Temporary Residents Research Articles

Implementation Of Public Housing Management Policy: A Case Study In Rusunawa Of Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia

Insufficient and affordable vertical housing (rusunawa) availability is still emerging as an alternative option for temporary residence for low-income individuals. Therefore, this study purposes to explore the implementation of Rusunawa management policies managed by local governments in Indonesia. The theoretical framework used to analyze policy implementation is based on Kearns and Lawson's (2008) concept, which examines four factors: 1) the policy itself, 2) implementing agencies, 3) inter-organizational relations, and 4) social and political factors. This research adopts a qualitative case study approach, focusing on three Rusunawa (vertical housing) facilities managed by the Cimahi Government. The data were collected within interviews with 18 respondents using purposeful sampling, employing open-ended questions complemented by observation and analysis of relevant documents. The implications of this research highlight the requirement for public rental housing management policies to consider the income criteria of prospective residents, rental period duration, and budget allocation for expanding the Rusunawa Public Service Unit (PSU), effective communication and information dissemination channels, and improved Rusunawa management practices. The findings underscore the socio-economic factors influencing the beneficiaries of general rental housing policies, along with the budgetary requirements for expanding the Rusunawa PSU, optimizing communication and information channels, and enhancing the overall management of Rusunawa facilities.

A critical review of the Zimbabwe special temporary residence permits, 2010–2021

ABSTRACT This article reviews the Zimbabwe special temporary residence permits to demonstrate how these permits have, over the past 13 years, been used to limit Zimbabwean migrants from accessing permanent residency and South African citizenship. For instance, we illustrate in this article how the Zimbabwe special temporary residence permits effectively marked Zimbabweans as perpetual outsiders with no rights to reside indefinitely in South Africa, even though some Zimbabwean migrants have been living in the country on an ongoing basis for the past two decades. The Zimbabwe special temporary residence permits keep Zimbabwean migrants in a ‘temporary migration status’ as ‘guest workers’ who are expected to eventually ‘go back home’. We further argue that although the Zimbabwe special temporary residence permits are not racist tools per se, they are exclusionary tools that embody analogous, exclusionary and othering logic as the twentieth-century migrant labour system that the White South African government used to banish all Blacks from the category of citizenship.

Gendered impacts of the war in Ukraine: identifying potential, presumed or actual women victims of trafficking at the Italian borders

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee (UNHCR) data, approximately 8 million people, mostly women and children, entered and registered in Europe since the beginning of the war on the 24th of February, 2022. It is well-known that human trafficking tends to increase during conflicts and humanitarian crises due to the spread of impunity, destruction of institutions, and breakdown of law. The EU and many international organizations have warned those fleeing Ukraine about the high risk of trafficking and adopted policies to prevent and detect trafficking. The EU anti-trafficking coordinator along with other EU agencies have developed the Common Anti-Trafficking Plan to specifically address this risk and support the potential victims fleeing the war in Ukraine meeting one of the goals set in the 10 Point Action Plan issued by the European Council in March to better coordinate EU actions for people leaving Ukraine. Among other goals, the 10 Point Action Plan aims to improve early identification of the victims of human trafficking as provided by the 2021–2025 Strategy on Combatting Trafficking and the 2011 Anti-trafficking Directive. This paper investigates the actions which the Italian government has put in place to detect and prevent the trafficking of women among the Ukrainians fleeing the war from the beginning of the conflict until September 2022, with a focus on the identification process. More specifically we explored the perceptions of front-line workers and street-level bureaucrats at the Slovenian and Austrian borders, where Ukrainians cross to enter Italy. Through interviews we collected data to shed light on the identification procedures adopted. The need to learn more about the current war in Ukraine corroborates this study. The proposed qualitative analysis has identified three main findings: (1) conflicts create increased opportunities for trafficking that in the case of Ukraine are greater due to the scale of those fleeing; (2) temporary Italian residence permit reveals some criticalities that could lead to greater vulnerability; (3) gaps in the identification process can increase the risks of trafficking, especially in the absence of longer-term assistance programs.

