Fragmentation Tendency Research Articles

The x-ray absorption spectrum of the tert-butyl radical: An experimental and computational investigation.

We report the x-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of the tert-butyl radical, C4H9. The radical was generated pyrolytically from azo-tert-butane, and the XAS of the pure radical was obtained by subtraction of spectra recorded at different temperatures. The bands in the XAS were assigned by abinitio calculations that are in very good agreement with the experimental data. The lowest energy signal in the XAS is assigned to the C1s electron transition from the central carbon atom to the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO), while higher transitions correspond to C1s excitations from terminal carbon atoms. Furthermore, we investigated the fragmentation of the radical following resonant C1s excitation by electron-ion-coincidence spectroscopy. Several fragmentation channels were identified. The C1s excitation of the terminal carbons is associated with a stronger fragmentation tendency compared to the lowest C1s excitation of the central carbon into the SOMO. For this core excited state, we still observe an intact parent ion, C4H9+, and a comparatively higher tendency to dissociate into CH3+ + C3H6+.

Судьба «больших теорий» в экономической науке

In economic literature we can find discussions concerning the so called «grand theories» which are allegedly lacking in modern economic science. These theories could have counter the fragmentation tendencies which split economics into separate loosely connected parts. The notion of abstract «grand theories» emerged in sociology and was particularly developed by Robert Merton who compared them with empirically based and testable «middle-range theories» which should be preferred. A classical grand theory in the history of economic science was Karl Marx’s theory. In some degree this nomination can be attributed to the general equilibrium theory of Leon Walras. Later a significant specialization and segmentation of economic theory occurred. Economic mainstream underwent great changes in several last decades, but their direction led to a greater heterogeneity. Despite some negative consequences of this trend and its critical reception in part of economic literature, a return to grand theories in foreseeable future is highly unlikely.

Structural, Optical, and Electrical Characteristics of Titanium Dioxide Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition

In this research, the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique was used, and the operating frequency of the laser was tuned to a double frequency. This was done in order to construct nano-thin films of titanium oxide (TiO2). An Nd-YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, pulse frequency of 6 Hz, and laser energy of 700, 800, and 900 mJ were used on glass and Si (p-type) substrates of different thicknesses. Then, the TiO2 films were annealed for 2 hours at a temperature of 400 °C. UV-Vis spectra revealed that TiO2 has strong UV absorption, as well as a large energy gap (2.9, 3.06, and 3.3) eV for energy levels (700, 800, and 900) mJ in contrast. In addition, FESEM analysis showed a granular morphology that showed a tendency for fragmentation into smaller particles with the growth of the thickness of the sample. The thickness of the thin films was determined using the FESEM cross-section, and the results showed that the thicknesses were 278.01, 1630.53, and 2579.66 nm for TiO2 at laser energy of 700, 800, and 900 mJ, respectively. As the laser energy increased, the results showed an increase in the thickness of the thin film. In addition, the absorbance increased while the transmittance decreased with increasing thin film thickness. In terms of the electrical properties of the cell, we found that the efficiency of the annealed cell was significantly increased compared to that of the unannealed cell.

Investigation of blast-induced rock fragmentation and fracture characteristics with different decoupled charge structures

Decoupled charge structure is widely employed in profile and production blasting of rock engineering, and its breakage effectiveness is closely linked to the utilization rate of explosion energy. In this investigation, the failure patterns and damage extent of cubic red sandstone specimens induced by blasting with various decoupled charge modes were examined through two groups of laboratory tests, and a three-parameter generalized extreme value (GEV) function was introduced to quantify the rock fragmentation size distribution (FSD) characteristics. Moreover, the Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma (RHT) model parameters were calibrated based on the blasting test result of the R1 sample. Building upon this validated model, dynamic fracture behavior and pressure attenuation process in a dual-hole blasting finite element model with radial and axial decoupled charge structures were reproduced. Notably, the effects of delay time and initiation mode as well as coupling medium on the effectiveness of rock breakage were discussed. The results demonstrated that the three-parameter GEV function offers a more accurate characterization of the FSD features after rock blasting. Additionally, it is observed that the average fragment size decreases linearly with a reduction in the decoupling ratio, leading to a tendency for finer fragments and more uniform FSDs. Besides, through a comparative analysis of energy distribution characteristics and the volume of destruction in various coupling mediums for rock blasting, it is found that water, as a coupling medium, exhibits the highest energy transfer efficiency, followed by wet sand and dry sand, while air shows the least energy efficiency. Furthermore, the theoretical result of the stress transmission coefficient computed using the equivalent wave impedance method can proficiently reflect the extent of rock fragmentation in decoupled charge blasting.

