a member of the LMU Senate. Wolfgang Beck has always enjoyed giving seminars and lectures, a pleasure shared by his students. Especially popular was his introductory experimental lecture in chemistry for first-year students, a lecture sometimes accompanied by Beck's beer... Although we regret his decision to retire in 2000, Wolfgang Beck continues to be active. He can be found in his office almost every day and publishes from ten to fifteen papers annually, a number that can be favorably compared to those of his non-retired colleagues. His last review, on the formation of peptides within the coordination sphere of metal ions appeared in the Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 2011, 637, 1647-1672. Now, in 2012, Wolfgang Beck claims that he is running out of material to work on. Nevertheless, he is sometimes seen in one of the labs trying to produce single crystals of compounds that were not fully characterized in the past. Thus, together with his colleagues Professors Evers and Klapötke, he was recently able to solve the structure of the historically interesting “Knallquecksilber”, a result which was met with public interest. Beck's latest project is writing the history of chemistry at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität from 1930 to 2000. For that, and for his constant personal engagement, the whole “chemistry family” wishes him good fortune and a long and healthy life. Prof. Dr. Ingo-Peter Lorenz LMU Munich, Germany

Contesting the Norm: Women and Professional Sports in Late Nineteenth-Century America

Athletic opportunities for females have reached an extent that few women living in the nineteenth century might ever have imagined. For more than two decades the women's 10,000-metre run has been part of the Olympics. Women's wrestling was added at Athens in 2004 and women's boxing competitions will begin at the 2012 London Games. Changing cultural norms, especially those brought forth by ‘women's movements’ of the 1960s as well as the ensuing amazingly successful athletic performances that women attained, have been of the utmost importance. In the United States, as the ‘New Woman” of the late 1800s began to engage in a modest game of golf or tennis, or take a leisurely bicycle ride, the then dominant theme – strenuous physical activity is inimical to a female's health – that had been articulated in books like Edward Clarke's Sex in Education, Or a Fair Chance for Girls (1873) began to be challenged. Few late nineteenth-century women offered a greater challenge than did ‘professional sportswomen’ like pedestriennes Ada Anderson and Exilda La Chapelle, competitive cyclist Louise Armiando, and the boxer Hattie Stewart. Whereas their feats were ignored by more elevated publications like Scribner's Magazine and Outing daily newspapers sometimes could be quite complimentary. The coverage given by Sporting Life (considered by many to be the major sports journal of the times) was somewhat mixed. When it came to baseball (the game that ‘made men men’) Sporting Life was vehemently opposed to any woman engaging in America's ‘national pastime’. So was Albert Spalding, co-founder of the lucrative A.G. Spalding Sporting Goods Company. This article sheds new light upon these and other still too little known matters regarding women who ‘contested the norm’ in late nineteenth-century America.

Break points in Grand Slam men’s singles tennis

The current investigation was composed of two related studies. The aim of the first study was to compare the proportion of break points and non-break points won by players receiving serve in matches of the 2011 US Open men’s singles tournament. Match statistics were recorded from the official tournament website for the 92 matches where both players had at least 5 break points. Wilcoxon signed ranks tests revealed that winning players won a significantly greater proportion of break points than non-break points (p = 0.004) while losing players won a similar proportion of break points to non-break points (p = 0.994).The aim of the second study was to compare the proportion of break points and non-break points won by the World’s top 4 tennis players. There were 27 to 39 singles matches for each of these players within Grand Slam tournaments between 2008 and 2011 where the players and their opponents had at least 5 break points each. A series of 95% confidence intervals of the mean revealed different scoreline effects for these players. The findings of these two studies challenge the assumption of stationarity used in models of winning games of tennis.