Concepts of "housing", "social housing" and "affordable housing" according to the civil legislation of Ukraine

According to the Art. 47 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone is guaranteed the right to housing, which can be realized by building, owning or renting it. In addition, at the constitutional level, Ukraine undertook to assist citizens in need of social protection in purchasing housing. In particular, such citizens may be provided housing by the state or the local self-government bodies free of charge or for a fee that is affordable for this category of persons in accordance with the law. This approach to the regulation of social relations regarding the provision of housing for the citizens of Ukraine indicates the importance and expediency of considering issues related to the legal regime of housing, in particular, the concept of housing, social housing and affordable housing.
 The housing of an individual is a residential building, apartment, other residential premises, intended and suitable for permanent or temporary residence in them. Social housing is housing of all forms of ownership (except social dormitories) from the housing fund of social purpose, which is provided free of charge to citizens of Ukraine who need social protection, on the basis of a contract of employment for a certain period. In turn, in accordance with the Part 1 of the Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine "On preventing the influence of the global financial crisis on the development of the construction industry and housing construction", affordable housing is defined as built and those that are built with state support, residential buildings (complexes) and apartments.
 Taking into account the constitutional prescription, based on the content of which features the provision of housing by the state or the local self-government bodies free of charge or at an affordable price for citizens in need of social protection, the payment must be made in accordance with the law, the characteristics of "affordable housing" and "social housing", as well as mechanisms the acquisition of rights to them must be effectively regulated and detailed precisely at the level of special legislative acts.

Purim and Sukkot Rituals in Depok

Judaism as a nation and as a religious community are two different but interrelated things. In the Jewish Diaspora, some Jews entered Indonesia along with the entry of Dutch and Portuguese colonialism. Due to different conditions from those with established institutions in other countries, Jews in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta and Depok carry out their religious traditions differently because they adapt to the environment in which they live, where the majority are Muslims. Thus, the tradition carried out by them is local and adapts carefully to the environment. This research using descriptive qualitative method shows that negotiation is a way of surviving for the Jews in the Depok area. The celebration of Purim as a reminder of the survivors of persecution from the Persians, and Sukkot as a reminder of the temporary residence of the Jews, were also carried out under conditions that also adjusted, so a strategy was needed. In addition to the results of the research above, adjustments were also made using local materials to keep them in accordance with their religious laws but obtained in the area where they live.

Визнання та виконання рішень іноземних судів та арбітражів на території України

The article highlights the current problem of recognition and enforcement of decisions of foreign courts and arbitrations on the territory of Ukraine - circumstances that make such enforcement impossible or difficult. The issue of recognition and enforcement of court decisions of foreign states in Ukraine does not lose its relevance today. Decision of foreign court shall be recognized and executed in Ukraine, if its recognition and execution is envisaged by the international agreements of Ukraine. Decision of foreign court may be compulsory executed in Ukraine during three years starting from the day when it enters into force. Petition for granting permit to compulsory execution of decision of foreign court shall be submitted under the procedure, envisaged by the international agreements of Ukraine. If the above petition and documents submitted thereof are not registered in compliance with the requirements provided for by the legislation or not all necessary documents are submitted thereto, the respective court of Ukraine shall return them to the beneficiary (or its representative) without consideration. The issue related to grant of permit to compulsory execution of decision of foreign court under beneficiary's petition shall be considered by the Court of Appeal of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, appeal oblast, Kyiv and Sevastopol city courts at the place of permanent or temporary residence or stay (location) of the debtor. If it is impossible to define location of the debtor, the issue related to grant of permit to compulsory execution of decision of foreign court shall be considered by the respective court of Ukraine at the place of location of debtor's property in Ukraine.The procedure for recognition and consent to the execution of decisions of foreign courts, based on the provisions of national legislation, is more simplified in its content than the similar procedure for decisions of international arbitrations.The need to recognize and enforce a court decision of a foreign state is related to the protection of the rights of individuals and legal entities on the basis of the corresponding decision on the territory of Ukraine.

