Temporary States Research Articles

The Influence of Burn Trauma on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis in Normal Female Subjects

In 5 severely burned women (greater than 25% TBS, II degrees and III degrees burns) the following hormones were investigated by RIA. (1) LH-releasing hormone test in the initial phase of burn shock with 100 gamma 3 LH-RH. (2). Follow-up controls of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (HPRL), oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) in the catabolic and healing phase of burn disease. All women were before onset of burn trauma regularly ovulating. The following preliminary results can be presented: If the burn trauma occurs in the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, there was no ovulation during the time of observation. As a sign of the normal function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland all subjects responded with an increase of plasma LH to the stimulation with LH-releasing hormone. The burn trauma interferes with the female endocrine equilibrium by involving hypothalamic centres. Negative feedback mechanisms by the secretion of adrenal hormones and temporary hyperprolactinemic states as a further result are discussed.

Studies of the temporary anion states of unsaturated hydrocarbons by electron transmission spectroscopy

Studies of the temporary anion states of unsaturated hydrocarbons by electron transmission spectroscopy

Quaternary structure changes and kinetics of urease inactivation by L‐usnic acid in relation to the regulation of nutrient transfer between lichen symbionts

Abstract L‐usnic acid inactivates urease by the formation of high molecular weight aggregates which can reach a maximum of 700,000 under experimentation conditions previously described. The substrate, urea, itself provokes temporary aggregation states which may be either active or inactive; the latter being reversible. However, these inactive aggregates, of 820,000 molecular weight, are irreversibly stabilized by L‐usnic acid. The active aggregates with molecular weights oscillating from 605,000 to 650,000, depending on whether they are formed in the presence or absence of inactivator, may combine with the substrate to form an apparently normal ES complex.

Electroexcitation of Xe I energy levels in the 18-24 eV autoionization region

An electron energy-loss spectrum and five differential excitation functions of bound states of Xe I have been measured in the autoionization region, 18 to 24 eV. An attempt is made to interpret the numerous peaks of the spectrum and the perturbations present in the excitation functions. Singly and doubly excited neutral states and temporary negative-ion states are involved. The results obtained by electron spectrometry are compared with those obtained by photoabsorption and transmission spectroscopies.

Psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia after the acute phase.

Sixty schizophrenic and 34 nonschizophrenic patients were assessed 3 years after discharge on 17 types of psychotic symptoms. Schizophrenics were significantly higher than nonschizophrenic patients on the overall index of psychotic features (p less than .01) and on the index of delusions (p less than .01). Using a weighted estimate, 38.5 percent of the nonparanoid schiziphrenics showed clear evidence of psychotic features, and another 20.5 percent showed some evidence of psychotic features which were weak or sporadic or which the patients seemed able to bring into perspective. Schizophrenic subdiagnosis did not predict later psychotic sysmptoms, although there was a trend for more psychotic features in paranoid and in chronic schizophrenics. The belief that psychotic symptoms in schiziphrenia are not just temporary states was supported. However, conceptions about psychotic symptoms persisting in all schizophrenics were not affirmed.

Low-energy electron-impact excitation spectra of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone

Threshold electron-impact excitation spectra, transmission spectra and n→ n * excitation functions are presented for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone. Formation of temporary negative ion states and their decay-channels are discussed. The electronic transition near 4 eV is shown to be due both to triplet and singlet n→ n * excitation. The energy positions of the 3n→ n * and first triplet Rydberg transition are accurately located. In formaldehyde a new transition is reported at 8.50 eV. Assignments are given for the observed electronic excitation processes.

Temporary negative-ion states in pyridine and diazine molecules

Results of electron scattering experiments using a transmission spectrometer are reported for the N-heterocyclic molecules: pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine. A number of resonant states are observed in the energy range 0.05 eV to 10 eV. Substituting an N atom for a CH radical in the benzeene ring is shown to remove the degeneracy of the two lowest empty π-orbitals. The derivative technique is applied to the 127° momentum analyser but none of the vibrational structure observed in an experiment using a trochoidal monochromator is detected. Reasonable agreement is reached for values of the first electron affinity.

