Energy conservation policies and programs directed at private households in Australia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States are evaluated and compared with respect to their energy and environmental conservation potential as well as their compatibility with consumer policy goals. Characteristic strengths and weaknesses of various program types (governmental, business, consumer organisations, environmental organisations) at central and local levels are examined and conclusions for policy as well as further research are drawn. Particular attention is given to integrated, multi-agency and multi-instrument approaches at the local community level and to the issue of implementing programs in aid of low-income and tenant households.