Temporary Experience Research Articles

International doctoral students’ identity formulations through their orientations to their children’s languages as both stressors and assets

This study contributes to research on the doctoral experience of international students who are parents, and for whom the temporary experience of living elsewhere is both a challenge and a resource for all members of the family. The study investigated how a group of these students positioned themselves to their children’s English and home language during their study abroad. A group of 12 international doctoral students from one Australian university and one primary school teacher took part in the study. The doctoral students were from a number of non-anglophone countries. Membership Categorisation Analysis was used to examine the identity categories invoked during focus group discussions. The categories bilingual, student, parent, tutor and spouse, the category devices family, study, nationality/language, time and location, and the attributes responsibility and inadequacy that emerged in the analysis, suggest that language issues are important considerations for international students with families, and need focused attention.

Spiritual Retreats: Implications for Practical Christian Living

Spiritual retreats have a long history steeped in religious tradition and generally involve a separation from everyday life and entering into a new temporary experience. Retreats have been a means of help for people in all spheres of life, providing favour able outcomes such as spiritual growth and restoration. This study utilized Attention Restoration Theory and Activity, Setting, Experience and Benefit (ASEB) framework to explore the implication of spiritual retreat activities and experiences on Christian growth indicators, i.e., in the areas of establishing a deeper relationship with God, gaining a fuller understanding of self, applying personal faith in troubling life situations, and finding fulfilment in reaching out to fellowship with others. Data from 115 study participants were analysed using a mixed-method approach and demonstrated evidence of the beneficial effects of spiritual retreats on Christian growth. Spiritual retreats were shown to have a significant and beneficial impact on participants’ Christian growth, particularly in the areas of abiding in Christ, living by the Bible and biblical principles, growing in faith and prayer, fellows hipping with other Christians, and service to God. The practical and theoretical implications of the findings of the study for pastors, church leaders, retreat centre facilitators as well as the general Christian community are also discussed.

Does temporary performance matter for word of mouth in museums?

Given the significance of word of mouth (WOM) in influencing other people's decisions to visit, it is critical to investigate the mechanism and condition configuration of WOM in museums. Using SEM technology and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), this study discovered that experience at museums influences WOM via either brand image or attractiveness of museums, and that temporary experience positively moderates the effect of experience at museums on attractiveness of museums, indicating that visitors with temporary experience may perceive attractiveness of museums to be stronger, which is rarely disclosed in the existing literature. Furthermore, this study revealed that the formation of WOM occurs as a result of a multi-condition configuration, such as the combination of entertainment and aesthetic experiences at museums, which results in WOM. The mechanism and configuration of WOM in museums, as well as the moderating effect of temporary experience as an external factor in the Howard-Sheth model, were discovered in this study, providing a new understanding of this model.

Identification with Game Characters: Theoretical Explanations, Predictors, and Psychological Outcomes

This review investigates theoretical explanations, predictors, and psychological outcomes of identification with game characters. Theoretical explanations depended on Cohen’s conceptualization of identification with media characters, wishful identification, similarity identification, embodied presence concepts, self-perception, self-discrepancy, and social identity theories. Predictors included customizability, how the character is perceived (ideal, attractive, similar, real), narrative, immersion, presence, age, time spent playing/playing history, player’s psychological characteristics, and perceived performance. Psychological outcomes included enjoyment, flow experience, addiction, problematic gaming, playing motivations, self-efficacy, competence, short-term outcomes (change in aggression, empathy), intention to continue playing, game-related spending, social identification, and in-group bias. The self-discrepancy perspective provides the most prevalent explanation, which proposes that game characters are closer to players’ ideal selves, and identification with the game character reduces their self-discrepancies. However, the social identity perspective offers more overarching explanations discussing identification with game-related groups (groups created within the game and game community) and the game character together, thus pointing to a bigger picture where players develop social identities through interaction with game-related groups. Therefore, unlike other explanations discussing game character identification as a temporary experience, the social identity perspective indicates it may be a lasting experience. Regarding predictors, only two were game-related (customizability, narrative), while most were player-related (e.g., age, time spent playing, player’s psychological characteristics), which might show that player characteristics deserve more attention than the game itself to understand the identification process. Concerning psychological outcomes, while two were positive (enjoyment, flow experience) and two were negative (addiction, problematic gaming), most had various aftermaths, such as a short-term outcome of an increase in aggression or empathy.

