Temporomandibular Joint Clicking Research Articles

Effectiveness of anterior repositioning splint versus other occlusal splints in the management of temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction: A meta-analysis.

Disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) is among the common disc disorders of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which can be managed conservatively by splint therapy. Anterior repositioning splint (ARS) is the most commonly prescribed splint by dental practitioners, but not getting a normal disc-condyle relationship always and other side effects lead to need of comparing with other occlusal splints. This review will help in informed decision-making by clinicians in choosing an appropriate splint type for patients. The aim is to compare the effectiveness of ARS in the management of DDwR with other occlusal splints for TMJ and muscle pain, TMJ noise, any adverse effects, regaining normal disc-condyle relationship. We followed published protocol in the International prospective register of systematic reviews. Databases were searched till May 2023 using different search strategies as per the database. Title and abstract screening, followed by full-text screening and data extraction with risk of bias, was done by two independent reviewers in Covidence. Outcomes were reported as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) for dichotomous or continuous outcomes, respectively, using RevMan 5.4 (Review Manager 5.4) software. We used a random effect model for statistical analysis. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Guideline Development Tool (GRADEpro GDT) software. A total of 1145 reports were found from a database search. After screening, four studies were included for systematic reviews. Other occlusal splints reported were sagittal vertical extrusion device and mandibular ARS, full hard stabilization splint of canine or centric stabilization type. Data of only two studies could be used for meta-analysis having 30 participants received ARS and 40 received other occlusal splints. We did not find evidence of any difference between ARS and other occlusal splints for TMJ clicking in short term (RR 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-1.72) but a small difference in favor of other occlusal splint in long term (RR 2.40, 95% CI 1.04-5.55). No evidence of any difference was found between both treatments for TMJ pain in short term (MD-5.68, 95% CI-17.31-5.95) and long term (MD 0.00, 95% CI-2.86-2.86) and muscle pain in short term. The certainty of evidence for comparison of two treatments for different outcomes was of low or very low level. Evidence is uncertain that other occlusal splints reduced TMJ clicking slightly in comparison to ARS. For the remaining outcomes, no evidence of any difference was found between the two splints and it may be biased due to selection bias, inadequate blinding of participants, and outcome assessor.

Prevalence of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Registered in the EUROTMJ Database: A Prospective Study in a Portuguese Center.

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are characterized by their multifactorial etiology and pathogenesis. A 3-year prospective study was conducted in a Portuguese TMDs department to study the prevalence of different TMDs signs and symptoms and their association with risk factors and comorbidities. Five hundred ninety-five patients were included using an online database: EUROTMJ. Most patients were female (80.50%), with a mean age of 38.20 ± 15.73 years. The main complaints were: (1) temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking (13.26%); (2) TMJ pain (12.49%); (3) masticatory muscle tension (12.15%). The main clinical findings were myalgia (74%), TMJ clicking (60-62%), and TMJ arthralgia (31-36%). Risk factors such as clenching (60%) and bruxism (30%) were positively associated with TMJ pain and myalgia. Orthodontic treatment (20%) and wisdom tooth removal (19%) were positively associated with TMJ clicking, while jaw trauma (6%), tracheal intubation (4%) and orthognathic surgery (1%) were positively associated with TMJ crepitus, limited mandibular range of motion, and TMJ pain, respectively. In total, 42.88% of TMDs patients had other associated chronic diseases, most of them were mental behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorders (33.76%), namely, anxiety (20%) and depression (13%). The authors also observed a positive association of mental disorders with the degree of TMJ pain and myalgia. The online database seems to be a relevant scientific instrument for healthcare providers who treat TMDs. The authors expect that the EUROTMJ database can serve as a milestone for other TMDs departments.

The Role of Mouthguards in Preventing Temporomandibular Joint Injuries During Contact Sports: A Prospective Study.