Vegetation responses to ecological water delivery and prolonged droughts in an artificial desert oasis, Northwestern China

Irrational water usage in the middle reaches of inland rivers is detrimental to downstream oases, and the Qingtu Oasis is a typical downstream oasis that is degraded by water resource scarcity. The Qingtu Lake ecological water diversion project (EWDP) has restored the oasis, but the response pattern of different vegetation communities to environmental water and the dominant drivers of vegetation dynamics are not clear. Here, based on ground and satellite observations, this study investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation distribution and growth in the Qingtu Oasis from 2010 to 2022, and the reasons for the interannual variability in vegetation growth were also explained. The results showed that temporal variations in the distribution area of Phragmites australis (PA) followed a logistic curve after the EWDP, which increased rapidly from 2010 to 2019 and stabilized afterward. Meanwhile, the distribution area of Nitraria tangutorum (NT) presented a linear increase during the study period, with a 121.2% increase. Due to water inundation, the central region was occupied by PA communities, while NT communities moved to the edge. The spatial connectivity of PA patches increased significantly in contrast to the overall fragmentation tendency of NT patches in 2010–2022. The oasis tended to be homogenized and aggregated according to the morphological spatial pattern analysis, along with the landscape diversity and contagion indices. Enhanced vegetation growth, as indicated by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), was observed in 76.1% of the vegetated lands, and the NDVI increasing rate was high near the canal. Using the random forest model, this study found that changes in groundwater depth were the most important driver of NDVI variability. The following influencing factors were atmospheric CO2 concentration, water inundation area and water delivery amount. In the absence of large increases in water delivery amount, oasis vegetation growth was susceptible to prolonged droughts. This study uncovers a nonlinear response of different vegetation communities to climate change and the EWDP in the downstream region of arid endorheic basins and identifies meteorological droughts as a key factor that should be fully considered in water delivery strategies. These findings lay a solid foundation for managing oasis restoration and water resource allocation in arid inland river basins.

Experimental Study on the Interface Characteristics of Reinforced Crushed Rock Cushion Layer Based on Direct Shear Tests.

Through indoor large-scale direct shear tests, the interface characteristics of the crushed rock cushions layer reinforced with ParaLink geogrid were studied. The test results indicate that the shear strength of the crushed rock aggregate and the interface strength parameters have a non-linear relationship with the normal stress. The addition of the geogrid reduces the shear strength of the crushed rock aggregate and the interface strength parameters, which is mainly due to the relatively large size, small thickness, and high smoothness of the geogrid. The reinforced geogrid has a significant impact on the deformation and fragmentation characteristics of the crushed rock aggregate. It effectively suppresses the shear contraction and shear dilation effects of the crushed rock aggregate, reducing its peak compression and peak dilation angle. Furthermore, it inhibits the tendency of particle fragmentation in the crushed rock aggregate.

Quantification of microplastic by particle size down to 1.1 μm in surface road dust in an urban city, Japan

The impact of microplastics (MPs, plastic particles ≤5 mm) on ecosystems is of great concern. Road surfaces represent a significant source of MPs where plastic fragments are physically and chemically reduced to MPs. However, the literature lacks information on fragmentation tendencies below 11 μm. This study aimed to characterize the occurrence of MPs in road dust in different size fractions down to 1.1 μm. Road dust was collected at five sites near a major road in Kusatsu city, Japan, and partitioned by size into 13 fractions (1.1–850 μm). The coarser fractions accounted for a greater proportion of the dust. The percentage of organic matter, determined by loss on ignition, increased as the fractions became finer. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to quantify 12 types of polymers in each fraction. The dust was found to contain nine types of MP, namely, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), styrene/butadiene rubber (SBR), acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene resin (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polyamide 66 (PA66). The total MP concentration in road dust particles by particle size fraction (concentrationf) began to increase from the 125–250 μm fraction and remained elevated in finer fractions down to 1.1 μm, indicating that MPs in the road dust micronized to at least 1.1 μm. However, for individual polymer types, the tendency for concentrationf to increase or decrease with particle size fraction varied: the concentrationf of some polymers, such as PE and PVC, remained elevated in fractions down to 1.1 μm; the concentrationf of SBR, a rubber-MP, showed a stable or decreasing trend in fractions of 7.0–11 μm and finer. Particles of PE, PVC, and some other plastics might become increasingly finer, even down to 1.1 μm. Further research is needed to understand the comminution limits of these polymers under pertinent environmental conditions.

