Temporary States Research Articles

Procédures d’induction d’humeurs en laboratoire : une revue critique

Resume Le regain d’interet des chercheurs pour l’etude des relations entre cognition et emotion a conduit au developpement de nombreuses techniques d’induction d’humeurs. Cet article a pour objectifs d’effectuer une revue des principales procedures d’induction d’humeurs developpees depuis l’etude princeps de Schachter et Singer [Psychol Rev 69 (1962) 379–399] et de rendre compte de l’interet mais aussi des inconvenients lies a l’utilisation de telles techniques. La litterature dans ce domaine est tres importante et l’objectif ici n’est pas d’en rendre compte de maniere exhaustive mais plutot de preciser les principales procedures permettant l’induction d’une humeur negative comme d’une humeur positive. Dans un premier temps, seront donc detaillees les differentes procedures selon leur caractere simple (utilisation d’une seule modalite d’induction) ou composite (association de deux techniques simples). Dans un second temps, il s’agira de presenter l’utilite de l’induction d’humeurs dans l’etude du fonctionnement cognitif normal et pathologique puis de revenir sur les problemes inherents a l’emploi de l’induction d’humeurs tant du point de vue des effets de demande frequemment generes que du point de vue de l’efficacite des inductions realisees.

Temporary anion states and dissociative electron attachment to nitrobenzene derivatives

The nitrobenzene derivatives 1,2-nitrotoluene, 1,3-nitrotoluene, 1,2-fluoronitrobenzene, 1,3-fluoronitrobenzene, 1,4-fluoronitrobenzene, 1,2-chloronitrobenzene, 1,3-chloronitrobenzene and 1,4-chloronitrobenzene are investigated by means of electron transmission spectroscopy (ETS), dissociative electron attachment spectroscopy (DEAS) and negative ion mass spectrometry (NIMS). The observed energies of electron attachment to π* MOs were interpreted with the support of the empty level structures of the neutral molecules supplied by HF/6-31G and B3LYP/6-31G* calculations. In the chlorine-substituted derivatives three main long-lived negative ions (NIs) (M −, Cl −, and NO 2 −) are observed, only M − and NO 2 − in the other investigated compounds. The detection of the metastable NIs corresponding to the process M* − → R − + (M–R) suggests that the molecular NIs formed near thermal electron energy dissociate on a microsecond timescale. Mean autodetachment lifetimes of the molecular NIs as a function of electron energy are evaluated.

"Give Me Not Poverty, Lest I Steal"