Objectives: Injuries to the maxillofacial region during contact sports is a well-known issue. Protective measures have been advised to prevent and reduce these problems. Awareness regarding the role of mouthguards in preventing temporomandibular joint (TMJ) injuries during contact sports, is limited. The aim of the present study was to assess awareness regarding the use of mouthguards during contact sports and incidence of TMJ injuries in sportspersons. Materials and Methods: Eighty-six individuals training in contact sports were enrolled in the present study based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. A questionnaire and clinical examination were used to assess TMJ pain, clicking, deviation, mouth opening, and locking. Results: The percentage of sportspersons aware of various protective gears was 23.8%. The awareness of TMJ injuries following contact sports was 6.9%, and 70.3% of the sportspersons were estimated to wear mouthguards. Clinical assessment of sportspersons using mouthguards revealed pain in 18.6% and clicking in 17.4% of the study subjects. The incidence of TMJ pain and clicking in individuals who did not use mouthguards were 81.4% and 82.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Application of mouthguards can reduce the incidence of TMJ injuries in contact sports. They also contribute significantly to the overall dental health of the athletes, as well as improving their overall athletic performance and decreasing the likelihood of other types of oral and facial injuries.

Clinical, Physiological, and Psychological Evaluation of Implant-Related Full Mouth Rehabilitation

Objective: To assess patients' physiological and psychological aspects with full-mouth dental implantation.Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 27 patients >30 years old who had full mouth dental implantation from the College of Dentistry Post Graduate Clinic, Shorsh Dental Teaching Center, and Researchers' Private Clinic from August 2021 to August 2022. Patients' feedback about the OHIP-14 questionnaire was assessed.Results: The mean±SD (standard deviation) age was 57.7±12.2 years, and male to female ratio was (1.1:1). Regarding their demographic characteristics, 33.3%, 44.4%, 37%, and 77.8% of patients were retired, had finished institute education, were unemployed, and were from Sulaymaniyah, respectively. In addition, 70.4%, 70.4%, 74.1%, 74.1, and 63% of patients irregularly visited the dentist, used toothbrushing once daily, did not use a mouth rinse, and had either Diabetes mellitus or hypertension or both, respectively. Meanwhile, 18.5%, 11.1%, 11.1%, and 3.7% of patients suffered from temporomandibular (TM) joint clicking, tenderness, limited mouth opening, and bad occlusion, respectively. Functional limitations and psychological disabilities were not well improved, but for other OHIP-14 questionnaire items only 3.7-7.4% of patients reported undesired outcomes.Conclusions: Patients with full-mouth dental implantation reported improvements regarding some items of the OHIP-14 questionnaire. However, in the current study, functional limitations and psychological disabilities were less improved than shown in the literature.

Changes in Preexisting Temporomandibular Joint Clicking after Orthognathic Surgery in Patients with Mandibular Prognathism.

This study aimed to investigate the changes in preexisting temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking and the new incidence of TMJ clicking after orthognathic surgery. A total of 60 patients (30 men and 30 women) with mandibular prognathism underwent intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) for a mandibular setback. The setback amount and TMJ clicking symptoms (preoperative and one year postoperative) were recorded. To assess the risk of new incidence of TMJ clicking in asymptomatic patients, the cutoff value for postoperative mandibular setback was set at 8 mm. The left and right mandibular setbacks were 11.1 and 10.9 mm in men, respectively, and 10.7 and 10.0 mm in women, respectively. Thus, no difference in setback amount on either side was observed between the sexes. The improvement rate in patients with preexisting TMJ clicking was 69.2% (18 of 26 sides); the postoperative improvement rates were 71.4% (setback amount > 8 mm) and 60% (setback amount ≤ 8 mm). IVRO may reduce the severity of preexisting TMJ clicking. A high setback amount (>8 mm) may not be associated with a considerable increase in the risk of postoperative TMJ clicking.

Painful Temporomandibular Joint Clicking: Genetic Point of View.