Transient analysis and optimization of an off-grid hydrogen and electric vehicle charging station with temporary residences

In this research study, an off-grid zero energy refueling station for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles with the ability to charge battery-powered electric vehicles is designed and analyzed transiently. A temporary residence next to the charging station is designed to accommodate people who come to the charging station. The best energy supplier in terms of cost is determined. The insulation thickness of the temporary residence wall is optimized for five types of insulation and thickness between 0 to 0.7 m. Total cost over 20 years (system lifetime) is an objective function that should be minimized. Using Trnsys software, the charging station and temporary residence are simulated. The system's total costs for different insulation type and thickness is predicted using a machine-learning approach. The optimum insulation type and thickness are determined. According to the results, choosing a photovoltaic panel as a power source is up to 33,024 $ more cost-effective than wind energy for the mentioned system. The optimal insulation thickness is related to expanded polystyrene with a thickness of 0.24 m. Insulation thickness and type can affect the system's total cost intensively. The cheapest insulation is not the best in reducing total cost.

PROTECTING OF PROPERTY RIGHTS OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS

The beginning of Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine and its actual consequences in 2014-2015 forced hundreds of thousands of residents of the temporarily annexed and occupied territories to leave their place of residence. The need for proper provision and protection of their rights - taking into account the situation in which they found themselves - led to the introduction of the category “internally displaced person” into the system of Ukrainian legislation, which expresses the peculiarities of the position of these persons and their participation in legal relations, including in property`s relations. The development of this interdisciplinary legal sub-institute has an impact on the theoretical understanding of the forms of protection of property rights of individuals. The need for a thorough study of the changes brought by the amendments to the legislation and, especially, a full scale military invasion in 2022 determine the relevance of this article. The purpose of the article is to study the novelties of Ukrainian legislation on the protection of the property rights of internally displaced persons and their impact on the understanding of jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional forms, as well as ways of protecting the property rights of internally displaced persons. Based on the research materials, it was determined that the legislation proposed special measures to protect the property rights of IDPs (temporary free residence, acquisition of the right to a plot of land from state-owned lands, obtaining a real estate loan on preferential terms and others) can be considered as ways of protecting the property rights of IDPs in their relationship with each other and in connection with other rights of these persons. The development of the theory of forms and methods of protection of civil rights takes place mainly in special methods of protection of property rights (of jurisdictional form), which consist of: 1) in measures to protect movable property; 2) in the provision of benefits and compensations for IDPs in connection with the loss of the ability to use and dispose of their property; 3) in creating exceptions from legal regimes that take into account the specifics of the actual situation of IDPs; 4) in the provision of special powers of authorities aimed at protecting the property rights of IDPs.

Ensuring the constitutional right to housing of internally displaced persons in Ukraine and countries that have experienced armed conflicts: comparative legal characteristics

The article is devoted to the analysis of the constitutional right to housing and its provision to internally displaced persons in Ukraine and countries that have experienced armed conflicts (using the example of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Georgia).
 The article analyzes the content of the constitutional right to housing and its implementation in Ukraine. An analysis of the main regulatory legal acts is presented, according to which the procedure for implementing and ensuring this right of internally displaced persons is carried out. The system of such documents consists of: the Constitution of Ukraine; Law of Ukraine "On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons"; Housing Code of Ukraine; The procedure for the formation of housing funds intended for temporary residence, accounting and provision of such housing for temporary residence of internally displaced persons; The procedure and conditions for providing subvention from the state budget to local budgets for the purchase, construction of housing for the purpose of transfer for temporary residence of internally displaced persons and the Procedure for providing housing purchased by the State Youth Housing Department at the expense of humanitarian and other aid funds for temporary residence of affected persons.
 Particular attention in the work is given to the analysis of the definition of internally displaced persons under the legislation of Ukraine and the countries whose practices are under consideration. It is argued that all the studied definitions justify the reason for the forced abandonment of a person's permanent place of residence and, as a general rule, such relocation occurs as a result of an armed conflict, due to military danger, a threat to the life of a person or a member of his family. The legal status of internally displaced persons in the countries under consideration is defined in relevant legal documents, such as: Law on Refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Displaced Persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina; The Law on the Status of Displaced Persons and Refugees in the Republic of Croatia and the Law of Georgia on Internally Displaced Persons - Persecuted from the Occupied Territories of Georgia.
 It is argued that the widespread practice of ensuring the housing rights of internally displaced persons is the provision of temporary housing and the construction of a new one, attracting funds from international funds.

