Temporary Occupation Research Articles

Take-off, turbulence and turnaround

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to explore the evolving nature of the work of cabin crew in a Scandinavian carrier in three eras, drawing on theories of gender and emotional labour.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on ethnographic data from fieldwork, interviews and documents.FindingsFrom being a feminized and temporary occupation for young, upper- and middle-class women in the 1970s, the occupation became a full-time job and with greater diversity of cabin crew. Today there are signs of the job becoming a precarious and temporary one of demanding and devalorized work in a polarized and class-divided labour market. Changing circumstances impact on the emotional labour requirement and terms and conditions at work.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation is that the research design was not initially longitudinal in the sense that the author does not have exactly the same kind of data from each era. The author has, however, been involved in this field for two decades, used multiple methods and interacted with different stakeholders and drew on a unique data material.Practical implicationsThe development in aviation is contributing to new discriminatory practices, driving employee conditions downwards and changing the job demands. This development will have practical consequences for the lives and families of cabin crew.Social implicationsThe analysis illustrates how work ‘constructs' workers and contributes in creating jobs that are not sustainable for the employees. Intensification of work, insecurity and tougher working conditions also challenge key features in the Nordic model such as proper pay, decent work and a life-long employment. Much indicates that the profession is again becoming a temporary one of demanding work with poor working conditions in a polarized and class-divided labour market.Originality/valueThe research contributes to the literature on emotional labour, gender and the evolving nature of the work of cabin crew. The unique data material, the longitudinal aspect of the research and the focus on a single network carrier are good in charting changes over time.

THE STUDY OF THE INVADERS’ CRIMES IN CHERNIHIV REGION DURING WORLD WAR II: HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT REALITY

The Purpose of the Research is to analyze the archive materials in order to characterize the features of creation and the mechanism of activity of the ESC in Chernihiv region, to determine its historical significance, to dwell upon the experience of its activity in the context of current situation. The Research Methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, historicism, systematicity, authorial objectivity. To study the issue were used both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical methods of scientific research. The Scientific Novelty. For the first time the author made an attempt to determine the significance of the historical experience of investigating the crimes of the military occupiers in Chernihiv region during World War II in the context of the study of tragic events, that took place in the region this year. The Conclusions. So, the ESC was created to search, check and systematize documents and materials that could be used to convincingly reveal the crimes of the Nazis and calculate the damages caused during the temporary occupation of the territories of Chernihiv region during World War II. Furthermore, it aimed to determine the names of war criminals. In today's conditions, there is an urgent need to create a similar commission to investigate the crimes of Russian troops on the territories of Chernihiv region (from February 24 to April 2, 2022).

The Issue of the Draft Law of Ukraine “On Local Referendum” Compliance with Contemporary European Standards

The article analyses the referendum practices for solving controversial issues of local government. Particular attention is paid to international documents that regulate the conduct of voting in accordance with European standards and the prospects of using the draft law of Ukraine “On Local Re-ferendum”. The problem becomes urgent due to the increased probability of using a local referendum for manipulation, due to the growing influence of the aggressor state, that increased after the full-scale invasion of our territory, and to address issues beyond the competence of local government. The work highlights the legislative risks that may arise during the preparation and conduct of a local referendum, provided that no changes are made to certain parts and articles of the law in the context of liability for violations of the law. Based on the experience of voting in local elections in recent years, options for voting results have been explored if the turnout quota is not reduced. The author sees the solution to the problem of manipulating the direct will of the people in the creation of a single voting system, without dividing it into electoral and party systems, but where each election should be regulated by a single Electoral Code of Ukraine, both for elections and referendums at all levels. To ensure the stability of national security, the author proposes not to hold referendums in the temporarily occupied territories after deoccupation, at least not for three years, as it proposed by the legislator, but to increase this period so that it is equal to the years of temporary occupation.