Gender and Etiquette in British Lawn Tennis 1870–1939: A Case Study of ‘Mixed Doubles’

‘Mixed doubles’ was regarded as the most popular type of lawn tennis game for those preferring the ‘social’ aspects to competition. An analysis of behavioural etiquette in mixed doubles from 1870 to 1939 reveals a considerable amount about shifting gender relations in wider British society. Findings are presented from over 50 textbooks and instructional guides on mixed doubles play published throughout this period in order to answer the following questions: What differences are evident in the ways that men and women were instructed to play mixed doubles? How was the often uneasy balance between male competitiveness and chivalry dealt with in the context of play? What can an analysis of changing fashions of female tennis players and associated behavioural etiquette in mixed doubles tell us about shifting gender relations in wider British society, and what role did these developments play within broader feminist movements?

The contribution of situational probability information to anticipatory skill

ObjectivesTo determine the contribution of situational probability information to the anticipatory responses of skilled tennis players representative of two different stages of development. DesignParticipants were required to predict the location of tennis serves presented to them on a plasma touchscreen from the perspective of the receiver. MethodsServes were sequenced into a series of games and sets with a score presented before each point, typical of a game of tennis. The game score was manipulated to provide advance probability information. The location of the serve for the first point of each game was always directed to the same location. A total of 12 service games consisting of 96 points were presented with interest in whether players would detect the relationship between the game score and resultant serve location. ResultsA 2×12 (age×service game) ANOVA with repeated measures on the second factor revealed a significant age by service game interaction for response time (F11,297=3.86, p<0.05, ηp2=.12). The older players picked up the occurrence of the first point service pattern after the ninth service game whereas the younger, players did not. There were no significant response accuracy differences between the groups in relation to the first point. ConclusionsThe findings highlight the important role of situational probability information, in addition to movement kinematics, for successful anticipatory performance and suggest that the pick-up of such information is not utilised by younger players.

دوافع ممارسة رياضة التنس في الأردن

The aim of this study was to investigate the motives of tennis game practice in Jordan, And identifying the differences in degree of practice Motives in regard to the variables of (gender age, educational qualification, monthly income), The sample of the study consisted of (87) players, The identify included several domains (Social motives, psychological and mental motives, physical fitness and health motives, sporting excellence and achievement motives, and material motives), The results of this study revealed that the most important motives of tennis practice were respectively (health and fitness motives, psychological and mental motives, social motives, sporting excellence motives, achievement motives, and the physical motives), The results also revealed that there were statistically differences of motives in regard to the variables of gender, age, educational qualification, and monthly income. هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى دوافع ممارسة رياضة التنس في الأردن، إضافةً إلى تحديد الفروق في الدوافع تبعاً إلى متغيرات (الجنس، والفئة العمرية، والمستوى التعليمي، والدخل الشهري)، وتكونت عينه الدراسة من (87) لاعباً ولاعبة استجابوا على استبانة تضمنت عدة مجالات وهي (الدوافع الاجتماعية، والدوافع النفسية والعقلية، ودوافع اللياقة البدنية والصحية، ودوافع التفوق الرياضي والانجاز، والدوافع المادية)، وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة بان أهم دوافع ممارسة رياضة التنس كانت على الترتيب (دوافع اللياقة البدنية والصحية، والدوافع النفسية والعقلية، والدوافع الاجتماعية ودوافع التفوق الرياضي والإنجاز، وأخيراً الدوافع المادية والمعنوية)، كما أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق في بعض مجالات الدوافع تعزى إلى متغيرات الجنس والفئة العمرية والمستوى التعليمي والدخل الشهري.

Abstract 3339: Cardiovascular Benefits of Wii-based Movement Therapy for Upper Limb Post-stroke Rehabilitation