DEVELOPMENT AND LEVEL OF POLLUTION OF THE TERRITORIES OF THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN

The article considers the main groups of factors that have different directions and effects (positive and negative) on the level of pollution of the territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The authors refer to the first group the directions of creating a new and improving the existing infrastructure in the territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, ensuring the year-round operation of the Northern Sea Route as a promising international maritime highway, as well as factors that improve the production and economic conditions of the studied territory. The analysis of the fundamental documents for the development of the Arctic zone approved by the President and the Government of the Russian Federation is carried out, and the criteria for achieving the goals set by 31.12.2024 in national and federal projects to expand the infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route are highlighted. The authors attribute climatic factors to the second group of factors, which make it possible to create a year-round operation of the Northern Sea Route. The third group includes factors that allow attracting people from other regions for permanent and temporary residence. The fourth group includes factors characterizing the results of the integrated Clean Arctic program for cleaning the territories of the Arctic zone from various types of waste. In addition, the article discusses the activities of the program to clean up the territories of the Arctic Russian Federation from accumulated and newly formed man-made and household waste. The fifth group of factors characterizes the volume of financial support for environmental protection activities, plans and measures to clean up territories from pollution.

PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR ATAS GEDUNG HOTEL FORT DE KOCK BUKITTINGGI

The faster the population growth in a city, the greater the need for housing. Both permanent and temporary residence, where the need for housing will affect human activities / activities in a city. For that we need a temporary residence such as a hotel. Therefore, the hotel will be built vertically with a number of floors consisting of five floors. Planning of reinforced concrete buildings in this modern era is based on the application of engineering computer programs, one of which is the SAP2000 program. From the results of the structural analysis, structural reinforcement is obtained, based on the author's analysis the results obtained are, the material used is steel quality fy = 420 Mpa with concrete quality fc' = 24.9 Mpa.Keywords: Reinforced Concrete, SAP2000, Columns, Beams, Floor Plates

Mental deterioration of refugees and asylum seekers with uncertain legal status in Australia: Perceptions and responses of legal representatives.

Many developed countries have introduced strict measures designed to deter people seeking asylum. Measures such as held detention, insecure visas, restrictions work and services all impact the mental health of asylum seekers. In 2014 Australia introduced a 'fast track assessment' (FTA) system of processing refugee claims for asylum seekers who arrived by boat, those found to be refugees were only eligible for temporary residence. Legal professionals play a pivotal role in protecting the rights of asylum seekers and gain unique insight into the impact of the legal system has on clients mental health. To investigate how legal professionals in Australia perceived the impact of the FTA process on their clients. Mixed methods comprising of two phases - (i) an online survey and (ii) follow-up focus groups and interviews with legal professionals involved in assisting asylum seekers in the FTA process. An inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Survey results were obtained from 38 legal professionals. Follow up in depth qualitative focus groups and interviews were conducted with 16 survey participants. The data demonstrate that legal professionals encounter clients in complex seemingly insurmountable mental health crises including deepening mental distress and deterioration, feelings of hopelessness, defeat and entrapment. Interviewees shared compelling examples of what they believed constituted a direct connection between asylum seekers experiencing uncertainty and deteriorating mental health over time with fluctuations in hopelessness, anger, withdrawal and suicidality. These negative impacts were often compounded by separation from family. The legal framework for determining whether an asylum seeker is a refugee can have a detrimental impact on the mental health of asylum seekers. The mental distress of asylum seekers and refugees is exacerbated by uncertainty linked to both delays in processing accompanied by sustained and ongoing uncertainty of legal status.