Powers of the head of state regarding the imposition of state of emergency and martial law: domestic and foreign experience

The article analyzes the provisions of regulatory and legal acts regulating the grounds and procedure for imposing legal regimes of state of emergency and martial law in the conditions of the Russian Federation 's armed aggression against Ukraine. It is stated that there are legal uncertainties in certain aspects related to decision-making by public authorities through the establishment of norms that give their actions discretionary powers, in particular the President of Ukraine.
 The mechanism of decision-making on the introduction of special legal regimes in Ukraine has been studied, attention has been paid to the experience of foreign countries. The study of the characteristics of different special legal regimes takes into account the diversity of special legal regimes that exist in foreign countries.
 It is established that the existence of decrees of the President of the Russian Federation dated February 21, 2022 on the recognition of self-proclaimed quasi-states in eastern Ukraine - "Luhansk People's Republic" and "Donetsk People's Republic" as sovereign and independent states and delegating the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation to ensure "peacekeeping functions" by the armed forces of the Russian Federation on the aforementioned territories are the documentary evidence of the invasion of the armed forces of the Russian Federation in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the conduct of active military (combat) operations and the occupation of part of Ukraine. It is established that the term "occupation" in international law means the temporary occupation of the enemy's territory by the armed forces.
 Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that the decision of constitutional and political bodies (entities) on the choice of conditions (grounds) for the introduction of legal regimes (state of emergency or martial law) amid the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has a wide discretionary basis and significant political expediency, which in the presence of equal conditions (grounds) provides an opportunity to introduce a legal regime of state of emergency and martial law.

Access to administrative justice in martial law

The article defines the legal mechanism of access to justice in martial law. The first part analyzes the problems with access to justice related to the introduction of martial law. The second part deals with the use of electronic means to ensure access to administrative justice. The third part reveals the role of administrative justice in ensuring human rights and freedoms in martial law. It is concluded that with the introduction of martial law the right to judicial protection cannot be limited, and the state has a positive obligation to provide the widest possible access to justice, in particular through electronic document management and video conferencing with the authorization of participants with an electronic signature. The introduction of elements of e-government better ensures the activities of administrative jurisdiction, because with the proper authorization of the participants in the process, allows for a court hearing by videoconference. Also, the improvement of access to administrative proceedings is facilitated by the provision of electronic document management, in particular the execution of case materials in electronic format, which is allowed by the current Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine. Analysis of the peculiarities of administrative courts in martial law shows that administrative proceedings are possible by videoconference, the participation of judges remotely in court is carried out in exceptional cases where there are real and insurmountable obstacles to access to the workplace. Under martial law, it is possible to move a court to another location in connection with hostilities or the temporary occupation of the territory in order to ensure the continuity of justice, including the security of judges.

Problems of the implementation of economic rights of internally displaced persons

In the conditions of martial law on the territory of Ukraine there is a need to develop an effective mechanism for exercising the rights of internally displaced persons. The problems of exercising economic rights, in particular, the problems in the field of realization of property rights by internally displaced persons, become especially relevant. The purpose of this article is to analyze research and the main provisions of regulations and draft laws relating to the implementation of economic rights of internally displaced persons. The study of the works of scientists allowed establishing and assessing the state of research of the chosen topic, to identify and investigate the problematic issues that have arisen at the present stage and to identify ways to solve them. In particular, the general problems of protection of the rights of internally displaced persons were outlined, which are the problems of realization of the rights of internally displaced persons of institutionalorganizational, legal and socio-economic nature. Within the framework of this study the analysis of the state of normative regulation of legal relations on the chosen subject of the following main periods was carried out: before the imposition of martial law on the territory of Ukraine and the period related to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine’s sovereignty. It is noted that in the period before the imposition of martial law in Ukraine, the national concept of protection and restoration of property rights of internally displaced persons and internally displaced persons has not been effectively applied. The provisions of the draft Law of Ukraine «On the Principles of State Policy in Transition» of August 9, 2021 are considered. It is proved that for effective legal regulation of problematic issues that may arise in the transition period, it is necessary to timely develop relevant legislation (regulations) that can solve the problems of legal protection of citizens of Ukraine and legal entities of Ukraine, rights and legitimate interests whose property rights have been violated as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the temporary occupation of the territory of Ukraine. The existence of problems with the implementation of the Law of Ukraine «On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons» in the field of protection of property rights was identified; their importance and relevance were emphasized. It is established that the legislation of Ukraine in the field of legal regulation of property relations with the participation of internally displaced persons needs to be improved and appropriate changes made that will provide protection and additional guarantees for the exercise of property rights. In particular, they stressed the need to develop a mechanism to restore property rights, create a single database of property of internally displaced persons and adopt a special legal act governing guarantees of compensation for destruction (damage) of property due to hostilities, terrorist acts, sabotage caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation. In addition, the need to stimulate the realization of entrepreneurial and innovative potential and further comprehensive scientific and legal research to create optimal conditions and increase the efficiency of entrepreneurial and innovative activities was emphasized.