Pleural effusion-related Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis coinfection in a dog.

The coinfections by some microorganisms have been related to severe diseases in humans and animals, where immunosuppressive agents favor opportunistic behavior of other pathogens. A 4-month-old, female mixed-breed dog with a two-week history of inappetence, prostration, emaciation, and respiratory distress was admitted at a veterinary hospital in Brazil. Tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, severe respiratory distress, and a large number of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l.) in different body regions were observed at clinical examination. Hematological examination of dog showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, mild anemia, and thrombocytopenia, whereas unremarkable values in biochemical tests. Thoracic radiography revealed a pleural effusion image. Blood and the pleural fluid (purulent aspect) samples were subjected to qPCR (16S rRNA and dsb genes) and sequencing, which identified Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys coinfection. An aggregate of coccoid-to-branching or long filamentous microorganisms, surrounded by pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction was seen at the cytology of the pleural fluid. Bacteriological culture of pleural effusion showed colonies compatible with the genus Nocardia, which revealed gram-positive filamentous organisms with a tendency of fragmentation and were identified as Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Therapy of N. otitidiscaviarum isolate using levofloxacin (supported by a previous in vitro susceptibility testing) and doxycycline for E. canis and A. platys resulted in complete resolution of the clinical picture. Here, we report for the first time a triple coinfection by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, A. platys, and E. canis in a dog with pleural effusion, where debilitating or immunosuppressive conditions induced by A. platys and E. canis coinfection probably contributed to the opportunistic behavior of N. otitidiscaviarum.

Tungsten alloy impact fracture for frangible armor piercing

This paper presents experimental and numerical studies of tungsten alloy fragmentation caused by impact loading. Impact loading is a complex mechanics including dynamic hardening and fracture coupled with a wide range of strain, strain rate, and temperature. In order to obtain the dynamic hardening behavior from low to high strain rates, compression tests have been conducted with the INTRON 5583 and the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar testing machines. Taylor impact tests are also carried out at various impact velocities to evaluate the fragmentation. Considering the fragmentation tendency of tungsten alloy in this study, it could be utilized for the penetrator of FAP projectile. For the further investigation, finite element analysis is performed to predict the dynamic behaviors by using Lim–Huh hardening model and Mohr–Coulomb(MC) fracture model. In the MC fracture model, the mean stress concept is introduced. The fracture model parameters are calibrated using inverse engineering of the test results. The analysis successfully predicts the deformation and fragmentation according to the impact velocity. It is shown that the stress-based Mohr–Coulomb fracture model successfully predicts the direction of crack propagation and fragment size tendencies.

Physical comorbidities in people with severe mental disorders: promises and future challenges

Abstract The comorbidity of mental and physical disorders is gradually becoming recognized as a major problem for health care. Its public health importance is vast and growing for a variety of reasons including the extension of life expectancy, the imperfection of currently available treatments of mental and many physical disorders and the tendency of fragmentation of medicine into ever more limited specialties. The problems related to comorbidity are also rapidly increasing in low- and middle-income countries where in addition to the issues mentioned above there is also a scarcity of means to deal with them. The presentation will remind the audience of the complexity of the problems and draw attention to action that could be taken by public health authorities and the medical profession in the areas of teaching, organization of service and research. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Quantifying the spatial impact of landscape fragmentation on habitat quality: A multi-temporal dimensional comparison between the Yangtze River Economic Belt and Yellow River Basin of China