To determine whether there is an association between gene polymorphisms and patients with painful temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking when compared to patients with painless TMJ clicking and a healthy control group. In this pilot study, the genotypic and allelic frequencies of candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were compared among 60 individuals divided equally into three groups: patients with painful TMJ clicking (n = 20); patients with painless TMJ clicking (n = 20); and healthy controls (n = 20). Participants were genotyped for the following SNPs using real-time polymerase chain reaction: MMP1 -16071G/2G, COMT Val158Met, TNFα -308, IL1β +3954, IL6 -174, and IL10 -1082. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the TMJ was also assessed. All variables were compared among groups. Patients with painful TMJ clicking had a significant association and a higher frequency of MMP1 -16071G/2G (P = .042), COMT Val158Met (P = .030), and TNFα -308 (P = .016) when compared to the other groups, as well as a lower frequency of IL10 -1082. Considering PPT values, a progressively lower mean was found in individuals with painful TMJ clicking, followed sequentially by the painless TMJ clicking and the control groups. This pilot study showed that patients with painful TMJ clicking had a significant association with mutant genotypes related to degradation of extracellular matrix components, pain, proinflammation, and anti-inflammation. Furthermore, these patients also had significantly lower TMJ PPT values in all comparisons.

The effects of botulinum toxin A injection on the lateral pterygoid muscle in patients with a painful temporomandibular joint click: a randomized clinical trial study

BackgroundTemporomandibular disorder (TMD) is the main cause of non-dental pain in orofacial area. The most common symptoms of TMD are joint pain, joint sound and limitation of jaw function. Botulinum toxin (BTX) injection is considered a potential treatment for TMD due to its pain-relieving properties and its ability to reduce muscle activity. Most of the studies are case series and further investigations are required to prove the efficacy of this treatment modality. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of BTX-A injection on the lateral pterygoid (LP) muscle and to evaluate its efficacy regarding TMD.Materials and methodsThirty-eight patients (19 women and 19 men; mean age of 26.53 years) with painful unilateral temporomandibular joint click and LP muscle tenderness were enrolled in this study. They were divided into two groups; one received an extraoral BTX-A injection in the LP muscle, and the other received a placebo injection. Pain severity, jaw movements, click severity, and Helkimo index were recorded at the first visit, as well as one week, one month, and three months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and t-tests.ResultsThe results showed that click severity was not significantly different between the BTX-A and placebo groups (P = 0.07). Pain and Helkimo index decreased significantly in the BTX group (P = 0.00 and P = 0.006, respectively); however, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.22 and P = 1, respectively). There was a significant difference in lateral movements between the groups (P = 0.00) but not in protrusive movement (P = 0.095).ConclusionsIt can be concluded that although some studies have stated that BTX injection can make the click sound disappear, in this study, we did not find a significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, our results showed that click and pain severity decreased, but the difference was not statistically significant. Therefore, further studies with a higher dosage of BTX and more participants are recommended.Trial registration The local Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences approved this research (IR.SUMS.REC. 01/10/2018 and IRCT20130521013406N3).

Incidental Finding of Unilateral Parotid Gland Agenesis: A Case Report

A 34-year-old male active duty soldier presented to the Dwight David Eisenhower Army Medical Center (DDEAMC) Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic on referral from a local General Dental Clinic for a reported history of temporomandibular joint painful popping and clicking, favoring the right side. As a component of the patient’s outpatient clinical workup, an MRI of the bilateral temporomandibular joints was ordered with an incidental finding noted of partial-to-complete absence of the left parotid gland. The patient completed a conservative therapy regimen and subsequently underwent a non-arthroscopic lysis and lavage of the right temporomandibular joint with resolution of the index symptoms.

Asemptomatik temporomandibular düzensizliklerin klinikte Fonseca anamnestik indeksi ile araştırılması

Objective: The study aims to evaluate the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and their severity in asymptomatic and healthy individuals using the Fonseca anamnestic index. Materials and Method: A total of 135 individuals (80 females and 55 males, mean age 34.4±10.9) were involved in the study. The Fonseca anamnestic index was administered to the individuals. The data analysis was conducted by using Pearson's chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman’s correlation. Results: TMD was detected in 63% of the individuals. Most of them (40%) had mild TMD. The difference between gender and TMD severity was statistically significant (p=0.001). Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain showed a statistically significant positive correlation with headache and emotional stress (r=0.312, p˂0.001; r=0.299, p˂0.001, respectively). TMJ pain showed the strongest positive correlation with clicking (r=0.443, p˂0.001). Bruxism showed positive correlations with the TMJ pain and clicking (r=0.197, p=0.022 and r= 0.221, p=0.010, respectively). Conclusion: The Fonseca anamnestic index is a reliable diagnostic tool that can be used to detect TMD-related symptoms and severity even in asymptomatic and healthy participants, providing rapid results in clinical practice.