Involvement of the population of the USSR in providing assistance to families with children during the Great Patriotic War (on the example of the Baikal region)

The article discusses the issues of organizing assistance to Soviet families during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). In wartime conditions, accompanied by economic instability for the state, families with children, including military families, were in a difficult situation. Taking care of the Soviet family and the younger generation became the basis of the course of social policy, but the state could not always provide targeted assistance in time. That is why an important element of the organization of conditions for a stable situation of the population has become the involvement of collective farms, industrial and commercial enterprises, as well as individuals to assist families with children. The scientific novelty of the article consists in attracting a wide range of sources from the archives of the Republic of Buryatia and the Irkutsk region. Analysis of the documents showed that during the Great Patriotic War, the population helped those in need in various forms. In difficult times, the people acted unanimously and created various aid organizations: red Cross societies, charitable foundations, maternity and childhood committees. The population also helped those in need by accepting orphans, evacuated citizens and refugees for temporary residence. The enterprises did not stand aside. For the Baikal region, these measures were as important as for the rest of the USSR.

Acoustic telemetry provides insights for improving conservation and management at a spawning aggregation site of the endangered Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus)

Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus, Serranidae) were one of the most important fishery species in the Caribbean, but are now listed as critically endangered. Population collapse in most places occurred primarily by fishers targeting their spawning aggregation sites, where thousands of fish gathered during full moon periods from December to April. Identifying management options for protecting this vulnerable period is crucial for their survival. In the US Virgin Islands, we tagged 24 Nassau grouper with acoustic transmitters at a fish spawning aggregation (FSA) site called the Grammanik Bank, a 1.5 km2, marine protected area (MPA) closed each year from February to April. We tracked their movements over a seven-year period and found that the small MPA protected Nassau grouper only 65% of time during the spawning season. Nassau grouper arrived at the FSA from January to May, with a peak in March, and made daily roundtrip migrations (1-25 km) from the FSA site. Females swam twice as far as males, while males were more sedentary and remained longer (22 d) at the FSA than females (9 d); behavioural characteristics that may cause differential bycatch mortality among sexes. We also found nearly half of all fish were temporary residents within 5 km of the FSA site for 2 to 6 months after the spawning season. This mismatch of MPA size and timing of closed season provided the impetus for developing new guidelines for protection. The large acoustic array allowed us to calculate spatially relevant areas useful for conservation including courtship arena (1.2 km2), staging area (4.7 km2) and primary migration pathways (9.6 km2) used by Nassau grouper during spawning season. To improve conservation goals of this endangered species, increasing the Grammanik Bank seasonal closure to five months and its size to 6.4 km2 would increase protection to >96%. These spatial and temporal changes to existing management regulations incorporate the best available data to improve conservation goals by reducing potential bycatch mortality, eliminating disturbance of spawning fish, and protecting critical spawning habitat for Nassau grouper. These guidelines may also be applied more broadly to other Nassau grouper FSA sites located on large insular or continental shelfs areas throughout the Caribbean.