Dairy industry of Ukraine in martial law

Introduction. At present, the dairy industry of Ukraine needs to solve extremely difficult tasks, the main of which is related to the need to ensure food security of the country in the extremely difficult conditions of hostilities on the territory of the state. Problem. The dairy industry of Ukraine with the beginning of the war and the temporary occupation of the territory suffered significant losses caused by the loss of part of production capacity, the impact of inflationary processes, disruption of logistics chains. The aim of the article is to determine the current state and prospects of development of the dairy industry of Ukraine. Methods. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: analysis of scientific publications and statistics, analysis of the market situation and generalization of the results. Results. The problems of the domestic dairy industry that need to be solved are outlined, in particular, the need to develop the raw material base; introduction of new technologies that will allow in the martial law not to reduce the level of production efficiency; correction of marketing policy; support of the export potential of the industry and its financial and credit support. Recommendations for solving these problems and the development of the industry in today’s extremely difficult conditions are given. Conclusions. It is established that the domestic dairy industry, even in conditions of war, is able to actively develop, ensuring food security of the state.

Land tenure security for low-income residents' urban livelihoods: A human development approach review of temporary occupation license

Existing studies on the human development approach discuss how eliminating capability deprivation and enlarging people’s choice led to improvement on their overall wellbeing. However, land tenure security, the pre-condition to safeguard secure livelihood for poor and low-income urban residents is rarely discussed. This study examines the potential of the human development approach to the land tenure security debate by using a desk review of literature on both concepts. It employs the usage of a land policy instrument, known as the Temporary Occupation License (TOL), which aims to provide urban low-income residents with tenure security despite their lack of formal ownership over the land. In this context, land tenure security is understood from the subjective perspective, rather than from its traditional economic objectives. Findings show that the pursuit of human development through TOL results in an enhanced security of tenure amongst urban low-income residents in two forms. Firstly, protecting them against the threat of eviction through the principle of equity in which TOL provides opportunity for nonlandowners with legal access to state land for housing. Secondly, allowing households to gain the benefits of labour and capital invested in the land. For instance, the principle of efficiency embedded within TOL allows households to utilise land according to their priorities and needs; empowerment allows them to make decisions pertaining to housing and tenure upgrading, whereas sustainability allows citizens and authority to achieve developmental results that benefit both parties. The study concludes that the pursuit of the human development approach in land management, through administrative decisions and conducted in a participatory manner, can indeed enhance land tenure security for urban low-income residents.

Retrospective and perspective analysis of the development of understanding and ensuring the rights of indigenous peoples of Ukraine

Keywords: Indigenous peoples, indigenous peoples of Ukraine, Crimean Tatars, Karaites, Krymchaks, Gagauz people, Crimean Platform, Crimean Khanate, Crimean People's Republic, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, city of Sevastopol, Crimea, Sevastopol, Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar people, selfdetermination, occupation, deoccupation, genocide, deportation, deportation of the Crimean Tatars, Surgun
 The article analyzes in detail the process of formation and development of the rights of indigenous peoples in independent Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine in this context and their interpretation. The legislative process and legislative initiatives that preceded the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On the Legal Status of Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine” on July 21, 2021 are described.The peculiarities of the legal acts of Ukraine, which regulate the rights of indigenous peoples, their connection and further impact on the overall development of the studied issues, are clarified. A retrospective analysis of the legislation of the last 30 years, highlighting the main stages and elements, provides an opportunity to formulate a perspective on the further development of the indigenous peoples’ rights’ issue in Ukraine in the field of normative consolidation of their legal status and implementation of rights guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. The rights of indigenous peoples are depicted through the prism of modern legal and political processes, in particular, the Crimean Platform, as the most effective mechanism for de-occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, ensuring the rights of Ukrainian citizens violated by the temporary Russian occupation of the peninsula. Particular attention is paid to the place of the indigenous peoples of Crimea and the issue of restoringtheir rights under this mechanism. The restoration of such rights seems particularly important, given the particular persecution of indigenous peoples and their individual representatives by the occupying power today, as well as the perpetration of genocideagainst these peoples in the past.