Existential Philosophy and Poetry Imaginism about the Temporalization of Despair

Introduction. The tragic times of trials at the beginning of the 20th century motivated existentialist philosophers and imaginists poets to search for the temporal meaning of despair in people's lives. Philosophers comprehended the nature of despair, and came to the conclusion about its origin in person’s soul at the moment of subordination of human temporality to objective time as the cause of inevitable losses. Liberation from its power begins with the person’s turn to the value content of their own temporality. The word-image connects despair with the present moment of time as part of human temporality and outside of objective time. Revealing the features of the temporalization of despair in imaginists poetry, the author suggests that the word-image changes the existential attitude of a desperate person, giving value to their temporal existence.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is a hermeneutic approach to understanding the concept of ”despair”, a conceptual analysis of the term “word-image”, a method of component analysis of language units with temporal meaning and a comparative analysis of the interpretations of the temporalization of despair in existentialist philosophy and imaginist poetry.Results and discussion. The results of studying the problem of the temporalization of despair are the following conclusions. Firstly, despair may be a consequence of the involvement of a person who hopes, into objective time or part of the subjective time of a desperate person. Secondly, despair may lead a person not only to losses, but also to the search for values in the confrontation of objective and subjective times. Thirdly, the temporalization of despair is understood as a transition from a temporary experience to a timeless concept in philosophy and is expressed by the timelessness of this experience in poetry. Fourth, in philosophy the meaning of despair is revealed in the temporal sequence of losses, and the word-image puts a limit to losses in poetry, which returns a desperate person to values and contributes to the correction of their temporal existence.Conclusion. The scope of objective time expands in the technogenic epoch and subordinates a person's temporality to its rhythms, leading them to despair. Existentialists consider temporalization as a way to reveal the true meaning of despair, and imaginists use it so that a person experiences this feeling differently and builds their temporal existence in a different way.

Understanding Latinx Child Farmworkers' Reasons for Working: A Mixed Methods Approach.

Agricultural labor is extremely hazardous, yet young children are legally permitted to work on farms. This paper contextualizes and describes Latinx hired child farmworkers’ stated reasons for working. We conducted a mixed-methods study using in-depth interviews ( n = 30) and survey interviews ( n = 202) with Latinx child farmworkers aged 10 to 17 in North Carolina. Our qualitative thematic analysis identified children’s salient reasons for working, including supporting family, contextual factors that lead to farm work, and occupying summer time. Statistical analysis showed that children’s primary reasons for working included buying clothes (91.1%) and school supplies (64.7%), with few differences by gender, age, or other characteristics. The findings demonstrate that most Latinx children view farm work as a necessary but temporary experience that financially supports their families. We discuss the implications for protecting Latinx child workers by reducing their structural vulnerability in order to facilitate healthy development.

“Is Granny Going Back into the Computer?”: Visits and the Familial Politics of Seeing and Being Seen in South African Transnational Families

ABSTRACT Migration is an increasingly common feature of life globally. This article discusses visits in South African transnational families of diverse origins, exploring the importance and meaning of physical co-presence by examining the role of visits in delivering mutual ‘visibility’ – the ability to see and be seen – when family members meet in person. The data come from a qualitative project exploring South African transnational family relationships, and particularly, differences between the experiences of those who migrate and of those left behind. ‘Outward’, ‘return’ and ‘reunion’ visits are considered. One element visits had in common was excitement linked to the planning of the visit and actual visit, but there was also some ambivalence and underlying sadness, because visits provide only a temporary experience of physical co-presence. The multiple meanings attached to visits have implications for how family and care relationships are understood in the contemporary globalised world. Future research should consider the complexities of relationships and care through the transnational family lifecycle.

To buy or not to buy? The effect of time scarcity and travel experience on tourists' impulse buying

By its very nature, tourism is a temporary experience. But how time scarcity makes an impact on tourists' impulse buying is still unclear. By looking into the role played by travel experience and overconfidence, this study explores the mechanism behind the influence of time scarcity on tourist impulse buying of local products through an integrated series of experiments together with a post-trip survey. The results show that the interaction between time scarcity and travel experience affects impulse buying. For tourists with rich travel experience, time scarcity increases their impulse buying, while for tourists with less travel experience, time scarcity decreases it. Overconfidence plays a mediating role in the effect of time scarcity and travel experience on tourists' impulse buying.

Stress and anxiety

Stressful events, either of traumatic quality or of lesser intensity but repetitive, are a frequent antecedent in the development of anxiety disorders. The Stress Reactivity Index modulates the intensity of the "life event effect", and can be considered as a marker of vulnerability to stress. In susceptible subjects, a vicious circle process tends to feed the anxiety-producing mechanisms, long after the original initiating factors have disappeared.