Oral behaviors, bruxism, malocclusion and painful temporomandibular joint clicking: is there an association?

The present cross-sectional case-control study aimed to determine if there is an association between specific oral behaviors, sleep bruxism (SB), awake bruxism (AB), and painful temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking. Ninety individuals were dived into three groups; Group 1 (n = 30): painful TMJ clicking; Group 2 (n = 30): painless TMJ clicking; and Group 3 (n = 30): control group. The following clinical data were studied: oral behaviors (unilateral chewing, gum chewing, nail biting, foreign objects biting, leaning with jaw against the hand, and sleeping in a position that pressures the jaw), SB, AB (including the frequency in 10 days, evaluated by ecological momentary assessment), and malocclusions investigated based on clinical inspections (anterior open bite, posterior cross-bite, abnormal overbite/overjet, occlusal guidance, mediotrusive and/or laterotrusive interferences, retruded contact position to maximum intercuspation slide, missing posterior teeth). All statistical tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, chi-square, and one-way ANOVA) were performed with a 5% significance level. Group 1 had the highest frequency of and a significant association with leaning with jaw in the hand, sleeping position that pressures the jaw, gum chewing, nail biting, and AB (p<0.05). Gum chewing, nail biting, and AB were associated with Group 2 only when compared to Group 3 (p<0.05). No significant difference among groups was found for other behaviors (unilateral chewing and foreign objects biting), SB, and all malocclusions (p>0.05). It can be concluded that patients with painful TMJ clicking had a higher frequency of and a significant association with some specific harmful behaviors and AB.

Clinical variables associated with the presence of articular pain in patients with temporomandibular joint clicking.

To study and estimate the impact of clinical, somatosensory, and psychosocial variables associated with the concomitant presence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain in patients with TMJ clicking. Ninety-three individuals composed the sample: patients with painful TMJ clicking (n = 47) and patients with painless TMJ clicking (n = 46). Four categories of data were evaluated: clinical features (gender, maximal interincisal distance (MID), side of complaint, age); bruxism (sleep bruxism (SB), awake bruxism (AB)); somatosensory (mechanical pain threshold (MPT), wind-up ratio (WUR), pressure pain threshold (PPT), conditioned pain modulation (CPM)); and psychosocial (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), pain vigilance and awareness questionnaire (PVAQ), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK/TMD), Oral Behaviors (OBs)). Female gender, AB, WUR, CPM, PSQI, PCS, and OBs significantly (p < 0.05) increased the chance of the concomitant presence of TMJ pain in patients with TMJ clicking. On the other hand, MID, MPT, and PPT significantly (p < 0.05) decreased this chance. The other variables had no association. It can be concluded that being a woman, having AB, hyperalgesia in WUR, less efficient CPM, poor sleep quality, pain catastrophizing, and harmful OBs significantly increased the chance of the concomitant presence of TMJ pain in patients with TMJ clicking. In the opposite, high figures of MID, MPT, and PPT decreased the chance. Most patients with TMJ clicking usually postpone seeking treatment until the clicking truly disturbs or there is a concomitant presence of TMJ pain. Understanding the variables associated with this concomitance can be important in clinical practice.

Comparing Clinical and Radiological Manifestations of Adolescent Idiopathic Condylar Resorption and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in the Temporomandibular Joint