Landscape fragmentation due to urban sprawl and industrialization has caused habitat loss and threatened global biodiversity. However, the magnitude, spatial pattern, and mechanisms of how landscape fragmentation leads to habitat loss remain unclear. The Yellow River Basin (YRB) and the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YZREB) are important ecological security barriers that play a decisive role in landscape connectivity and biodiversity conservation in China. From a comparative perspective, this study analyzes the temporal-spatial changes of land cover in the YRB and the YZREB from 2005 to 2018 and simulates the land use pattern in 2031 using a patch-level simulation (PLUS) model. Then the degree and tendency of landscape fragmentation during 2005–2031 are measured based on the entire region and a 10 km grid, respectively. The habitat quality (HQ) is measured using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. The temporal-spatial evolution characteristics of HQ are analyzed across multiple dimensions, including the entire region, urban agglomerations and watersheds (upstream, midstream, and downstream). Finally, spatial econometric models are applied to examine the spatial dependence of HQ and quantify the spatial impact of landscape fragmentation on HQ in the YRB and YZREB based on 10 km grids. Results show that: (1) there would be a significant trend of landscape fragmentation and habitat degradation in both the YRB and YZREB during 2005–2031. (2) HQ in the YRB and YZREB has the spatial distribution characteristics of being low in coastal areas and urban agglomerations but high in inland areas and mountainous forest areas. (3) The spatial distribution and spatial relationship of landscape fragmentation and HQ in YRB and YZREB differ significantly in multi-spatiotemporal dimensions. The findings could provide support for landscape planning and biodiversity conservation strategies in China and other developing countries.

Tailoring Magnetic Properties of Fe0.65Co0.35 Nanoparticles by Compositing with RE2O3 (RE = La, Nd, and Sm).

Fe-Co alloys are the most important soft magnetic materials, which are successfully used for a wide range of applications. In this work, the magnetic properties of lanthanide-substituted (Fe0.65Co0.35)0.95(RE2O3)0.05 (RE = La, Nd, and Sm) nanoparticles, prepared by mechanical alloying, are reported. Our comprehensive studies (X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry, SQUID magnetometry and differential scanning calorimetry) have revealed different properties, depending on the dopant type. The RE2O3 addition led to a decrease in the crystallite size and to an increase in the internal microstrain. Moreover, because of the high grain fragmentation tendency of RE2O3, the cold welding between Fe–Co ductile particles was minimized, indicating a significant decrease in the average particle size. The parent Fe0.65Co0.35 alloy is known for its soft ferromagnetism. For the La-substituted sample, the magnetic energy product was significantly lower (0.450 MG·Oe) than for the parent alloy (0.608 MG·Oe), and much higher for the Sm-substituted compound (0.710 MG·Oe). The processing route presented here, seems to be cost-effective for the large-scale production of soft magnetic materials.

The Memory of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 in the regional Internet space: the experience of discourse analysis

This article is devoted to the discourse analysis of the comments of regional news sites and public publications about the commemorations of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Based on the application of the methodology of Siegfried Yeager's critical discourse analysis, the peculiarities of the perception of official memorials dedicated to the memory of the Great Patriotic War in the Internet space of the Tula and Tomsk regions were analyzed. The sources for the analysis were comments from users of social networks, Internet blogs and news sites of the two regions in the period 2015-2021, dedicated to Victory Day (May 9), the Immortal Regiment campaign, topical regional commemorations of the Great Patriotic War, as well as mentions of individual pages of family memory and events of war heroes. Despite the fact that sociological surveys of recent years show the preservation of the memory of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 as the most important historical event and ideological reference point in the mass historical consciousness, the study of the perception of war memorials on the Internet shows a further increase in the devaluation of historical meanings of the Russian memorial culture and the departure to particular versions of historical memory (family, local social group). The tendency of fragmentation and transformation of perception of the past in the regional Internet space was revealed. The analysis of a sample set of comments indicates the persistence of the trend of sacralization of war heroes, veterans and family memory of them in the mass consciousness, as well as attempts to contrast family commemorations of Victory Day and official events and actions of the authorities. In both areas, the fact of using the discussion of the May 9 commemorations and the "Immortal Regiment" campaign as a symbolic framework for criticizing the domestic and foreign policies of the current government was recorded. At the same time, most of the critical comments are situational in nature and are related to topical regional socio-economic problems.