Give Me Poverty, Lest I Steal1The Judges sat Grave and Mute, gave me an easy [meaning 'indifferent'] Hearing, and Pronounc'd Sentence of Death, Moll Flanders recounts. Convicted of one of 200 offenses punishable by death, in her case stealing £46 of silk cloth-919 shillings more than one shilling threshold for felony theft-Daniel Defoe's heroine had tried to mitigate her sentence with speech that mov'd to Tears that heard [her].2 This confrontation between legal subject and human messinese of motives, emotions, and especially mental impairment is subject of Dana Rabin's Identity, Crime, and Legal Responsibility in Eighteenth-Century England (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). Rabin explains that legal system was equipped to deal with a coherent and cohesive punishable body, and with total, unmistakable, perfect insanity, not with pitiable human beings who insisted that temporary states of mind resulting from starvation, pain, passion, and suffering explained (and excused) their crimes, especially in age of sensibility.This important book tells story of law's confrontation with major change in larger culture: privileging of sensibility. The language of mind that accompanied this movement, Rabin argues, destabilized the definition and determination of mens rea, criminal intent, basis of all criminal law (8). Sensibility is no easy term to define, and major studies of it, including John Mullan's Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in Eighteenth Century (1988), Jerome McGann's The Poetics of Sensibility: A Revolution in Literary Style (1996, which she does not cite), and especially G. J. Barker-Benfield's The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1992), have expanded our understanding of term, but also our awareness of its complicated and complicating impact on every facet of British life. Rabin, following Barker-Benfield, defines it as component of identity and faculty of susceptibility to one's own feelings and feelings of others (11). She usefully summarizes opinions about human nature and proliferation of theories of self and moral sense by, among others, Anthony Ashley Cooper, earl of Shaftesbury, David Hume, and Adam Smith, and then weaves together legal, social, and cultural history to tell story of juries, judges, and legal theorists grappling with new demand that they possess sensibility.The story begins and ends with James Hadfield, former soldier and silversmith who shot George III in crowded theatre. After brilliant defense by Thomas Erskine, he was found Not guilty; he being under influence of insanity act was (1). Before reading this book, phrase at time slides by unnoticed; after reading it, words glow with significance. Rabin slowly develops context in which this verdict was rendered in four chapters. After introductory one, chapter 2 clearly explains mechanics of eighteenth-century trials and major changes in century, such as evolution of lawyerized courtroom from accused speaks trial that Moll Flanders portrays. It introduces types of insanity pleas and summarizes pertinent legal opinions of such major figures as Matthew Hale, author of The History of Pleas of Crown, and William Blackstone, who wrote Commentaries on Laws of England. Chapter 3 turns to moral philosophy, history of conceptions of self, and ideas of self and responsibility that were circulating in popular literature. Rabin works with pleas involving clouded judgment, such as drunkenness and necessity, and briefly with several novels, including Moll Flanders and Henry Mackenzie's Man of Feeling. Chapter 4 uses cases of infanticide committed by unmarried women to widen discussion of influence of sensibility and sources of opinion to those of trial judges and juries. …

Temporary Anion States and Dissociative Electron Attachment to Isothiocyanates

The temporary anion states of isothiocyanates CH3CH2=C=S (and CH3CH2N=C=O for comparison), C6H5CH2N=C=S, and C6H5N=C=S are characterized experimentally in the gas phase for the first time by means of electron transmission spectroscopy (ETS). The measured vertical electron attachment energies (VAEs) are compared with the virtual orbital energies of the neutral-state molecules supplied by MP2 and B3LYP calculations with the 6-31G* basis set. The calculated energies, scaled with empirical equations, reproduce satisfactorily the experimental VAEs. The first VAE is also closely reproduced as the total energy difference between the anion and neutral states calculated at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level. Due to mixing between the ring and N=C=S pi-systems, C6H5N=C=S possesses the best electron-acceptor properties, and its lowest-lying anion state is largely localized at the benzene ring. The anion states with mainly pi*C=S and pi*N=C character lie at higher energy than the corresponding anion states of noncumulated pi-systems. However, the electron-acceptor properties of isothiocyanates are found to be notably larger than those of the corresponding oxygen analogues (isocyanates). The dissociative electron attachment (DEA) spectra show peaks close to zero energy and at 0.6 eV, essentially due to NCS- negative fragments. In spite of the energy proximity of the first anion state in phenyl isothiocyanate to the DEA peak, the zero-energy anion current in the benzyl derivative is about 1 order of magnitude larger.

Remote bond breaking by interacting temporary anion states

The cross section for bond breaking at the site of a dissociative temporary negative ion state through the dissociative electron attachment process can be considerably enhanced by the presence of a second longer-lived temporary negative ion state elsewhere in the molecule, even one quite remote from the first. In a series of chloroalkenes possessing both C-Cl and C==C bonds separated by various distances, we show that the cross sections are determined by the lifetime of the lower anion state created by the mixing of the anion states of these two moieties, with the wave function's coefficients giving the probability that the electron is located at the dissociative site. Furthermore, the lifetime of the composite anion state can be expressed in terms of these same coefficients and the lifetimes of the unmixed resonances. We also discuss how these results may give insight into the means by which strand breaks are induced in DNA by the attachment of slow electrons.