The scars of scarcity in the short run: an empirical investigation across Europe

This paper tests whether a temporary experience of income scarcity in the recent past affects the current perception of financial fragility, and whether this effect varies according to the welfare system of the country of residence. Using EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Condition) longitudinal data in 2010–2013 period, two main results emerge. First, individuals who transited out of a short spell of scarcity tend to record higher financial fragility (as measured by the indicator “ability to make ends meet”) than those who never experienced it, even after controlling for the current level of household income. When a more objective measure of financial fragility is taken (financial burden of total housing costs), the effect is weaker and disappears once current income is accounted for. Second, the scarcity effect on perceived financial fragility differs according to the welfare system, whereby more generous welfare states (i.e. with greater incidence of social expenditure on GDP) appear to reduce the persistence of the effects of past income shocks on current well-being, while the level of targeting is not relevant. These results, which are robust to various robustness checks, support the idea that individual well-being is a multidimensional phenomenon not limited to more objective components such as income or wealth. Our results are in favour of a welfare system which ensures a more generous provision of services and does not focus only on the poorest section of a society.

An exploratory investigation into the longevity of pain reduction following multisensory illusions designed to alter body perception

BackgroundPrevious research suggests that multisensory body illusions that alter the conscious bodily experience can modulate pain in osteoarthritis, which may be a result of modifying cortical misrepresentations of the painful body part. However, the longevity and underlying mechanisms of such illusion-induced analgesia is unknown. ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of body illusions, specifically examining the longevity of pain relief and effects on subjective joint flexibility. We also aimed to test if illusory-induced analgesia was due to limb disownership, which is also thought to be affected by body illusions. MethodMultisensory stretch and shrink illusions were used to manipulate mental representations in hand osteoarthritis. Experiment 1 examined longevity of analgesia by comparing pre-illusion pain ratings with post-illusion ratings taken immediately and over a period of four minutes both with and without vision of the manipulated limb. Experiment 2 compared changes in subjective flexibility between the illusion types. Experiment 3 tested whether an illusion that induced a temporary experience of hand loss would indicate limb disownership as a mechanism for modulating pain during body illusions. ResultsIllusion-induced analgesia was found to outlast the direct application of both shrink and stretch illusions. Illusory stretching provided more clinically significant pain reduction along with increased subjective flexibility. Disownership of the limb had no effect on pain ratings. ConclusionsIllusory stretching of the joints in osteoarthritis may have significant clinical potential in development of future pain treatments. The results are also compatible with theories of cortical involvement of pain in osteoarthritis.

Modernism in Migration – Editorial

Today, a majority of many populations worldwide view migration negatively.[1] In times of increasing xenophobia, with Europe’s walls-up policy and a steadily growing amount of border walls (three times as many as during the Cold War), migration is regarded as a disturbing element in society.[2] Politics mainly focuses on stemming migration flows, often with cruel consequences. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, migration denotes the movement of a person, group, or people from one locality or country to another, often for the purpose of settlement.[3] Such a relocation can be permanent, temporary, or seasonal. More specific terms are used in migration research, such as exile, diaspora, and transmigration.[4] Exile and diaspora refer to the experience of persecution and forced emigration from a home country. Exile, unlike diaspora (e.g., Jewish or African), tends to be considered an individual and temporary experience. However, the distinction between these terms can be provisional; exile can become diaspora over time, if the desired return to the homeland fails to materialize. The term transmigration is applied to migrants who maintain relationships between their country of origin and country of residence. Unlike immigrants, transnational or transregional migrants do not leave their homeland behind; their sense of belonging is not limited to one place.[5] Certainly these distinctions tend to be imprecise, and must be determined with regard to particular cases.

Live reality television: Care structures within the production and reception of talent shows

This article focuses on production and reception practices for live reality television using critical theory and empirical research to question how producers and audiences co-create and limit live experiences. The concept of care structures is used to make visible hidden labour in the creation of mood, in particular audiences as participants in the management of live experiences. In the case of Got to Dance, there was a play off between the value and meaning of the live events as a temporary experience captured by ratings and social media, and the more enduring collective-social experience of this reality series over time.

Factors Associated with High Live Release for Dogs at a Large, Open-Admission, Municipal Shelter.