Influence of Pr6O11 addition on structural and magnetic properties of mechanically alloyed Fe65Co35 nanoparticles

This work focuses on the synthesize of nanostructured (Fe65Co35)100-x (Pr6O11)x (x = 0, 5) powders using high energy ball milling. The influence of Pr6O11 on structural, morphological and magnetic properties of Fe65Co35 nanoparticles were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a dispersive energy analyzer (EDS), vibratory sample magnetometer (VSM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results show that the praseodymium oxide addition increased the decrement rate of the crystallite size with milling time of about 27 % and decreased the increment rate of the internal micro-strain of 50 %. Moreover, because of its high grain fragmentation tendency, Pr6O11 increases the hardness and brittleness of Fe-Co powders. Moreover, it minimized the cold welding between Fe-Co ductile particles leading to a significant decrease in the average particle size (~1µm). The magnetic measurements conducted at room temperature show that the saturation magnetisation (Ms) and the coercivity (Hc) increased with milling time in both compositions. A low Ms and high Hc values were detected in (Fe65Co35)95 (Pr6O11)5 nanoparticles. The results demonstrated a soft ferromagnetic nature in all of the synthesized nanoparticles with Ms in the range 207 – 216 emu/g and Hc is found to be 113 Oe.

Ecological Restoration Strategies for the Topography of Loess Plateau Based on Adaptive Ecological Sensitivity Evaluation: A Case Study in Lanzhou, China

Existing studies related to ecological sensitivity evaluation are comparatively mature; however, few approaches are concerned with distinctive topographical conditions that enable response to specific environmental restoration requirements. In this paper, an adaptive ecological sensitivity evaluation framework is established according to a representative plateau topography (i.e., the Loess Plateau region) via a case study of Gaolan County, China. Through the process of factor selection, index system construction, formula adaption, factor weight determination by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as well as the support of RS and GIS technology, the ecological sensitivity of the research region has been evaluated and analyzed in combination with land use types and typical gully problems. The results show that high sensitivity areas account for 11.16 percent of the total area in the research region and a tendency for fragmentation in spatial distribution. Forest lands with steep slopes in gullies’ upstream have the highest ecological sensitivity, the proportion of forest and garden land dominated by trees in the highest sensitivity area is around 80 percent. Evidence-based ecological restoration strategies are proposed in terms of the topography of Loess Plateau. This study shows possibilities to adapt existing sensitivity evaluation model for medium-scaled specific topography problems and provides useful clues as a basis for knowledge acquisition that can feed into spatial design, planning and restoration processes.

Landscape Image Layout Optimization Extraction Simulation of 3D Pastoral Complex under Big Data Analysis

Big data has brought about opportunities for landscape architecture, changing the design thinking of layout optimization simulation, expanding the platform for public participation in layout optimization simulation design, reflecting social and humanistic care, and promoting the integration of discipline cooperation and data. At the same time, it also brings about challenges. The proposal of data theory, the acquisition and analysis of data, and the protection of privacy are all issues that we need to face and solve. First, build a layout optimization simulation program under the background of big data. Follow the procedures of conventional layout optimization simulation, add big data analysis technology to the preliminary analysis, layout optimization simulation design, and later evaluation management, introduce new data processing methods, and build a theoretical framework of landscape optimization simulation methods that integrate new and traditional data. Second, studying the evolution of the landscape image layout of the three-dimensional pastoral complex is different: the overall landscape image layout of the three-dimensional pastoral complex shows a trend of fragmentation and heterogeneity. Among them, the arable land is gradually fragmented, the wetland and water area are simplified in form, the woodland and grassland patches are gradually distributed, the fragmentation is reduced by 76.19%, and the connectivity index is gradually increased. From a spatial perspective, the edge area outside the Fourth Ring Road becomes the most obvious area of fragmentation tendency. Finally, by introducing big data into the landscape layout optimization simulation, a layout optimization simulation method based on big data is constructed and used in the layout optimization simulation of the landscape image layout of the three-dimensional pastoral complex to guide the participatory layout optimization simulation.

The relevance of granule fragmentation on reduced tabletability of granules from ductile or brittle materials produced by roll compaction/dry granulation.