π* Orbital System of Alternating Phenyl and Ethynyl Groups: Measurements and Calculations

The temporary anion states of a series of alternating phenyl-ethynyl compounds are studied by means of electron transmission spectroscopy. Calculations of the virtual orbital energies of these compounds are computed with ab initio HF methods as well as DFT, and excellent correlations with the experimental vertical attachment energies are obtained. Scaled orbital energies for long-chain molecules are used to predict the vertical attachment energies of these compounds. In the absence of scaling, HOMO-LUMO gaps computed by DFT are found to be in substantial disagreement with gas-phase data. Such discrepancies may cause significant errors in theoretical studies of molecular conductance.

Temporary Anion States and Dissociative Electron Attachment in Diphenyl Disulfide

The temporary anion states of gas-phase diphenyl disulfide are characterized by means of electron transmission (ET) and dissociative electron attachment (DEA) spectroscopies. The measured energies of vertical electron attachment are compared to the virtual orbital energies of the neutral state molecule supplied by MP2 and B3LYP calculations with the 6-31G basis set. The calculated energies, scaled with empirical equations, reproduce satisfactorily the attachment energies measured in the ET spectrum. The first anion state of diphenyl disulfide is stable, thus escaping detection in ETS. The vertical and adiabatic electron affinities, evaluated with B3LYP/6-31+G calculations as the energy difference between the neutral and anion states, are predicted to be 0.37 and 1.38 eV, respectively. The anion current displayed in the DEA spectrum has a sharp and intense peak at zero energy, essentially due to the C6H5S- negative fragment. In agreement, according to the calculations, the localization properties of the first anion state are strongly S-S antibonding, and the energetic requirement for its dissociation along the S-S bond is fulfilled even at zero energy.

The interactive role of worried mood and trait anxiety in the selective processing of subliminally presented threat words

The purpose of the present study was threefold: (a) to replicate the finding by MacLeod and Rutherford (1992) that low trait-anxious individuals, in contrast to high trait-anxious individuals, show a selective attention away from subliminally presented threat words at elevated levels of stress; (b) to test the hypothesis that this effect is due to individuals with repressive coping-style rather than true low trait-anxious individuals; and (c) to study the stability of Stroop interference over time. Both social threat and physical threat words were used. Although some support was found for the first hypothesis, there was no evidence that this effect was due to individuals with repressive coping-style. Finally, Stroop interference showed very little test–retest stability from the first to the second testing session, indicating that it is heavily influenced by temporary cognitive-emotional states, and that it should not be treated as a trait variable. Unexpectedly, high defensiveness predicted a decrease in worried mood from session 1 to session 2.

An investigation of electron helicity density in bromocamphor and dibromocamphor as a source of electron circular dichroism

We investigate the causes of electron-circular dichroism (ECD) in bromocamphor and dibromocamphor, focusing specifically on the electron helicity density of the target. Using electron transmission spectroscopy (ETS) and quantum chemical calculations, we have observed and assigned temporary negative ion states of bromocamphor and dibromocamphor. Further calculations were conducted to determine the helicity densities of these compounds. Large helicity densities are found in the regions of large wavefunction amplitude of the normally unoccupied molecular orbitals responsible for resonances in the scattering cross sections. We relate our ETS assignments and helicity density results to the chiral asymmetry data observed in electron-circular dichroism experiments by the Münster group (Nolting et al 1997 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 5491). Our results support helicity density as a possible source of chiral asymmetry at certain resonance positions in bromocamphor and dibromocamphor.

Real-time and in-situ structural design of functional NiTi SMA thin films

The real-time structural design of magnetron sputtered NiTi SMA (shape memory alloy) thin films is reported. During deposition the phase content was followed in-situ by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and controlled by varying the power of co-sputtering NiTi plus Ti for otherwise fixed deposition parameters. This method allows an optimization of the thin film in respect to its functional properties like phase transition temperature or adhesion, as well as an understanding of the actual growth process by revealing temporary intermediate growth states (different phases and precipitates) and diffusion processes during film growth.