New developments in lasers at wavelengths of 3000 A and below.

Current work in this wavelength region centers around applications of nonlinear techniques and a variety of high power excitation methods, either direct or by molecular transfer. Examples of some more recently reported operating lasers are summarized. Several currently discussed schemes are indicated. Attention is focused on temporary compound states with lifetimes in the range 10/sup -13/ to 10/sup -16/ seconds formed in a collision between two atomic particles. (MHR)

Descending inhibitory influences exerted by the brain stem upon the activities of dorsal horn lamina V cells induced by intra-arterial injection of bradykinin into the limbs.

1. In order to study descending influences of the brain stem upon the transmission of nociceptive messages at the spinal level, the activities of lumbar lamina V dorsal horn cells, induced by intra-arterial injection of brandykinin into the limbs, were recorded in unanaesthetized cats in both decerebrate and temporary spinal states (reversible cold block applied at the thoracic level). 2. In the decerebrate state, the intra-arterial injection of bradykinin had little or no effect. 3. During the reversible spinalization, the effects of bradykinin were revealed or considerably enhanced. As described in a previous study, in the C1-transected cat, three types of effects were encountered: excitatory, inhibiitory and mixed (inhibitory-excitatory). 4. These modifications observed after spinalization were generally associated with a large increase of the spontaneous firing rate. 5. These results emphasize, in the decerebrate cat, the importance of descending inhibitory controls exerted by the brain stem upon the transmission of nonciceptive messages at the spinal cord level.

Ecology of the Aquatic Box Turtle, Terrapene coahuila (Chelonia, Emydidae), in Northern Mexico

An ecological study of the Coahuilan Box Turtle, Terrapene coahuila, was undertaken between December 1964 and November 1967 in its natural habitat on the northern Mexican Plateau. The species is endemic to an intermontane basin of the Chihuahuan Desert near Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila. Its geographic range consists of disjunct populations in an area that does not exceed 800 km2. Preferred habitats of T. coahuila in the area studied are small, north-south trending, spring-fed marshes, characterized by mud bottoms, shallow water, and dense aquatic vegetation, principally Chara spp., Eleocharis rostellata, and Scirpus olneyi. Marshes are distinct aquatic communities surrounded by desert grassland and shrub communities. Ecological adaptations of this species more closely resemble those of other North American aquatic turtles than of terrestrial members of its own genus. Population densities, foraging behavior, food habits, and thermal relationships best exemplify the aquatic mode of life of T. coahuila. T. coahuila remains active throughout the year except for short periods of environmental extremes. Mating occurs from September to June and appears concentrated in spring. Copulating pairs of box turtles were found in October, November, December, and April, frequently in shallow water. The ovarian cycle appears to be intermediate between the lengthy cycle of tropical emydid species and the compressed cycle of northern species caused by cold weather. Follicle enlargement occurs between late August and early April when ovulation begins. Egg laying begins in May and continues to September. Complements of 2 or 3 eggs are produced most frequently. An estimated half of the females can produce second clutches, and about one-third may deposit three sets annually. These females produce a mean of 6.8 eggs/female per season, a higher reproductive potential than in certain northern populations of Terrapene. Coahuilan box turtles forage in shallow water, with the carapace usually above the surface and dry, and the head extended underwater. T. coahuila is opportunistic and omnivorous, feeding extensively on aquatic plants (Eleocharis) and insects (stratiomyid fly larvae, beetles, hemipterans, dragonfly nymphs). Foraging behavior and food habits of T. coahuila are comparable to other aquatic or semiaquatic emydids (Chrysemys picta, Clemmys muhlenbergi). Cloacal temperatures of T. coahuila active in marshes closely approximate water temperatures at all seasons, as is generally true for most other aquatic turtles while in water. There is wide seasonal and daily variation in the mean cloacal temperature of active turtles, so no single optimum temperature within the activity range is reported. In summer, when water temperatures can exceed tolerable levels, activity occurs mainly in early morning, late afternoon, and at night. Marsh bottoms provide a cool refuge into which a turtle can burrow to avoid potentially harmful midday surface temperatures. Most T. coahuila presumably undergo temporary states of winter inactivity, although some remain active in water despite low air temperatures. In December, when several individuals on land had cloacal temperatures elevated well above air temperatures, basking was indicated. Most T. coahuila remain within a given marsh for relatively long periods, but about 20% of recaptured turtles had moved longer distances, possibly overland, from one marsh to another. Within marshes, movements between successive points of capture averaged about 13 m. Box turtles move in a sinuous fashion over mats of Chara and around sedge tussocks. Individuals seemed socially tolerant of others in nature, and were occasionally close together; no aggressive encounters were observed. Three mark-recapture census techniques were used to estimate the population size in the study area. Population densities ranged from 54 to 63 adult turtles per marsh acre (133-156/ha). T. coahuila occurs in relatively higher numbers and is restricted to smaller areas of activity than its terrestrial congeners, T. carolina and T. ornata. Its population density is more comparable to certain aquatic species, such as Chrysemys picta and Pseudemys scripta. Although populations of the Coahuilan Box Turtle are relatively dense in many marsh communities in the Cuatro Ciénegas basin, T. coahuila can be considered a rare species by virtue of its restricted aquatic habitat. Destruction of marshes by draining and excessive collecting of specimens clearly represents threats to the turtle's existence. Terrapene coahuila should be obtained, therefore, only by those seriously investigating its biology.