Simple SummaryBetter understanding of factors contributing to live release (rehoming) may help shelters improve outcomes. In this study, data were analyzed for all dogs (n = 21,409) admitted over a two-year period for the primary purpose of rehoming at a high-volume, open-intake municipal shelter performing animal control (the Pima Animal Care Center in Tucson, Arizona). Results show that >88% of eligible dogs were rehomed through adoption to the public or transfer to a rescue group. Temporary placement into interim foster homes of dogs who were either not immediately eligible or not strong candidates for adoption due to reasons such as age or health, increased the odds of live release after subsequent return to the shelter, especially for adult dogs. Dogs returned to the shelter after unsuccessful adoption had a live-release advantage as well, which suggested that the temporary experience in a home was not detrimental and may have facilitated the likelihood of live release after return, akin to a foster situation. Over a fifth (21.1%) of dogs originally brought to the shelter for owner-requested euthanasia were determined to be potentially savable and ultimately rehomed. It remains to be determined whether other large, open intake shelters performing animal control can replicate these results.Better understanding of factors contributing to live release (rehoming) may help shelters improve outcomes. In this cross-sectional, exploratory, non-interventional study, data for all intakes (n = 21,409) for dogs eligible for rehoming from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016 are analyzed to identify such factors. Live release was >88%. A total of 1510 (7.1%) dogs interacted with the foster care system, 98.9% of whom had live release. Foster care increased the odds of live release by about five-fold for all dogs (odds ratio (OR) 5.30 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.13; 8.97), p < 0.001) and by >20-fold for adult dogs (OR 22.2 (95% CI: 5.48; 90.2), p < 0.001) compared to first-time owner-surrendered dogs. Dogs returned from foster care had a 70% reduction in health concerns, as judged by intake staff, compared with dogs sent to foster. In addition to saving 2882 lives, the rescue network utilized by this shelter was estimated as having reduced in-shelter care needs by 13,409 animal care-days over two years. Dogs returned from adoption also had increased odds of live release (OR 4.74 (95% CI: 3.02; 7.44), p < 0.0001). Nearly a third (29.6%) of dogs originally brought in by owners for euthanasia were determined to be potentially savable, and a fifth of the original group (21.1%) were ultimately placed. Less than 4% of dogs presented with behavioral concerns at intake. It remains to be determined whether other large, open intake shelters performing animal control can replicate these results.

Altered consolidation of extinction-like inhibitory learning in genotype-specific dysfunctional coping fostered by chronic stress in mice

Genetic and stress-related factors interact to foster mental disorders, possibly through dysfunctional learning. In a previous study we reported that a temporary experience of reduced food availability increases forced swim (FS)-induced helplessness tested 14days after a first experience in mice of the standard inbred C57BL/6(B6) strain but reduces it in mice of the genetically unrelated DBA/2J (D2) strain. Because persistence of FS-induced helplessness influences adaptive coping with stress challenge and involve learning processes the present study tested whether the behavioral effects of restricted feeding involved altered consolidation of FS-related learning.First, we demonstrated that restricted feeding does not influence behavior expressed on the first FS experience, supporting a specific effect on persistence rather then development of helplessness. Second, we found that FS-induced c-fos expression in the infralimbic cortex (IL) was selectively enhanced in food-restricted (FR) B6 mice and reduced in FR D2 mice, supporting opposite alterations of consolidation processes involving this brain area. Third, we demonstrated that immediate post-FS inactivation of IL prevents 24h retention of acquired helplessness by continuously free-fed mice of both strains, indicating the requirement of a functioning IL for consolidation of FS-related learning in either mouse strain. Finally, in line with the known role of IL in consolidation of extinction memories, we found that restricted feeding selectively facilitated 24h retention of an acquired extinction in B6 mice whereas impairing it in D2 mice.These findings support the conclusion that an experience of reduced food availability strain-specifically affects persistence of newly acquired passive coping strategies by altering consolidation of extinction-like inhibitory learning.

Childhood and the Child as a Subject of Philosophical and Cultural Reflection

The article discusses the theming of childhood and child figures in the works of philosophers in different historical periods; analysis of the historical volatility of ways to describe his childhood on the basis of reflective experience of the meaning of human existence, having started in the real or symbolic act of birth, shows the importance of building up the meaning of the figure of a child for subjectivation. The possibility of an authentic understanding of childhood is associated with the need to self-determination, that is, looking at the definition of a child or talking about him as someone who had some expectations, a temporary experience, that is enclosed in a space of some eventful horizon which directs the power of vision. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s6p211

Anhedonia in Schizophrenia: the Role of Subjective Experiences in the Emotion Paradox