Redesign Hotel Resort with Regionalism Architecture Approach In Lumban Pea Integrated Tourism Area Development Masterplan

Lumban Pea Integrated Tourism Development Masterplan is one of the tourism development in the Toba Lake Area located in Toba Samosir Regency. In this masterplan, there are several tourism facilities, one of which is the hotel. The hotel design still does not show and apply the cultural values/identity of the surrounding environment in its design. The building is designed in a contemporary form that does not contain cultural attractions in the form of mass, facades, or cosmological values so that it is contrary to the development of tourism in the Lake Toba area which is still full of strong traditions. This study aims to improve the hotel design in the Master Plan by redesigning the hotel. The redesign of the hotel has created a resort hotel that is capable of blending contemporary design but also capturing its cultural side well. The redesign stage begins with conducting a survey, collecting data. In addition, the application of the Regionalism Architecture approach is one of the methodologies used to obtain design criteria which include cultural values, ornaments, forms, and other cultural resonances which are then analyzed and applied to the design. The hotel serves as a temporary residence and recreation facility for tourists. The redesign of this hotel by applying regional values to be a means of education and cultural attractions so that the culture is better known to the wider community and not eroded by the times. Besides, the redesign of this hotel can create a new economic center.

Knowledge of the abortion law and key legal issues of sexual and reproductive health and rights among recently arrived migrants in Sweden: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundSexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), including access and information on the laws and policies related to abortion, varies considerably between countries. Migrants may have limited knowledge of SRHR and related resources in their new country. This study investigates migrants’ knowledge of the right to safe and legal abortion and other associated factors including the recent law on sexual consent, the legal age for sexual consent and age to marry in Sweden.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study from 2018 to 2019 among recent migrants attending high schools or Swedish language schools. Descriptive statistics were computed on the knowledge of the Swedish abortion law and other legal aspects. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess if migrants’ socio-demographic characteristics were associated with knowledge (i.e. correct/incorrect) of the Swedish abortion law and other key SRHR-related legal issues.ResultsOf the total 6,263 participants, 3,557 (57%) responded about whether it is legal to have an induced abortion in Sweden, and of these, 2,632 (74%) answered incorrectly. While more than half (61%) of the respondents knew the sexual consent law, nearly half (48%) did not know that sexual consent is also required for married couples. About 90% correctly responded that it is illegal to have sex with a minor (under the age of 15) and were aware of the legal age (18 years) to marry in Sweden. Incorrect knowledge of the Swedish abortion law was associated with being religious (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.42–3.15), not having previous sexual health education (AOR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.38–2.05), coming from a country with predominantly restrictive abortion laws (AOR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.16–1.84), low level of education (AOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.04–1.61) and having a temporary residence permit (AOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.02–1.57).ConclusionWe found a substantial lack of knowledge among migrants of reproductive age in Sweden regarding important laws and policies of SRHR, particularly the right to abortion. SRHR-related programmes and comprehensive sexual health education for recently arrived migrants could include components to increase knowledge of legal and safe abortions and other laws concerning SRHR.

Counteracting Crimes Related to the Organization of Illegal Migration During the Special Military Operation: Organizational-Legal and Criminalistic Aspects

The article discusses the problems of identifying, investigating and detecting the organization of illegal migration and the crimes connected with it. The special military operation in Ukraine did not hinder the growth of migration, on the contrary, it intensified the migration processes, making considerable illegal migration a successful and lucrative area that provides criminals with substantial criminal proceeds. The authors analyze the correlation between the causes of Russia’s attractiveness to migrants and the growth in the number of foreign citizens registered as migrants, the number of temporary residence permits issued during the past year. At the same time, they note a growth in the number of registered crimes committed by foreign citizens and stateless persons in comparison with the same period last year, which makes it necessary to develop methodological recommendations for counteracting them. They describe the schemes and ways of organizing illegal migration when «elastic» labor contracts are made or when «elastic» hotels and hostels are used. The authors discuss difficulties associated with the enforcement of normative legal acts, as well as statistical reports that have a negative impact on the organization and execution of operative and investigative activities of special departments. It is proven that the mechanism of crime, which includes interconnected means of preparing, committing and concealing crimes, their stages, multiple crime participants and the distribution of their roles, poses considerable difficulties and calls for consolidated efforts of law enforcement bodies. The factors of normative legal regulation hindering the identification and detection of the organization of illegal migration are named. Specific features of the criminalistic research of ethnic characteristics of migrants and their use for investigating crimes are examined. The authors also analyze the contemporary condition of the Concept of State Migration Policy, develop recommendations on improving the mechanism of its implementation, and draw conclusions regarding the preventive significance of fighting the organization of illegal migration for counteracting crimes infringing on the rights of the person, public security and the foundations of the constitutional order and security of the Russian state.