Persistent motor disability limits the capacity of stroke patients to retain or regain physical fitness. Increased metabolic demands of hemiparetic gait, physical deconditioning, and secondary muscle changes including atrophy and a shift in muscle fibre phenotype, combine to reduce post-stroke aerobic capacity by ∼50%. Fitness may be overlooked in rehabilitation programs when primary goals are centred on speech and effective locomotion. In this study we investigated whether cardiovascular fitness could be improved using Wii-based movement therapy that specifically targets hand and upper limb function. We studied 15 male and 3 female patients with post-stroke hemiparesis, mean age 61.4 years (range 22-75 years), mean time post-stroke 21.7 months (range 5-91 months). All patients completed the 2 week program with one hour of formal therapy on 10 consecutive weekdays augmented by home practice using the standard Wii Sports games of baseball, bowling, boxing, golf and tennis. Heart rate was recorded continuously using wireless telemetry during formal therapy sessions at three time points: early, mid and late therapy. During the same sessions the number of steps during tennis and boxing was counted from video recordings. Functional ability was assessed before and after therapy using the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and the Motor Activity Log (MAL). Peak heart rate significantly increased from early to late therapy (p&lt;0.001), becoming 38% higher on average than resting rates by late therapy. A sport-specific gradient was evident with increases in peak heart rate ranging from 20.9% in golf to 49.0% in boxing (p&lt;0.001). A concomitant improvement in exercise endurance was also noted. These changes occurred despite most patients being treated with beta blockers and ace-inhibitors. Functional ability improved by 23% (WMFT, p=0.037) which transferred to everyday tasks with a 127% improvement (MAL) (both p&lt;0.001). In conclusion these results suggest that Wii-based movement therapy not only improves upper limb function but also provides a cardiovascular challenge, mitigating the marked reduction in fitness commonly reported post-stroke. The differential effect on heart rate of the basic Wii Sports games provides a further avenue to tailor therapy for individual patients according for cardiac status and fitness levels.

Scoring abilities in the game of tennis – a pragmatic study of unique cases

PurposeMany studies analyzing the game of tennis overlook assessing such variables as the pure ability to play the game or the skill needed to take an opponent by surprise. This can be quantified in terms of a player’s shot flexibility, variability, velocity, or by the conscious or intuitive adaptability one can possess towards anticipating return shots, how best to hit the ball in order to keep it in play, as well as the buildup of delivering a shot or in scoring a point. The aim of the study was to identify the ability to score points in tennis based on an original set of assessment criteria that were used to measure the different effective plays against an opponent. This included measuring the variability, spatial flexibility and variability of shots taken, as well as the willingness to make risky plays.MethodsThe study analyzed the match play of two elite tennis players, Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, who competed against one another in the final of the 2007 US Open and the semi-final of 2008 Australian Open. Video recording of the two games was used to score and measure the proposed criteria.ResultsThe study found numerous quantitative and qualitative aspects that could assess the performance of the players. This included measuring the variety, spatial flexibility and variability of shots taken, as well as the willingness to make risky plays. Shot variety, flexibility and variability, as well as the amount of risk taken during game play, were quantifiable in nature. Taking into account the high sporting level of the players, the obtained results are undoubtedly of considerable educational value.ConclusionThe results allow for the conclusion that the teaching process in tennis demands the introduction of significant modifications aimed at the rationalization of technique and the introduction of criteria that can measure player effectiveness.

MOSAIC for Multiple-Reward Environments

Reinforcement learning (RL) can provide a basic framework for autonomous robots to learn to control and maximize future cumulative rewards in complex environments. To achieve high performance, RL controllers must consider the complex external dynamics for movements and task (reward function) and optimize control commands. For example, a robot playing tennis and squash needs to cope with the different dynamics of a tennis or squash racket and such dynamic environmental factors as the wind. In addition, this robot has to tailor its tactics simultaneously under the rules of either game. This double complexity of the external dynamics and reward function sometimes becomes more complex when both the multiple dynamics and multiple reward functions switch implicitly, as in the situation of a real (multi-agent) game of tennis where one player cannot observe the intention of her opponents or her partner. The robot must consider its opponent's and its partner's unobservable behavioral goals (reward function). In this article, we address how an RL agent should be designed to handle such double complexity of dynamics and reward. We have previously proposed modular selection and identification for control (MOSAIC) to cope with nonstationary dynamics where appropriate controllers are selected and learned among many candidates based on the error of its paired dynamics predictor: the forward model. Here we extend this framework for RL and propose MOSAIC-MR architecture. It resembles MOSAIC in spirit and selects and learns an appropriate RL controller based on the RL controller's TD error using the errors of the dynamics (the forward model) and the reward predictors. Furthermore, unlike other MOSAIC variants for RL, RL controllers are not a priori paired with the fixed predictors of dynamics and rewards. The simulation results demonstrate that MOSAIC-MR outperforms other counterparts because of this flexible association ability among RL controllers, forward models, and reward predictors.