Management of agricultural business in war conditions: features of accounting and taxation

The publication is devoted to the development of recommendations for agricultural enterprises on the accounting of special operations to ensure the management function under martial law. The main problems of business production, which are the result of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, are highlighted. The article summarizes the features of information support for the needs of management in martial law. The expediency of liberalizing the requirements for primary accounting for the special period is substantiated, which will allow adapting the documentation system to the specifics of organizing business processes under martial law. The main changes in the organization of labor relations and accounting for payments to employees are indicated. The procedure for taxation of charitable assistance is reflected, considering changes in the current legislation, the procedure for assessing charitable assistance, and a methodology for its accounting when providing and receiving is proposed. An algorithm for providing state assistance to small and medium-sized agricultural producers through the compensation of the interest rate on attracted loans has been studied, and a method for accounting for such assistance has been proposed. It is singled out as a specific object of accounting, the property of enterprises, which, due to its territorial location in the zone of active hostilities, in the zone of temporary occupation or other negative factors of the influence of the war, has become unuseful. It is concluded that the procedure for determining the amount of the expected recovery of an asset and losses from reducing its applicability, which is given in NSA No 28, cannot be applied in the event of the destruction of property (full or partial) and due to other negative factors of war impact. Such an assessment procedure should be determined by the state centrally, considering current wastage and losses from lost profits in the future; the procedure for accounting for the loss of utility of such property is proposed. The possibilities of tax management of agricultural enterprises to change the taxation system under martial law have been studied and methodological modes of reflection in the accounting of calculations for a single tax of payers of the 3rd group are offered.

DESAIN JALUR EVAKUASI PENGGUNA BANGUNAN PADA KONDISI DARURAT DI GEDUNG FTI- UMI LANTAI IV MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA FLOYD WARSHALL

It is often assumed that occupational safety and health (K3) is a waste, a waste of cost or just a formality that must be fulfilled by the organization. The K3 procedure in a building is very important especially in a multi-storey building, because in a multi-storey building there are risks that cannot be predicted, for example in the event of an earthquake or fire. Based on the legal aspects of OSH which have been stipulated in Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning building construction, the importance of comfort, safety, health and convenience must be owned by a building. This research is about the evacuation route in the Faculty of Industrial Technology Building, Muslim University of Indonesia, Floor IV Using the Floyd Warshal Algorithm. By using the required data such as building plans, room data used per floor, the number of permanent and temporary building occupants, the results of data processing are obtained from the design drawings of the evacuation route, complete with instructions for safe lane during emergencies.

PROVISION OF THE INFORMATION FUNCTION OF AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT IN CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW: FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

The publication is devoted to the development of recommendations for agricultural enterprises on the accounting of special operations to ensure the management function in conditions of martial law. The main problems of doing business, which are a consequence of Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, are highlighted. The article summarizes the features of information support for the needs of agrarian business management in conditions of martial law. The expediency of liberalization of requirements for primary accounting for the period of a special period is substantiated, which will allow adaptation of the documentation system to the specifics of the organization of business processes in conditions of martial law. The main changes in the organization of labor relations and accounting for payments to employees are identified. The procedure for taxation of charitable assistance taking into account changes in current legislation, the procedure for assessing charitable assistance and the method of accounting for its provision and receipt are proposed. The procedure for providing state aid to small and medium-sized agricultural producers through the compensation of interest rates on loans has been studied, and the method of accounting for such aid has been proposed. The property of enterprises, which is due to its territorial location in the zone of active hostilities, in the zone of temporary occupation or due to other negative factors of the war, is singled out as a specific object of accounting that has lost its usefulness. It is concluded that the procedure for determining the amount of expected return on assets and losses from impairment, given in NP (S) BU №28, cannot be used in case of destruction of property (full or partial) and as a result of other negative factors of the war. Such an assessment procedure should be determined by the state centrally, taking into account current losses and losses from lost profits in the future. The order of accounting of losses of usefulness of such property is offered. Possibilities of tax management of agricultural enterprises to change the system of business taxation under martial law have been studied. Methodical methods of reflection in the accounting of calculations for the single tax of payers of the 3rd group are offered.

Towards better home design for people in temporary accommodation: exploring relationships between meanings of home, activities, and indoor environmental quality

People living in short-term rental housing, henceforth temporary housing, are rarely consulted by professionals involved in the design process, whether regarding new or refurbished buildings. Knowing what is required for temporary dwellers to feel at home and how their meanings of home relate to household characteristics, activities, and indoor environmental quality, might result in better designs for these commonly small dwellings. To explore the views of temporary occupants about their home environment, we designed and conducted a survey directed to young people in the Netherlands, likely to be familiar with living in temporary accommodation (141 university students, 58 refugees who have received a permit to stay; henceforth named permit holders), 23 persons who were working 4 days and studying 1 day; henceforth named starters). Through factor analysis, six meanings of home were found to be statistically significant: Representation, privacy, sociability, rootedness, future, and appropriation. Multiple regression analyses and analyses of variance indicated that meanings of home were related to some household characteristics and the presence of light and cleanliness. Our study showed that measuring meanings of home might help understand not only how dwellings are used but also how to improve the design of small temporary dwellings. For instance, more possibilities for good or natural light, storage, and the display of personal possessions should be incorporated into the design of these small dwellings.