The Impact of Temporary Residence Permits on Young Refugees’ Abilities to Build a Life in Sweden

Drawing on interviews with young refugees, 20–30 years old, mainly from Syria and Afghanistan, we discuss the effects that temporary residence permits have on their ability to build a life in Sweden. The article includes both unaccompanied and accompanied youth that at some point had been given temporary residence permits. These permits could later be renewed or turned into permanent permits if the youth fulfilled certain tough requirements. Through rich empirical data, we show how these temporal techniques of border control keep young refugees in a state where they fear deportation, which have detrimental effects for their ability to build a life in Sweden. They are not able to plan ahead and they feel forced to work although they would have preferred to study, which puts them out of sync with other young people around them, challenges their sense of agency and increases their vulnerability. Temporary residence permits severely limit the life opportunities of young refugees in Sweden, and thus hamper their ability to achieve the “migrant integration” that is expected of them.

The Rationale for Economic Migration in Selected Countries of Eurasia with Particular Reference to the Taxation of Individuals (Self-Employed and Non-Business) with Income Tax: An Overview Approach

AbstractThe analysis undertaken in this article is of the migration of natural persons, self-employed and not self-employed, for economic (including tax) reasons, which has been recorded among the citizens of Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and Vietnam. Tax migration, which is a type of economic migration of individuals, including those engaged in business, is one of the forms of reaction to taxes and tax reforms introduced in a country and the shape of the system of tax preferences. This study aims to examine the conditions of income taxation of individuals in the countries studied (Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and Vietnam). The shape of the tax system has been or could be a premise for the migration of individuals from Poland to other countries, as well as from the countries studied to Poland. The reason for choosing these countries for the analysis of this phenomenon was the well-established scholarly cooperation of the Polish authors with authors representing public universities in Vietnam, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as the available statistical data confirming the fact that residents of these countries account for the largest number of permanent and temporary residence permits given in Poland. It was considered that a comparison of legal solutions to the income taxation of taxpayers in the indicated countries, given the significant level of migration to Poland, can lead to exciting conclusions due to the differences in their legal systems, economic development, and tax systems.

Analysis of the Availability of Mosque Sanitation Facilities in the Tsunami Green Area as an Alternative Place for The Final Evacuation of the Tsunami Disaster in Padang City

The city of Padang as one of the areas in West Sumatra which is in a coastal area is very prone to tectonic earthquakes with the potential for tsunamis, it is verynecessary to have high preparedness to deal with it. One of the things that must be prepared is the evacuation site the end, which is a temporary residence for disaster victims. One alternative that can be used as a final evacuation site is a mosque. This study aims to prepare mosque sanitation facilities in the tsunami green area. The measurement of the preparedness of mosque sanitation facilities is seen from observations, in the form of a checklist table that will be filled out by researchers in 29 mosques that are the object of study. With a descriptive type of research, to see an overview of the condition of mosque sanitation facilities. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that from the 29 mosques studied, all mosques were obtained in the category of sanitation, construction, toilets and latrines, lighting and ventilation conditions of mosques in the city of Padang. While 17 mosques (58.6%) are located close to Jalan Raya, there are 25 mosques (86.2%) with courtyards in good condition, there are 28 mosques (96.6%) with good waste management, 13 mosques (44.8%) using water sources from PDAM and there are 28 mosques (96.6%) that have wastewater disposal in good condition. This can be used as an evacuation site, so the main thing that must be done is the maintenance of the sanitary condition of the mosque so that it is maintained and can become a proper evacuation site.