Introduction An impairment in the ability of experience pleasure has always been associated with schizophrenia. Although literature agrees that the anticipatory facet of pleasure is mainly impaired in Schizophrenia, contrasting results emerged on the discrepancy between pleasure experienced in the moment and the one reported through self-reported questionnaire (i.e. Emotion Paradox). Objectives Comparing Schizophrenic patients (S) and Healthy Controls (HC) on Anhedonia scores, Subjective Experiences and Neurocognitive Deficits. Aim Clarify the role of anhedonia in Schizophrenia and evaluate its relationship with Cognitive deficits and subjective experiences and their emotional reverberations. Methods 53 S and 46 HC completed the Physical Anhedonia Scale, the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale, the Temporary Experience of Pleasure Scale and the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. Subjective Experiences (SE) were evaluated with the Frankfurter Beschwerde-Frageboden (FBF) and psychopathology with the Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale. Deficit in abstraction/representation were assessed with the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Results S were higher in the anticipatory but not the consummatory subscale of the TEPS. FBF mediate the relationship between S and all the Anhedonia Scales. FBF Memory and Overstimulation subscales were the greatest predictors of all the anhedonia scores in the S group. We suppose that these experiences prevent patients from retaining a positive experience from past pleasant activities and, consequently, the lack of anticipatory pleasure would represent an avoidance of potentially stressing new scenarios. Conclusion Considering the primary nature of BS, anhedonia in schizophrenic patients could be seen as a secondary phenomenon.

Duration and Accumulation of Disadvantages in Old Age

The probability of experiencing simultaneous disadvantages in more than one life domain seems to be higher for the oldest old people than younger age groups. However, the experience of coexisting disadvantages among older adults is relatively underexplored. We set out to analyse whether coexisting disadvantages among older people are long-lasting or temporary, and whether there are patterns of an accumulation of disadvantages in old age or not. We used nationally representative, longitudinal data between 1991 and 2011. Respondents were born between 1916 and 1934. The following disadvantages were included: lack of social resources, lack of political resources, lack of financial resources, psychological health problems, physical health problems and mobility limitations. Results suggest differing experiences of disadvantage in old age. We found that reporting coexisting disadvantages in 1991 increased the probability of reporting coexisting disadvantages in 2011, but the correlation was moderate. This indicates that for some people, coexisting disadvantages in old age is relatively stable, while for others it is a temporary experience. Reporting one disadvantage in 1991 also increased the probability of reporting coexisting disadvantages in 2011, suggesting a pattern of accumulation of disadvantages. Again, this pattern may not be generalised to all people. To a large extent the observed accumulation of disadvantages in old age seemed to be driven by physical health deterioration and mobility limitations.

Another Look At Orientalism: (An)Othering in Slumdog Millionaire

This article uses Lauren Berlant's conception of the intimate public, as constructed through commodification and fantasy, to argue that Edward Said's (1979) well-known notion of Orientalism has undergone a transformation in contemporary global representations. This version of Orientalism effectively erases the historical and economic factors of colonialism that created the “other” in favor of a construction of “(an)other,” a global sentimental community of sameness and difference. It explores this move through the analysis of the popular and critically acclaimed Slumdog Millionaire, which paradoxically presents the desolation and reality of the Mumbai slums in India within stories of romance and triumph. Outlining the various intimate publics created through the film, this article contends that this process of “(an)othering” ultimately makes the experience of watching the “other” more comfortable by commodifying the Oriental subject, reconciling the temporary experience of the film's foreignness with audience expectations and perceptive frameworks, and maintaining the Oriental subject as intelligible to Western subjectivity. By absolving the audience from any responsibility for the colonial legacies that created the contemporary realities, colonial legacies are elided by a more universal fantasy of achieving wealth and romance.

Time and poverty revisited: A replication of Leisering and Leibfried

In the late 1990s, the German sociologists Leisering and Leibfried (1999) argued that most poverty is of a temporary nature. In their poverty study in the German city of Bremen, Leisering and Leibfried found that more than half of all social assistance claimants were out of poverty within a year. Based on their work, individualization theorists such as Giddens and Beck argue that ‘for most people poverty is only a temporary experience’. This article replicates Leisering and Leibfried’s study using statistical data about social assistance claiming in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In doing so we find significant numbers of short-term claimants (about 30 percent), as well as surprisingly large numbers of long-term claimants. One in four Rotterdam social assistance claimants is poor for at least 5 years – more than twice as many as Leisering and Leibfried found in their study. We also show that recurrent benefit spells, for Leisering and Leibfried another typical feature of contemporary poverty, is only the exception in Rotterdam. Leisering and Leibfried (and sociologists such as Giddens and Beck in their footsteps) are wrong in claiming that short poverty experiences are typical for poverty in late-modern society. Persistent poverty is still present in our age and in our cities.