The effects of temporary occupation of agricultural land by gravel deposits and construction on selected soil properties

We addressed the condition of restored soil on alluvial plain in the south-eastern Slovenia after they have been given for the gravel deposit easement during construction. According to pre-investigation using soil probes, two soil profile pits were dug: Profile 1 on the area where excavated soils were deposited over original soils; and Profile 2 on the area where topsoil had been removed before gravel deposition and reapplied after the easement. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results show that chemical properties were generally not the limiting factor for soil fertility. Compaction of the soil reduced hydraulic conductivity and resulted in water stagnation. The bulk density on the area where the material was deposited directly on the soil surface ranged from 1.41 to 1.77 g cm-3. The hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil was practically impermeable at depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm, indicating compaction due to high mechanical load. At the area where topsoil was removed before deposition and restored after easement the hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil was low to moderate. Removal of the topsoil before construction began was an appropriate action, but reclamation measures are also required.

Space Matters: Barriers and Enablers for Embedding Urban Circularity Practices in the Brussels Capital Region

Cities across Europe are increasing their ambitions to embrace a circular economy. In this context, a wide-ranging landscape of urban circularity practices is emerging. This article aims to elaborate on the spatial factors fostering or hampering the embedding of urban circularity practices (UCPs) in the Brussels Capital Region (BCR). The article, thus, addresses the following set of questions: What do circularity ambitions imply at the urban scale and what is the landscape of practices aimed at realizing urban circularity? What are the spatial implications of urban circularity practices? What could the role of urban design and spatial planning be in embedding and mainstreaming UCPs? These questions are explored both theoretically, through a literature review, and empirically, through case-study research. We show that access to spaces and land emerges as one of the most recurrent barriers to embedding UCPs in the BCR, and in other European cities too. We argue that while real estate prices are one of the main causes, it is not the only one. Frictions appear in political agendas where the need for more housing, productive spaces, land for urban agriculture, and green–blue infrastructures compete for the same limited space. Concurrently, the systematic building of the last available urban “void” (often brownfields) creates perverse logics of rushing the completions of “traditional” urban projects. Temporary occupations, often cited as exemplary circular practices, increasingly receive criticism when they become a structural limit to long-term perspectives. We have structured our arguments in four sections. First, we define our notion of urban circularity and UCPs. Second, we introduce a methodology and a framework. Third, four types of UCPs are selected for in-depth analysis. We conclude by highlighting potential leverages for working toward a circular spatial design and planning culture that facilitates embedding and mainstreaming urban circularity in the built environment.

Agricultural land market in Ukraine

Land resources are not only one of the main natural resources, but also the most important factor in the economic development of the country. With the opening of the market for agricultural land, this resource has become expensive. The moratorium on land sales, which lasted for about 20 years, did not allow citizens to freely dispose of their land rights. But with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Conditions of Circulation of Agricultural Land» from 31.03.2020 № 552–IX, this right was allowed. In this article, we analyzed the market of expropriated agricultural land for one hundred days and 6 months from the beginning of its introduction. The information base was provided by domestic laws and regulations on the economics of nature management, environmental protection, materials and reports of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the State Service for Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre of Ukraine. We also used statistical and comparative research methods. Land reforms in Ukraine began with the beginning of independence and continue to this day. After the adoption of the above-mentioned Law, a new stage of land reform began in Ukraine. In the first hundred days, most land plots were expropriated and registered in Kharkiv and Kyiv oblasts, and the smallest — in Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts. At the same time, the largest area of expropriated plots was registered in Kirovohrad and Kharkiv oblasts, and the smallest — in Chernivtsi and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts. The most expensive land was in Kyiv and Kharkiv oblasts, and the cheapest — in Chernivtsi and Zakarpattia oblasts. All this is explained by the fact that in Kharkiv, Kyiv and Kirovohrad oblasts chernozem soils predominate, which have a high humus content and, accordingly, a higher price, in Chernivtsi and Zakarpattia oblasts sod-podzolic and brown earth soils predominate, which are less fertile, accordingly, the price is lower. Chernozem soils also predominate in Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts, but due to the temporary occupation of these oblasts, the number of expropriated land plots is smaller and cheaper than in other oblasts. In seven months, the situation on the land market has not changed. This indicates that the land market operates in Ukraine.