Typus und Poetik: Studien zur Bedeutungsvermittlung in der Literatur des deutschen Mittelalters by Timothy R. Jackson (review)

1138 Reviews planation, e.g. 'moderates' (p. 70); in Chapter 4 the terms 'expressive, persuasive and directive functions' are introduced without explanation (they are not listed with the other text functions on p. 272). Some claims need to be toned down, e.g. the claim that stereotypical models of women 'have a prescriptive effecton the female readership' (p. 80)?we cannot know that this was so, whatever the intention was. The analysis of the letters is interesting since we get the opportunity to see complete texts, but six letters are a very small sample and claims made about all-female interaction (p. 314) on the basis of the three letters exchanged between women must have limited validity. University of Wales, Aberystwyth Winifred V. Davies Typus und Poetik: Studien zur Bedeutungsvermittlung in der Literatur des deutschen Mittelalters. By Timothy R. Jackson. (Beihefte zum Euphorion, 45) Heidel? berg: Winter. 2003. xii + 326pp. ?48. ISBN 3-8253-1540-1. The essays contained in this volume were composed over a span of almost twenty years, and they employ a variety of theoretical approaches, yet there is a consistent thread running through all of them?their interest in the detail of poetic composition. Jackson addresses some of the big issues in medieval poetics: What is truth? What is beauty? What is poetic form? In approaching these issues, he always takes as his starting-point the literary texts themselves and offersa critical reading of individual lines which have a bearing on the general questions. The collection opens with a discussion of Hartmann's Gregorius, the rather improbable story of an outcast who yet manages to become Pope: Gregorius, the product of an incestuous relationship between brother and sister, is rescued by an abbot, yet rejects monastic life and becomes a knight; in liberating his mother he unwittingly commits incest with her, resolves to do penance for his sins by chaining himself to a rock, and afterseventeen years is liberated through a series of miracles to become the next pope. Jackson asks whether readers in the Middle Ages would have believed in Gregorius. He suggests that for a saint's life, the question to ask should not be what medieval readers might have believed, but rather how the claim to truthfulness was supported, and he exemplifies this through an interesting excursus on how medieval authors discuss references to Christ's swaddling clothes: were they to be considered as a symbol of humility, or as factually true as attested by surviving reliquiae, or rather dismissed as apocryphal? Jackson uses this example to illustrate that the criterion for medieval authors and readers is not historical accuracy, that which is believable ('credibile'), but whether the information serves to strengthen the reader's faith ('credendum '). Thus Gregorius, the extreme sinner, can become an example formedieval readers both as a saint and intercessor and as someone who has a place in the historical sequence of popes. A second chapter assesses the significance of a specific rhetorical strategy,the contradictio in adiecto, for Hartmann's way of presenting figures. Some of Hartmann's most memorable descriptions use such contradictions (e.g. Gregorius, 'der guote sundaere' or Iwein, 'der edel tore'). It is a specific type of oxymoron, and Jackson asserts that its distinctive feature lies in the fact that itmarks simultaneous yet contra? dictory states. Jackson's approach is innovative in that he discusses the phenomenon in the context of medieval linguistic theory rather than classical rhetoric. This at first sight presents a problem, since Abelard and Petrus Helias state that nouns refer to the essence, adjectives characterize the accidentals, whereas in Hartmann's use this relationship is reversed: nouns such as sundcereor torereferto temporary states ofthe protagonist, while the adjectives express the essence, although neither Gregorius's virtue nor Iwein's nobility is apparent at that stage. Jackson argues that these para? doxical statements have to be read from the end ofthe narrative, which with Cormeau MLRy 100.4,2005 1139 he sees as a continuous progression in which each stage is superseded and relativized, but never dismissed. In doing so, a reading of the text shifts from questions of origin (what is the cause of Gregorius' sin?) to those of faith...