This cross-sectional study compared orofacial manifestations at the time of diagnosis in 2 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) conditions: adolescent idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) and TMJ involvement from juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). This retrospective study included 19 JIAs, 19 ICRs, and 19 control patients, all treated at the Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University Craniofacial Clinic, Denmark. From patient files, we retrieved radiological data from cone-beam computed tomographies along with information on symptoms and orofacial function at the time of diagnosis. Validated methodologies were used to evaluate TMJ and dentofacial morphology. We found no statistically significant intergroup differences in severity of deformation of TMJ structures (TMJ deformity) between JIA and ICR patients. However, the ICR group showed significantly greater signs of dentofacial deformity on 4 outcome variables: mandibular inclination, posterior/anterior lower face height ratio, mandibular sagittal position, and mandibular occlusal plane inclination. Significant intergroup differences in clinical presentation were seen in 5 of 20 variables. Thus, the JIA group reported significantly more symptoms of TMJ pain, TMJ morning stiffness, and TMJ pain on palpation during the clinical examination, whereas the ICR group reported significantly more TMJ clicking during function and had a higher proportion of patients with anterior open bite. Cone-beam computed tomography examination showed a similar degree of TMJ deformity in ICR and JIA patients at the time of diagnosis. ICR patients presented with a significantly higher degree of dentofacial deformity than JIA patients and healthy controls, which relates to the timing of the diagnosis. Arthralgia, TMJ morning stiffness, and TMJ palpitation pain were more common in JIA patients, whereas TMJ clicking during function and anterior open bites were more common in ICR patients.

Somatosensory and psychosocial profile of patients with painful temporomandibular joint clicking

Determining the somatosensory and psychosocial profile of patients with painful temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking can help to understand the pain mechanisms in cases of TMJ clicking. To characterise the somatosensory and psychosocial profile of patients with painful TMJ clicking when compared to patients with painless TMJ clicking and healthy control group. Somatosensory and psychosocial functions were assessed in 90 individuals: patients with painful TMJ clicking (n=30); patients with painless TMJ clicking (n=30); and healthy controls (n=30). Somatosensory profile included: mechanical pain threshold (MPT); wind-up ratio (WUR); pressure pain threshold (PPT); and conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Psychosocial profile included some questionnaires: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); Pain Vigilance-Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ); Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS); Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK); Perceived Stress (PSS); and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). All variables were compared among all groups. Higher values of MPT and WUR; lower PPT; less efficient CPM; and higher scores of PSQI, PVAQ, PCS, and TSK were found in patients with painful TMJ clicking when compared to the other two groups (P<.001). Patients with painless TMJ clicking showed lower PPT and higher scores of PVAQ and TKS than the healthy control group. PSS and STAI data had no differences. Patients with painful TMJ clicking had abnormalities in the somatosensory profile, with a significant somatosensory gain of function (more sensitive) to mechanical pain tests and less efficient CPM. Poor sleep quality along with higher levels of hypervigilance, pain catastrophising, and kinesiophobia were features of psychosocial profile of these patients.

Changes in the temporomandibular joint clicking and pain disorders after orthognathic surgery: Comparison of orthodontics-first approach and surgery-first approach.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the influence of the orthodontics-first approach (OFA) and surgery-first approach (SFA) on changes in the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) and to compare pre- and postoperative orthodontic treatment duration and total treatment duration between the two approaches. This retrospective study recruited 182 adult patients with malocclusions treated with OFA and SFA and recorded variables such as age, gender, skeletal classification, and signs and symptoms of TMD (clicking and pain disorders) before the start of the surgical-orthodontic treatment and after surgery. Changes in the signs and symptoms of TMD and treatment duration were evaluated within each approach and compared between two approaches. A binary logistic regression was performed to assess the influence of the variables on the postoperative signs and symptoms of TMD. There were no significant postoperative changes in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain for OFA and SFA, whereas a significant reduction was found in TMJ clicking after surgery for both approaches. According to binary logistic regression, the type of surgical-orthodontic treatment (OFA or SFA) was not a significant risk factor for postoperative TMJ clicking and pain, and the risk of postoperative TMJ clicking and pain was significant only when TMJ clicking (OR = 10.774, p < 0.001) and pain (OR = 26.876, p = 0.008) existed before the start of the entire treatment, respectively. With regard to the treatment duration, SFA (21.1 ± 10.3 months) exhibited significantly shorter total treatment duration than OFA (34.4 ± 11.9 months) (p < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that surgical-orthodontic treatment using SFA can be a feasible option of treatment for dentofacial deformities based on the equivalent effect on TMD and shorter overall treatment period compared to conventional surgical-orthodontic treatment using OFA.