The probability of winning break points in Grand Slam men's singles tennis

The probability of winning games of tennis has been modelled in terms of the probability of the server winning an individual point. These models are based on the assumptions of stationarity of the point and interdependence. Stationarity is the assumption that the outcome of tennis points is not influenced by the game score at the beginning of the point. The purpose of the current investigation was to compare the outcomes of tennis points during break points and non-break points using data from 528 men's singles tennis matches from all four Grand Slam tournaments in 2008 and 2009. The retrospective probability of the receiver winning a point was 0.42 ± 0.23 during break points which was significantly greater than the 0.38 ± 0.10 during non-break points (P < 0.001). This, in turn, led to players creating significantly more break points than expected (P < 0.001) and breaking serve more frequently than expected (P < 0.001) for the points won when receiving serve. This is evidence that stationarity cannot be assumed and that models of winning tennis games may need to be enhanced to address improved receiver performance during break points.

Development and Characterisation of Lightweight Sandwich Panel for Table Tennis Table

Lightweight sandwich panels (LWSP) have been used in various sectors of construction and transportation industries. However, due to the cost and complexity of the manufacturing process, their usage in high level sport equipment has been somewhat neglected. This study investigates the feasibility of using a wood veneer sandwich panel to construct the playing surface of a table tennis table. The effects of material parameters, such as the face sheet thickness, core configuration, core thickness and surface coating, on the dynamic friction coefficient and coefficient of restitution, which ultimately dictate the speed, bounce and spin of the ball, will be examined. All results from characterisation of the LWSP table using the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) standards will be compared with those from commercially available tables. The material parameters identified to yield the most consistent and favourable characteristics for a table tennis game will be applied for construction of a full size demonstration table.

Inferring the Structure of a Tennis Game Using Audio Information

We describe a novel framework for inferring the low-level structure of a sports game (tennis) using only the information available on the audio track of a video recording of the game. Our goal is to segment the games into a sequence of points, the natural unit for describing a tennis match. The framework is hierarchical, consisting of, at the lowest level, identification of audio events, followed by “match” (i.e., semantic) events and at the highest level, game points. Different techniques that are appropriate to the characteristics of each of these events are used to detect them and these techniques are coupled in a probabilistic framework. The techniques consist of Gaussian mixture models and a hierarchical language model to detect sequences of audio events, a maximum entropy Markov model to infer “match” events from these audio events and multigrams to infer the segmentation of a sequence of match events into sequences of points in a a tennis game. Our results are promising, giving an F-score for the final detection of points of >; 0.7.

Correlation between the result efficiency indexes and success in table tennis

For a player’s situational performance analysis, the basic and most utilitarian indicator of game quality is simply the achieved result on a particular sports competition. The basic aim of this research study is to find to what extent the indexes and variables directly derived from the results of individual table tennis games can predict the indexes that are described by the final result of an individual in a larger number of individual table tennis games. The research involved an analysis of an intentional sample of 914 table tennis players competing in various recreational table tennis leagues in SOKAZ during 2006. The predictive value of the indicators used has been determined, for the prognosis of direct indicators of success. Results have shown that correlations between individual variables of a table tennis competitor’s efficiency are statistically significant, just as correlations between indexes of a table tennis competitor’s efficiency. Positive and significant correlations were found between all the direct and indirect indicators of a player’s efficacy. The correlation between individual variables and indexes of a table tennis competitor’s efficiency, with the total efficacy index, is statistically significant and mostly positive. Indexes and variables directly derived from the results can, to a statistically significant degree, predict indexes and variables of final competition success: game index, set index, games won and sets won.