Stationary cell size distributions and mean protein chain length distributions of Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes described with an increment model in terms of irreversible thermodynamics

In terms of an increment model irreversible thermodynamics allows to formulate general relations of stationary cell size distributions observed in growing colonies. The treatment is based on the following key postulates: i) The growth dynamics covers a broad spectrum of fast and slow processes. ii) Slow processes are considered to install structural patterns that operate in short periods as temporary stationary states of reference in the sense of irreversible thermodynamics. iii) Distortion during growth is balanced out via the many fast processes until an optimized stationary state is achieved. The relation deduced identifies the numerous different stationary patterns as equivalents, predicting that they should fall on one master curve. Stationary cell size distributions of different cell types, like Hyperphilic archaea, E. coli (Prokaryotes) and S. cerevisiae (Eukaryotes), altogether taken from the literature, are in fact consistently described. As demanded by the model they agree together with the same master curve. Considering the "protein factories" as subsystems of cells the mean protein chain length distributions deduced from completely sequenced genomes should be optimized. In fact, the mean course can be described with analogous relations as used above. Moreover, the master curve fits well to the patterns of different species of Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes. General consequences are discussed.

Elaborating the construct of transformational leadership: The role of affect

Despite being the most widely used and popular measure of transformational leadership, the MLQ has not received much attention in terms of possible method biases, either at the item or structural level. Based on a priori theory and empirical work, we examined the influence of affect on the measurement of transformational leadership, as assessed by the MLQ, and its structural relationships with important organizational outcomes in two separate studies. Results of the first study ( N=307) indicated that while temporary mood states have little impact either on measurement or structural relationships, target-specific affect (i.e., liking) influenced both. The effect of target-specific affect was fully replicated in a second study ( N=120) using an independent sample and a more conservative estimate of the liking effect. Overall, the results of this research suggest that transformational leadership, at least when assessed with the MLQ, is highly influenced by the interpersonal affect raters feel towards the target being rated (i.e., liking). These results are discussed in terms of their implications for future work on transformational leadership and affect.

Comments on the Prosser et al Approach to Value Disease Reduction in Children: In Reply

In Reply .— Dr Beutels and Ms Viney suggest in their letter that we have departed from accepted methods for temporary health states in children. Valuing temporary health states has not received much attention in the health-state valuation literature and, contrary to their assertion, there are no widely accepted standards for valuing temporary health states. Several approaches have been suggested but not widely used.1–4 Our approach draws on one suggested method in which the temporary state is converted into a …

A Comparison of 3 Valuation Methods for Temporary Health States in Patients Treated with Oral Anticoagulants

The application of the time tradeoff (TTO) method in temporary health states may lead to less valid results because an unrealistic scenario is presented to patients. The chained TTO has been proposed to solve this problem. To compare a chained TTO method with a conventional TTO method in the valuation of temporary health states, in terms of consistency and reliability. To compare both TTO methods with direct rating. Eighty-four patients treated with oral anticoagulants were interviewed twice. During the 1st interview, values for 5 temporary health states were obtained with a rank ordering procedure, direct rating, and the chained TTO method. During the 2nd interview, either the 1st interview was repeated (n = 30) or health state values were obtained with the conventional TTO method (n = 54). Consistency was assessed by comparing the 3 valuation methods with the rank ordering procedure. Generalizability theory was used to assess reliability. The 3 methods produced significantly different valuations of health states. Chained TTO values were higher than values obtained with direct rating and the conventional TTO. Consistency and reliability did not differ across the 3 methods. The authors found no evidence for a difference in consistency and reliability between the chained TTO method and the conventional TTO method in the valuation of temporary health states. As direct rating is simpler to administer than both TTO methods, one could consider using direct ratings for the valuation of temporary health states. Biases associated with the conventional and the chained TTO method are discussed.

Electron Attachment to the Aza-Derivatives of Furan, Pyrrole, and Thiophene

The temporary anion states of gas-phase furan, isoxazole, oxazole, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, thiophene, isothiazole, and thiazole are characterized by means of electron transmission spectroscopy. The measured energies of vertical electron attachment are compared with the virtual orbital energies of the neutral state molecules supplied by MP2 and B3LYP calculations with the 6-31G* basis set. The calculated energies, scaled with empirical equations, reproduce satisfactorily the experimental attachment energies. Replacement of a ring CH group with a nitrogen atom increases the electron-acceptor properties, although the stabilization of the π* anion states is not as large as that of the π cation states, in line with the bond length variations caused by aza-substitution. In the spectra of thiophene and isothiazole the first π* resonances display sharp vibrational structure with energy spacing of about 80 meV. The spectrum of isothiazole presents clear evidence for a low-energy (1.61 eV) resonance ascribed ...