TMJ Disc Displacement Angle Analysis in MRI: A New Proposal

Objective: To evaluate the co relation of clinical symptoms and MRI findings of TMJ in symptomatic Temporomandibular Dysfunction (TMD) patients. Material and Method: MRI TMJ scan of 25 patients were evaluated. The subjects had clinical evidence of reciprocal TMJ clicking or restricted mouth opening. This study determined the variability of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disk position in antero-posterior aspect of the joint using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Disk position was evaluated on MRI by measuring the angle formed by a line through the middle of the condyle and tangential to the posterior-most aspect of the disk. Joint effusion was checked using T2 weighted image sequence. Thickness of superior and inferior head of lateral pterygoid muscle was measured. These MRI findings were then correlated statistically to clinical findings. Results: Out of 50 TMJ's (25 patients); 40% had biconcave shape (no deformity), 16% cases showed lengthened disc, 12% cases showed a flattened disc, 12% cases showed thick posterior band. Varying degrees of disc displacement was associated with disc shape deformity. Increased thickness of Inferior head of lateral Pterygoid had statistically strong association with pain. Conclusion: A strong positive co relation was seen between the clinical and MRI findings in symptomatic TMD patients. Further using this, a new Disc Displacement angle measurement method and classification of disc shape was proposed for better disc evaluation.

Occlusal Features and TMJ Clicking: A 30-Year Evaluation from a Cohort Study

Occlusal features that deviate from normative values have been historically considered risk factors for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Nowadays, a putative association between dental occlusion and TMJ disorders remains controversial, with research findings on associations being inconsistent and inconclusive. We hypothesized that putative occlusal features identified during adolescence are associated with TMJ clicking later in life. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study is a longitudinal birth cohort study investigation of 1,037 children (48.4% female) born in Dunedin, New Zealand, between April 1, 1972, and March 31, 1973, and assessed repeatedly since then. Associations between posterior crossbite, overbite, and overjet at age 15, as well as both self-reported and clinically assessed TMJ clicking sounds at age 45, were studied. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression, after controlling for sex, emotional style, self-reports of tooth clenching and sleep bruxism, and history of orthodontic treatment. Self-reported and examiner-reported TMJ clicking at age 45 affected 18.3% and 23.8% of the study sample, respectively, and were not associated with the presence of a posterior crossbite or abnormal overjet/overbite values during adolescence. Self-reported history of tooth clenching and emotional style were associated with self-reported TMJ clicking later in life. In addition, there is a suggestion that high overbite during adolescence is negatively associated with TMJ clicking later in life. A history of orthodontic treatment was not associated with TMJ clicking. Abnormal occlusal features, such as posterior crossbite and high and low overjet/overbite in adolescence, are not associated with higher prevalence of TMJ clicking later in life. Personality also appears to influence self-reports of TMJ clicking later in life.

Effectiveness of occlusal splint therapy in the management of temporomandibular disorders: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

A network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to assess the effectiveness of various types of occlusal splint in the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and to rank them according to their effectiveness. An electronic search was undertaken to identify RCTs published until August 2019. Predictor variables were control, non-occluding splint, hard stabilization splint (HSS), soft stabilization splint (SSS), prefabricated splint, mini-anterior splint, anterior repositioning splint (ARS), and counselling therapy (CT) with or without HSS. Outcome variables were pain improvement, post-treatment pain intensity, improvement in mouth opening, and disappearance of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds. Forty-eight RCTs were included. There was a significant decrease in post-treatment pain intensity in arthrogenous TMDs after ARS (low quality evidence), CT+HSS (moderate quality evidence), mini-anterior splints (very low quality evidence), and HSS alone (low quality evidence), when compared to the control. There was a significant decrease in post-treatment pain intensity in myogenous TMDs with mini-anterior splints (very low quality evidence), SSS (very low quality evidence), CT alone (moderate quality evidence), CT+HSS (moderate quality evidence), and HSS alone (moderate quality evidence), when compared to control. ARS and CT were superior in decreasing TMJ clicking than control and HSS alone. The three highest-ranked treatments for post-treatment pain reduction in arthrogenous TMDs were ARS (92%, very low quality evidence), CT+HSS (67.3%, low quality evidence), and HSS alone (52.9%, moderate quality evidence). For myogenous TMDs, they were mini-anterior splints (86.8%, low quality evidence), CT+HSS (61.2%, very low quality evidence), and HSS alone (59.7%, moderate quality evidence). Based on this NMA of 48 RCTs, there is moderate to very low quality evidence confirming the effectiveness of occlusal splint therapy in the treatment of TMDs. Multimodal therapy consisting of CT+HSS may produce the maximum improvement for TMD patients.