Roll compaction/dry granulation often results in loss of tabletability. The two main hypotheses for this are granule hardening and granule size enlargement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of granule size, roll compaction force, and granule fragmentation upon tableting and its effect on tabletability of granules constituting a ductile or brittle material. Plastically deforming microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and fragmenting lactose monohydrate (lactose) were roll compacted at five roll compaction forces ranging from 2 to 16 kN/cm. Granule size fractions of 250-355 and 500-710µm were blended with 10% magnesium stearate (MgSt), compressed into tablets and ground to obtain compressed granules. The predominant deformation behaviour of the particles constituting the granules directly impacted granule deformation upon tableting, as lactose granules fractured extensively upon tableting, whereas MCC granules predominantly deformed by plastic deformation. Increased roll compaction force resulted in more granule hardening of both materials and thereby granules less susceptible to fragmentation upon tableting. Granule hardening accounted for the largest loss of tabletability of MCC granules upon roll compaction. Roll compaction force and granule size had no or negligible effect on tabletability of lactose tablets without MgSt, whereas increased roll compaction force and larger granules decreased tensile strength of tablets containing lactose granules blended with MgSt. This was explained by inter-particle and inter-granular bonds contributing equally to the tensile strength of lactose tablets without MgSt. However, after addition of MgSt, the decreased fragmentation tendency of larger granules compacted at higher roll compaction forces resulted in greater MgSt coverage of the granules upon tableting, thereby decreasing tabletability.

News consumption patterns on Twitter: fragmentation study on the online news media network

The development of news media and social media has radically changed the way the public consumes information. This study explores the structure of online news media networks in three countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, to investigate the phenomenon of fragmentation in the news consumption pattern on social media. Based on the results of the three network indicators used in this study, it can be concluded that the structure of online news media networks in Indonesia and Malaysia shows a tendency of fragmentation. In contrast, this study did not find sufficient evidence that the phenomenon of fragmentation was occurring in the Singapore media network. In-depth analysis on each formed media cluster shows that online news media in Indonesia and Malaysia tend to group based on similarity in market segments, regions or political alignments.

Star-forming Sites IC 446 and IC 447: An Outcome of End-dominated Collapse of Monoceros R1 Filament

Abstract We present an analysis of multiwavelength observations of Monoceros R1 (Mon R1) complex (at d ∼760 pc). An elongated filament (length ∼14 pc, mass ∼1465 M ⊙) is investigated in the complex, which is the most prominent structure in the Herschel column density map. An analysis of the FUGIN 12CO(1–0) and 13CO(1–0) line data confirms the existence of the filament traced in a velocity range of [−5, +1] km s−1. The filament is found to host two previously known sites IC 446 and IC 447 at its opposite ends. A massive young stellar object (YSO) is embedded in IC 446, while IC 447 contains several massive B-type stars. The Herschel temperature map reveals the extended warm dust emission (at T d ∼ 15–21 K) toward both the ends of the filament. The Spitzer ratio map of 4.5 μm/3.6 μm emission suggests the presence of photodissociation regions and signature of outflow activity toward IC 446 and IC 447. Based on the photometric analysis of point-like sources, clusters of YSOs are traced mainly toward the filament ends. The filament is found to be thermally supercritical showing its tendency of fragmentation, which is further confirmed by the detection of a periodic oscillatory pattern (having a period of ∼3–4 pc) in the velocity profile of 13CO. Our outcomes suggest that the fragments distributed toward the filament ends have rapidly collapsed, and had formed the known star-forming sites. Overall, the elongated filament in Mon R1 is a promising sample of the “end-dominated collapse” scenario, as discussed by Pon et al. (2011, 2012).

Building Pancasila Civilization in Industrial Era 4.0 for Millennial Generation

Pancasila as the basis and ideology of the Indonesian state is a set of values that become a way of life for the Indonesian state, this condition ensures that the foundation of the state and the practice of national and state life must be based on the values contained in the Pancasila. The main challenges in grounding Pancasila in this globalization era are; decreased intensity of understanding of Pancasila in society, social exclusivism related to the swift flow of globalization so that it leads to a stronger tendency for identity politicization and social fragmentation based on SARA, decreased morality of millennial generation caused by the flow of information and technology that is not filtered properly as a result of the current industrial era 4.0. The efforts made in facing challenges in the millennial generation are fostering the spirit of nationalism, planting and practicing the values of Pancasila and using the internet wisely, building ideas and future visions of a strong young generation based on Pancasila morality.