Characteristic energy losses by slow electron impact on thin-film alkanes at 77 °K

Characteristic energy losses by slow electron impact have been measured on thin films of several alkanes at 77 °K. The cross section for the lowest loss at [inverted lazy s] 0.6 eV increases tenfold in the series n -pentane to n -nonane with increasing carbon number. For a given carbon number it decreases markedly with branching. Losses at [inverted lazy s] 3, [inverted lazy s] 6, [inverted lazy s] 9, and [inverted lazy s] 22 eV are common to all alkanes with no strong dependence on molecular size or configuration. The lowest losses may be due to temporary negative ion states or to pre-existing trapping potentials. Losses at [inverted lazy s] 3 eV may be due to the highest temporary negative ions or to triplets. If the former is correct, then [inverted lazy s] 6 eV losses can be attributed to triplets. The [inverted lazy s] 9 eV losses are due to upper singlet states, and the [inverted lazy s] 22 eV losses may be due to collective excitations.

Threshold electron impact excitation of argon in the region of the M 1 edge

The threshold electron impact spectrum of argon has been obtained in the energy range 24–35 eV using the sulphur hexafluoride electron scavenging technique. Structure is observed which may be due to single excitation, double excitation and temporary negative ion states.

Electron-molecule interactions in photoelectron spectroscopy

Anomalous peaks have been observed in the photoelectron spectra of certain diatomic and triatomic molecules when the pressure in the ionization chamber is relatively high. These are attributed to collisions between emitted photoelectrons and neutral molecules leading to the formation of temporary negative ion states. Both vibrational excitation and resonant electron transmission phenomena are reported. The precision of the measurements compares favourably with results obtained by conventional electron impact techniques.

Electron Transmission Spectroscopy: Core-Excited Resonances in Diatomic Molecules

A high-resolution and high-sensitivity electron transmission spectrometer is used to study sharp structures in the total scattering cross section of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, NO, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and CO. Many new resonances are found, some of which form bands which consist of progressions of negative-ion vibronic states. The existence of bands makes the identification of temporary negative-ion states easier, since the spacing and the magnitudes of the structure can be compared with the appropriate parameters of various positive-ion cores. The most prominent features observed consist of two Rydberg electrons attached to a particular positive-ion core.