Multipartitioning many-body perturbation theory calculations on temporary anions: applications to N−2 and CO−

The multipartitioning form of the second-order many-body perturbation theory for state-selective effective Hamiltonians is adapted to stabilization calculations of temporary molecular anionic states. We restrict our attention to the simplest case of a system composed of a closed-shell-like molecule and an electron. Pilot applications to the description of the 2Πg state of the nitrogen molecular anion and the 2Π state of CO− are reported.

Electronic transitions and resonance electron scattering measured by electron energy loss spectroscopy of lead phthalocyanine thin film

We have measured the electronic transitions of a lead phthalocyanine thin film by means of optical absorption and reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy in the range from 1 to 20 eV. We compare the optical absorption spectrum with the loss spectra and discuss their similarity. We identify the loss structures and we report a new absorption band at 10 eV. In addition we report that the inelastic electron scattering from the lower energy π→ π* transition and from the C–H stretching vibrational mode show energy-dependent structure, characteristic of resonance scattering via temporary negative ion states.

Testing the internal consistency of the lottery equivalents method using health outcomes.

The standard gamble has a firm basis in the theory of risk and, for this reason, is the preferred method of health state value elicitation for many researchers. However, it is widely recognised that the use of immediate death as the failure outcome in the standard gamble renders the method insufficiently sensitive for the direct valuation of minor and temporary health states. Consequently, the indirect valuation of minor and temporary health states through a process of 'chaining' has been recommended. Unfortunately, a number of researchers have observed internal inconsistency in the standard gamble. That is, for health states that are not thought to be subject to the above mentioned insufficient sensitivity, the values elicited from indirect chained questions quite often significantly and systematically exceed those elicited from the direct procedure. A potential explanation for this is the possible influence of loss aversion when people are asked to weigh certainty against risk. The lottery equivalents method, an alternative value elicitation instrument that also has a firm grounding in the theory of risk, modifies the standard gamble approach of certainty versus risk to one of risk versus risk. The absence of certainty offers reason to suspect that the influence of loss aversion will be diminished (or even removed), and that the lottery equivalents method will thus prove to be internally consistent. The study reported in this article tests the internal consistency of the lottery equivalents method. In a manner similar to that observed with the standard gamble, the results indicate that the internal consistency of the lottery equivalents method is also to some extent compromised.

Transformations of the Micro-Domain Structure of Polyimide Films during Thermally Induced Chemical Conversion: Characterization via Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes

The transformation of the micro-domain structure of polyimide films during thermally induced chemical conversion from the polyamic acid prepared from 3,3‘,4,4‘-diphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride and p-phenylene diamine, also in the presence of triphenyl phosphate, is studied with a transmission electron microscope. The surface morphology of the films is typified by a broad size distribution of micro-domains that depends on the history of the sample treatment. To describe these observations thermodynamics of irreversible processes is used with the special feature that very slowly running stationary nonequilibrium states are considered to operate as temporary states of reference. In terms of an increment model a generalized version of the law of mass action comes out that holds under stationary nonequilibrium conditions. The observed stationary nonequilibrium patterns developed at elevated temperatures under different conditions (also in the presence of a stabilizer) are different due to process controlled temporarily fixed constraints. However, they belong altogether to the same universal class. The crucial point is that these domain ensembles are optimized controlled by the same logistics. One of the central symmetries demanded by the model is thus impressively exemplified this way, demonstrating the quality of the concept. The tenacity of the films is also studied. The results interpreted in terms of the kinetic conception of fracture of solids are shown to depend in a defined manner on the domain structure of the polymers.