Abstract
Objective: The study aims to evaluate the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and their severity in asymptomatic and healthy individuals using the Fonseca anamnestic index. Materials and Method: A total of 135 individuals (80 females and 55 males, mean age 34.4±10.9) were involved in the study. The Fonseca anamnestic index was administered to the individuals. The data analysis was conducted by using Pearson's chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman’s correlation. Results: TMD was detected in 63% of the individuals. Most of them (40%) had mild TMD. The difference between gender and TMD severity was statistically significant (p=0.001). Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain showed a statistically significant positive correlation with headache and emotional stress (r=0.312, p˂0.001; r=0.299, p˂0.001, respectively). TMJ pain showed the strongest positive correlation with clicking (r=0.443, p˂0.001). Bruxism showed positive correlations with the TMJ pain and clicking (r=0.197, p=0.022 and r= 0.221, p=0.010, respectively). Conclusion: The Fonseca anamnestic index is a reliable diagnostic tool that can be used to detect TMD-related symptoms and severity even in asymptomatic and healthy participants, providing rapid results in clinical practice.
Highlights
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are clinical problems with accompanying signs and symptoms, such as pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or chewing muscles, restrictions in jaw movements, deviation/defection when opening the mouth, and the occurrence of clicking/popping or crepitation in the TMJ with function.[1,2] TMD is not life-threatening, they typically harm individuals’ quality of life due to their chronic course.[3]The awareness of patients with TMD and their reasons for visiting an oral and maxillofacial surgeon may vary
The Fonseca anamnestic index is one diagnostic tool available for classifying TMD according to their severity.[8,9,10]
Emotional stress and malocclusion were reported in 64.7% of the moderate TMD group
Summary
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are clinical problems with accompanying signs and symptoms, such as pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or chewing muscles, restrictions in jaw movements, deviation/defection when opening the mouth, and the occurrence of clicking/popping or crepitation in the TMJ with function.[1,2] TMD is not life-threatening, they typically harm individuals’ quality of life due to their chronic course.[3]The awareness of patients with TMD and their reasons for visiting an oral and maxillofacial surgeon may vary. A sudden difference in occlusion as a result of effects on the muscles controlling the chin position and the presence of pain in the TMJ is a key factor driving patients to visit the clinic.[4] In contrast, other studies have reported that some TMD signs and symptoms are detectable in healthy, asymptomatic individuals.[5,6,7] Lövgren et al.[7] reported that 30% of participants had TMD. These studies collectively seem to point out that it is more important to evaluate the clinical severity of patients’ complaints rather than assessing the total signs and symptoms.[5,6,7] The Fonseca anamnestic index is one diagnostic tool available for classifying TMD according to their severity.[8,9,10] TMJ pain, headache, bruxism, limitation of mandibular movement, presence of malocclusion, neck and nape pain, and emotional stress can be determined with this index.[11]
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