Tenancy Agreements Research Articles

Stock grazing of semi-natural habitats on National Trust land

Stock grazing is essential in many habitats owned by the National Trust if their nature conservation interests are to be maintained or enhanced. In this review, the benefits of grazing cattle, sheep and other livestock in different habitat types are described, together with constraints imposed by tenancy agreements and difficulties in obtaining the most appropriate animal. The majority of upland heaths, calcareous grasslands and lowland/coastal heaths on Trust land are being grazed satisfactorily. However, the nature conservation interest of parklands is currently being eroded in part because of inappropriate grazing regimes. It is argued that the best use of stock in the future is in extensive grazing regimes.

Religion et développement dans les pays musulmans: éléments d'“économie islamique”

The “state economism” of the 1960s and 1970s failed in many of its aims, but it probably paved the way for a new development process. “Islamic economics” today appears a good alternative. It springs from welldefined economic ethics in the large corpus of Fiqh (Islamic law and ethics), notably: common interest and “Mankind's principality upon Earth”; free private productive property; various hiring and leasing and tenancy agreements without risk; exchange contracts without usury/interest; and zakat or Koranic tax, usually translated as “alms”, interpreted as a social tax system for modern development and social justice. The world network of Islamic banks established since 1975 (without predetermined levels of interest) proves to be well adjusted to the dominant “traditional” world banking system. It permits a certain contribution from the “rentier-states” of the Gulf to the poor and very poor muslim countries. This Islamic doctrine and practice may well be a more motivational symbol than Nasserian (or Shah-Iranian) state economism (cf. Weber and “mahdism” and the long-term economic effects of puritanism).

Leasing Developments in the UK Brewing Industry

Notes that major brewers and some regional operators are now replacing traditional tenancy agreements with assignable commercial leases. Examines the background to these developments, the differences between the leasing arrangements now being offered and some of the problems so far encountered. Concludes that, courtesy of the Monopolies Commission, the very evident need for improved returns on capital for the big brewers means that assignable leases are here to stay.

A summary and interpretation of the evidence

How can one summarize the ways children have been affected as falls in incomes and cutbacks have spread around the world? What kind of broad policies should be promoted to counterbalance the deteriorations illustrated in the 11 case studies presented here? Will the economic recovery automatically reintroduce steady improvements in child welfare? Is any action being taken to maintain or even improve the situation of children during the present adverse economic circumstances? Before addressing these questions, attention must be paid to the structural determinants of social and child welfare, some of which have been discussed in the survey of the literature (pp. 1 87-m 202). Besides preventing overemphasis on the short-term aspects of child welfare, these considerations are important for identifying appropriate policy measures. According to the central theme of the development literature’ of the late 1960s to the early 198Os, poverty, malnutrition and high infant and overall mortality primarily result from structural (as opposed to cyclical) causes, and progress in human welfare depends more on the patterh rather than the rate of economic growth. In many instances, domestic factors such as unequal land distribution, insecure and inequitable tenancy agreements, a skewed distribution of income, misuse of public finance and the socio-cultural marginalization of entire sections of the population on religious, class and ethnic grounds have a far greater influence on standards of living than the growth or the decline ~ of the overall economy. Often, the constraints imposed upon human development by such domestic factors are rigidified even more by the overall dependence of many developing countries on the industrialized nations. Colonial inheritance, technical and financial dependence, structure and chronically deteriorating terms of trade and, more recently, heavy indebtedness have contributed and still do contribute very distinctly and directly to the impoverishment of large sections of Third World populations. The case for concentrating on structural factors rather than on economic fluctuations, however severe, is reinforced by the experience of several countries which despite rapid growth in output and incomes have witnessed stagnation, or even increases, in their numbers of absolute poor. Indeed, unless particularly severe, economic fluctuations may not have a very obvious impact in terms of child welfare. Conversely, their end however welcome might not be in itself a solution to the structural problems of children. For children, in other words, reflation is not enough. While the structural context of child welfare problems is fundamental, the present crisis unprecedented in terms of its length, depth and pervasiveness has severely aggravated the situation of children of several social groups and has certainly slowed down improvements. The argument that ‘poor people are so poor that they do not have access even to the world crisis’ may have some validity in regions such as Latin America where the economic crisis has primarily affected the urban middle-lower classes engaged in the formal economic sector, or for India’s rural poor masses who are largely insulated from the world economy. On the other hand, the sharp fall in incomes and severe cutbacks in social services caused or aggravated by the international recession are in many parts of the world swelling the army of the unemployed who have less access to social services and who tend to fall below a given poverty line. Clearly, the children of these new poor, as well as those of the ‘old’ poor,

Guillemot-Jacquemin Claim.

International Tribunals — Supremacy over Municipal Courts — Jurisdiction Not Ousted by Existence of Judgment of a Municipal Court.Treaties — Interpretation of — Various Rules of — Provisions Interpreted by Reference to Context of Adjacent Provisions — Interpretation by Deduction a contrario — Peace Treaty of Paris, 1947 — Invalidation of Contracts — Tenancy Agreements made by Agent of United Nations National — Whether “encumbrances or charges”.

Garden Allotments

UNTIL the beginning of this century, allotments were chiefly to be found in rural districts; but at the present time, largely owing to the stimulus given to the movement during the Great War, nearly four times the number are situated in urban, as compared with rural, areas. Advice on their management is frequently required, particularly by residents in towns and cities, and the publication by the Ministry of Agriculture of an illustrated bulletin (No. 90. “Allotments”. London: H.M. Stationery Office, Is.) should prove of immense practical value to all holding or contemplating holding an allotment. The scope of the bulletin is wide, and only an indication of its range can be given here. Questions of soils and their treatment, manures and manuring, with a special section on lime, are dealt with in some detail. Full directions follow for the cultivation of all the ordinary market garden crops, such as potatoes, the cabbage group, peas, beans and root vegetables and to a lesser extent fruit and flowers. Advice is also given on simple methods for purposes of protection and forcing. Only a small section is devoted to pests and diseases, as the reader is referred to the more detailed publications on the subject already issued by the Ministry. At the end of the bulletin a summary of work appropriate for each month of the year will be found, together with useful hints for those intending to exhibit their vegetables at shows. Further, the business side of allotment holding is not overlooked, and a part of the bulletin is devoted to questions of rules for allotment associations, tenancy agreements, choice, planning and layout of sites and the methods by which an individual can, where practicable, acquire an allotment.