Lost in deliberative deficit: the dilemma and learning curve of defending the university campus in the Hong Kong 2019 protest

ABSTRACT The 2019 Anti-Extradition Bill movement (Anti-ELAB) in Hong Kong peaked the tactical radicalization of the city’s recent protest history. At the same time, it signified unprecedented tactical reconciliation between moderate and radical protestors that maintained strong movement momentum and a high degree of solidarity for a long period. An ethics of solidarity was successfully formulated to illuminate deliberative practices among participants. However, the change of protest spatiality and repertoire from wildcat protesting to temporary occupation at a university campus altered the dynamics of protestors and weakened deliberative communication. This paper illustrates the struggles and learning curves of students who suffered deliberative deficit in the interaction with other protestors. This paper argues that the occupation, despite its contested nature, offered informal experiential learning of civic engagement for the students to their political literacy and civic mentality towards social movement under the intense setting of real politics.

Masjids, monuments and refugees in the Partition city of Delhi, 1947–1959

AbstractThis article explores refugee occupation in Delhi during the aftermath of the Partition in 1947. The temporary occupation of public buildings and open spaces was integral to the difficult and gradual assimilation of hundreds of thousands of refugees into and through the city. Monuments, shrines, mosques and temples provided temporary shelter for refugees and some remained occupied for years after the Partition. The definition and custody of these buildings speaks of the uncertainty and anxiety produced by violence and displacement in 1947 and 1948. The article considers both the modification of these places by the refugees who lived in them, and the gradual and faltering processes of eviction and the restoration of the buildings. The physical imprints of refugee occupation are a significant part of the city's past; a heritage which both marked a rupture in the city's history and reflects broader mores of urban dynamics.

Mobile Off-Grid Energy Generation Unit for Temporary Energy Supply

Temporary structures are being extensively used by emergency services (rescue, disaster relief, military response units), and other end-users requiring temporary mobile off-grid energy solutions for different purposes (event organization, vacation homes, summer camps, etc.). Yet energy systems for these purposes largely remain fossil-based (such as diesel generators). Although such energy systems are inexpensive, they are carbon intensive and inefficient. This study presents a methodology of simulating temporary shelter with access to an energy supply system through a mobile energy unit with renewable (PV) power supply systems to ensure on-site electricity production, as well as heating/cooling and ventilation. Digital modeling simulations have been performed for a simulated temporary shelter in different climate conditions incorporating different combinations of electricity generation systems with a fossil fuel-based solution and a PV system, using TRNSYS software. Study results show that the operation of a mobile energy generation unit can operate HVAC systems and generate electricity for temporary shelter occupants in off-grid solutions. The modeling results show that the use of a mobile energy generation unit can significantly reduce diesel consumption in temporary shelters from 54% annually (in Riga, Latvia) to 96 % annually (in Jerusalem, Israel). Furthermore, the output of PV-generated electricity is higher (in most cases) than the consumed electricity amount.

Ground truth validated 3D electrical resistivity imaging of the archaeological deposits at Arma Veirana cave (northern Italy)

ABSTRACTWe present 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) imaging of the archaeological deposits at Arma Veirana cave (northern Italy), to date only partially explored. The archaeological importance of the cave is due to the presence of a rich Mousterian layer, traces of Late Upper Palaeolithic (Epigravettian) temporary occupations and an Early Mesolithic burial of a female newborn. ERT is rarely employed in Palaeolithic cave contexts because Palaeolithic remains are typically disseminated in loose deposits and either do not possess high electrical resistivity contrasts or are too small to be detected. Furthermore, some issues can derive from the confined environment in caves. In this view, our study represents an opportunity to assess the capability of this geophysical method to retrieve subsurface information of Palaeolithic cave deposits and create a framework for the improvement of ERT applications in such a peculiar cave context. The aim of this study was to define the features of the deposits (i.e. geometry, thickness and sediment distribution) and to map the morphology of the underlying bedrock. Results reveal that the thickness of the deposits varies both along the primary axis of the cave and transverse to it. This study allowed the recognition of shallow, meter‐sized, fine‐grained sediment‐filled structures with a longitudinal orientation with respect to the primary axis of the cave, as well as a possible erosional‐like structure. The cross‐validation of geophysical results with the archaeological evidence (the Early Mesolithic newborn burial and Epigravettian artefacts) confirms that the low‐resistivity unit could be the most promising from an archaeological point of view.