Treatment outcome of supervised exercise, home exercise and bite splint therapy, respectively, in patients with symptomatic disc displacement with reduction: A randomised clinical trial.

The best treatment strategy for disturbing temporomandibular clicking sounds is not known. The aim was to evaluate the effect of exercise and bite splint therapy, respectively, in patients with symptomatic disc displacement with reduction. The study was a randomised clinical trial of subjects with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking sounds with a reported severity/intensity of ≥4 on a numerical rating scale (0‐10) and signs fulfilling the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/TMD) for disc displacement with reduction. Thirty subjects each were randomised to bite splint, home exercise, or supervised exercise programme at the clinic. Two examiners (authors), blinded to the treatment modality, examined the same subject at baseline and at a 3‐month follow‐up. Non‐parametric statistical methods were applied for analyses. A P‐value <.05 was considered statistically significant. The dropout rate was highest in the home exercise group. About 50% of the participants reported improvement of their TMJ sounds with no significant difference between treatments. In the supervised exercise and the bite splint groups, approximately 2/3 of the patients reported 30% or more improvement of their TMJ sounds and half reported 50% improvement or more. The supervised exercise group also showed reductions in TMD pain, neck disability, mood disturbances and somatisation. Jaw exercise programmes and bite splint treatments had positive effects on TMJ clicking. The supervised exercise programme had an additional effect on the subject's well‐being and thus may help to encourage patient's empowerment and coping strategies.

Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder pain, jaw noises and oral behaviours in an adult Italian population sample.

To evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder pain (TMD-pain), temporomandibular joint (TMJ) noises, oral behaviours in an Italian adult population sample, their possible association with gender, oral behaviours, self-reported facial trauma and orthodontic treatment. Subjects older than 18years were recruited from general population in public spaces during their daily life. A specific questionnaire was developed to collect data on TMD-pain, TMJ noises, oral behaviours, orthodontic treatment and facial trauma. A total of 4299 subjects were included in the study. The most common symptom in the sample was TMJ clicking (30.7%), followed by TMD-pain (16.3%) and TMJ crepitus (10.3%). Oral behaviours were reported in 29% of the sample; 43.6% of the sample reported a previous or ongoing orthodontic treatment. TMD-pain and TMJ clicking were significantly associated to gender, oral behaviours and a positive history of previous facial trauma. Crepitus was significantly associated to oral behaviours, facial trauma and higher age. Ongoing orthodontic treatment was significantly associated to TMD-pain and TMJ sounds. In a general Italian adult population sample, TMD-pain is associated to female gender and is less prevalent than TMJ clicking. TMDs are associated to trauma and oral behaviours.

Miseries and remedies of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: Comparative study

Background: Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) has been recognized as the most common, nontooth-related chronic orofacial pain condition that confronts dentists. A variety of therapies have been described in literature for its management. Objectives: This study is a prospective study carried out to evaluate the efficacy of occlusal splint therapy and compare it with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the management of MPDS. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients who reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pacific Dental College, Udaipur, since September 2009, in the age range of 17–55 years were included in the study and were randomly assigned to two equally sized groups, A and B. Group A patients received TENS therapy, whereas Group B patients received soft occlusal splint therapy. All the patients were evaluated for pain using visual analog scale (VAS), maximum comfortable mouth opening, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking, and tenderness during rest and movement, as well as for the number of tender muscles at the time of diagnosis, after the first week of initiation of therapy, and every month for 3 months of follow-up. Results: There was a progressive decrease in VAS, number of tender muscles, TMJ clicking, and tenderness with various jaw movements, and there was a significant improvement in mouth opening in patients on occlusal splint therapy during the follow-up period when compared with TENS therapy group. Conclusion: Occlusal splint therapy has better long-term results in reducing the symptoms of MPDS. It has better patient compliance, has fewer side effects, and is more cost-effective than TENS therapy; hence, it can be chosen for the treatment of patients with MPDS.