What is Shared in Joint Action? Issues of Co-representation, Response Conflict, and Agent Identification

When sharing a task with another person that requires turn taking, as in doubles games of table tennis, performance on the shared task is similar to performing the whole task alone. This has been taken to indicate that humans co-represent their partner’s task share, as if it were their own. Task co-representation allows prediction of the other’s responses when it is the other’s turn, and leads to response conflict in joint interference tasks. However, data from our lab cast doubt on the view that task co-representation and resulting response conflict are the only or even primary source of effects observed in task sharing. Recent findings furthermore suggest another potential source of interference in joint task performance that has been neglected so far: Self-other discrimination and conflict related to agent identification (i.e., determining whether it is “my” or the other’s turn). Based on these findings we propose that participants might not always co-represent what their partner is supposed to do, but instead co-represent that another agent is responsible for part of the task, and when it is his turn. We call this account the actor co-representation account.

Sports Diplomacy

IntroductionSports diplomacy is when sport is used as a political tool for enhancement, but which sometimes, worsens diplomatic relations between two countries. Sports diplomacy has been defined as 'the whole range of international contacts and competitions that have implications for the overall relations between the nations concerned' (Peppard & Riordan, 1993, 2). Even though this definition draws attention to issues and relations between states and within a single state, it also provides scope for analysing the actions of domestic and international non-state actors, and how the use of sport as a tool of diplomacy is applied in relation to the target state or states concerned. By its nature, sport is a highly sensitive, conditional, contextual and ambivalent means of communication. The inherent unpredictability of results in sports diplomacy is one of the risks taken by those who initiate or sponsor it (Peppard & Riordan, 1993, 6). The attraction of sports diplomacy is that it is a relatively lowcost, low risk but high profile tool of foreign policy, by which states and non-state actors are able to publicise their views on the actions and policies of others (Houlihan, 1994). The coexistence of sport and politics dates from the 9th century BC, when the institution of the truce or Ekecheiria, was established in ancient Greece by the signing of the international treaty by three Kings- Iphitos of Elis, Cleosthenes of Pisa and Lycurgus of Sparta. Close on their heels, all the other Greek cities ratified this agreement which recognised the permanent immunity or the sanctuary of sports persons at Olympia. By this agreement sports persons could travel to take part in sports events held at different places with protection from the authorities. However, for many centuries after that sport was overlooked, and it only regained importance in the 19th century.Sport was rediscovered by politics in the early 20th century, when the Olympic Games were revived in 1896. Within a short time the Games had developed into platforms for national competition and political leverage. Olympics are a leading example of using sports for diplomatic purposes. Other sports like cricket, table tennis and association football too, are being used in the global arena.OlympicsGoing far back as the 1936 Olympics, Adolf Hitler used it as a stage to promote Aryan superiority for Germany with his ideological belief of racial supremacy (Bachrach, 1936).The Olympics were used as a means of hardening the German spirit and instilling unity among the German youth. The global stage of the Olympics in 1968 was to highlight to the world the plight of the African-American struggle during the civil rights movement in their home country. In 1972, the Israeli Olympics team was massacred in an attack by Palestinian gunmen that started at the Olympic village and resulted in the death of 17 people. In 1980, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a boycott of the Moscow Games by the Western powers and their allies in protest of Russian actions. In the Los Angeles Olympics of 1984, the Soviet Bloc led a retaliatory boycott of the Games.Table TennisThe most important and well recognised instance of sports-meets-politics is the famous 1971 table tennis game between host China and the United States, often dubbed 'ping-pong diplomacy'. This match led to a thaw in Sino-American relations and finally to US President Richard Nixon's rapprochement with China.CricketCricket too has a role to play in sporting diplomacy. Cricket tours between India and Pakistan were revived in 2004 in the wake of diplomatic steps to bury half a century of mutual hostility. Both sides relaxed their tough visa regulations, allowing thousands of fans to travel across the border (Field, 2010). In order to replicate cricket diplomacy of the past, General Pervez Musharraf, ex-President of Pakistan, had come to India in 2005 for a cricket match which ended on the note of a Summit. …