Electron transmission studies of decay channels of molecular resonances

Measurements are reported of transmission of energy monochromated electrons of energy 0.1-4eV through oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, and benzene. Energy loss spectra are measured, and the zero angle scattering functions for excitation of different vibrational levels are reported. The functions show oscillatory structure due to temporary negative ion states. The function for O2 is analysed in terms of the compound state theory, yielding O2-2 pi g nuclear separation re=1.39AA in disagreement with the photodetachment value re=1.34+or-0.01AA (Celotta et al). The causes of this discrepancy are probably significant. The transmission functions for zero energy loss are treated by Fourier analysis, which yields the approximate vibrational energies of the temporary negative ion states of O2-, NO-, NO2-, C6H6-. It is possible that a second state of NO2- contributes the scattering at energies above 1.1eV.

2. Melanesia

B. G. BURTON-BRADLEY is the pioneer of psychiatry in New Guinea and Papua. Reports on his rich clinical experience and on his research have been published in previous issues of this review. The papers which follow give an account of the prepsychiatric era in New Guinea and of Burton-Bradley's clinical observations in the first thousand referrals. The interpretation of temporary states of possession observed in the New Guinea Highlands is controversial. K-F. KocH continues the debate on this subject and introduces new data from the Jale people of the Central Mountains of West Guinea (cf. Transcultural Psychiatric Research 6 (1969): 95-102, and previous issues).

Resonance Scattering and the Drift Motion of Electrons through Gases. II

In a previous paper, recent observations of pressure-dependent electron drift velocities in gases were interpreted in terms of new ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ or ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ temporary ion states. In this paper, it is pointed out that both the lifetime $\ensuremath{\tau}$ of the ion state and the mean electron-molecule collision frequency for trapping collisions can be obtained from experiment. The existing data are shown to yield an upper limit of $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\le}{4.10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec for hydrogen. It is thought that much shorter lifetimes can actually be measured, and clues to this end are given.

Temporary negative ion resonance of pyridine

Two temporary negative ion states of pyridine are observed with the electron scavenger technique. The two states are believed to arise from a splitting of the two lowest unfiled π-electron orbitals of the negative ion.

Transient Negative-Ion States in Alicyclic and Aromatic Fluorocarbon Molecules

The formation of short-lived (lifetime ∼10−15 − 10− 13 sec) and long-lived (lifetime ∼10 − 6−10−3 sec) temporary negative-ion states in 12 cyclic fluorocarbon molecules is studied in the gas phase with monoenergetic electron beams. The long-lived molecular ions exhibit a systematic increase of autoionization lifetime from 7 μsec for C4F6− possessing 24 vibrational degrees of freedom to 800 μsec for C7F14− having 57 vibrational degrees of freedom. This 100-fold increase of lifetime with increasing number of degrees of freedom qualitatively conforms to the previous theoretical model describing nondissociative electron attachment in polyatomic molecules. All of the long-lived ions (C4F6−, C6F6−, C4F8−, C5F8−, C7F8−, C6F10−, and C6F12−) have a maximum attachment cross section at some energy less than 0.05 eV, and the widths of the attachment resonances observed in the beam experiments were instrumental with the exception of C7F14−, whose width at 12 maximum was approximately 0.2 eV. The SF6 scavenger technique is employed to detect short-lived transient negative-ion states in the fluorinated benzenes, and the peak of the resonances occurred at 1.35 eV for C6H5F, 0.6 eV for 1,3-C6H4F2, 0.3 eV for 1,3,5-C6H3F3, and at ∼0 eV for 1,2,3,4-C6H2F4 and C6HF5. The peak energies of the temporary negative-ion resonances show an approximately linear decrease as a function of the number of fluorines added to the ring, and evidence is given that addition of each fluorine to the benzene ring increases the electron affinity by ∼0.4 eV. The completely fluorinated benzene ring attaches thermal energy electrons into a negative-ion state which has a lifetime of 12 μsec.

961. Threshold electron impact excitation of atoms and molecules: detection of triplet and temporary negative ion states: R N Compton et al,J Chem Phys, 48 (2), 15 th Jan 1968, 901–909

961. Threshold electron impact excitation of atoms and molecules: detection of triplet and temporary negative ion states: R N Compton et al,J Chem Phys, 48 (2), 15 th Jan 1968, 901–909