Temporary Conversion Research Articles

Converting passenger aircraft into cargo planes under volatile market demand

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected airlines’ passenger businesses, while the air cargo sector has been more resilient. To reduce the financial pressure and tap into the profitable cargo business, airlines around the world are actively converting passenger aircraft into cargo planes (i.e., preighters). This paper develops an integrated economic model to examine airlines’ aircraft conversion strategies when facing dynamic market demand due to the pandemic. We consider the possibility of temporary conversion, i.e., passenger aircraft that have been converted into preighters during the pandemic can be converted back into passenger aircraft after the pandemic. We find that when the air cargo transport price is exogenous, the socially optimal conversion rates are lower than the profit-maximizing level for airlines in both the pandemic and the post-pandemic periods, and a government subsidy reduces social welfare. Competition in the passenger market or the cargo market increases conversion rates under both the airline optimum and social optimum, and widens the gap between them. However, if the airlines can influence the air cargo transport price, conversion rates may be higher under the social optimum than under the airline optimum. Competition in the passenger market and the cargo market has opposite effects on the two optimal conversion rates. When the expected cargo market size is small (large), the conversion rates in the social optimum are lower (higher) than the airline optimums, and a government subsidy worsens (enhances) social welfare. Finally, we extend our model by incorporating more real-world factors, such as the lower efficiency of preighters than that of freighters, the freighter leasing market and airlines’ lay-up of idle passenger aircraft. Most of our analytical results remain valid.

Diacetyl strategy for synthesis of NHAc containing glycans: enhancing glycosylation reactivity via diacetyl imide protection.

The presence of NHAc groups in the substrates (both glycosyl donors and acceptors) significantly reduced the reactivity of glycosylation. This decrease was attributed to the NHAc groups forming intermolecular hydrogen bonds by the NHAc groups, thereby reducing molecular mobility. Hence, a diacetyl strategy involving the temporary conversion of NHAc to diacetyl imide (NAc2) was developed for the synthesis of NHAc-containing glycans. This strategy has two significant advantages for oligosaccharide synthesis. The NAc2 protection of NHAc substantially enhances the rate of glycosylation reactions, resulting in improved yields. Moreover, NAc2 can be readily reverted to NHAc by the simple removal of one acetyl group under mild basic conditions, obviating the necessity for treating the polar amino group. We have achieved the efficient synthesis of oligosaccharides containing GlcNHAc and N-glycans containing sialic acid using the diacetyl strategy.

Genomic Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients and Impact of Infection Control Measures on Reducing CRAB Circulation during the Second Wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Milan, Italy.

COVID-19 has significantly affected hospital infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). This frequently caused dissemination of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), including carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). Here, we report the management of a CRAB outbreak in a large ICU COVID-19 hub Hospital in Italy, together with retrospective genotypic analysis by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Bacterial strains obtained from severe COVID-19 mechanically ventilated patients diagnosed with CRAB infection or colonization between October 2020 and May 2021 were analyzed by WGS to assess antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, along with mobile genetic elements. Phylogenetic analysis in combination with epidemiological data was used to identify putative transmission chains. CRAB infections and colonization were diagnosed in 14/40 (35%) and 26/40 (65%) cases, respectively, with isolation within 48 h from admission in 7 cases (17.5%). All CRAB strains belonged to Pasteur sequence type 2 (ST2) and 5 different Oxford STs and presented blaOXA-23 gene-carrying Tn2006 transposons. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of four transmission chains inside and among ICUs, circulating mainly between November and January 2021. A tailored IPC strategy was composed of a 5-point bundle, including ICU modules' temporary conversion to CRAB-ICUs and dynamic reopening, with limited impact on ICU admission rate. After its implementation, no CRAB transmission chains were detected. Our study underlies the potentiality of integrating classical epidemiological studies with genomic investigation to identify transmission routes during outbreaks, which could represent a valuable tool to ensure IPC strategies and prevent the spread of MDROs. IMPORTANCE Infection prevention and control (IPC) practices are of paramount importance for preventing the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in hospitals, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is seen as a promising tool for IPC, but its employment is currently still limited. COVID-19 pandemics have posed dramatic challenges in IPC practices, causing worldwide several outbreaks of MDROs, including carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). We present the management of a CRAB outbreak in a large ICU COVID-19 hub hospital in Italy using a tailored IPC strategy that allowed us to contain CRAB transmission while preventing ICU closure during a critical pandemic period. The analysis of clinical and epidemiological data coupled with retrospective genotypic analysis by WGS identified different putative transmission chains and confirmed the effectiveness of the IPC strategy implemented. This could be a promising approach for future IPC strategies.

New era of medical education: asynchronous and synchronous online teaching during and after COVID-19.

COVID-19 struck the world suddenly and unexpectedly. Since traditional education requires face-to-face communication, to avoid further spreading of the virus a majority part of that education has moved online. Our study attempts to compare the differences between online medical education with a unique course design and traditional face-to-face education. We conducted a retrospective analysis of a total of 4,098 medical students between 2019 and 2020, including two groups of students who received online education and classroom education for the same subjects, respectively. Freshmen enrolled in September 2018 received traditional classroom physiology and pharmacology education in the spring semester of 2019. Because of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, freshmen who were enrolled in September 2019 received online physiology and pharmacology education in the spring semester of 2020. The final marks of the two groups of students were recorded and compared. Data on students participating in online discussions, learning, homework, and watching instructional videos were also recorded. There was no significant difference in the final academic performance between the two groups [average mark: 55.93 (online education) vs. 56.27 (classroom education), P = 0.488]. Further analysis showed that student participation rates in online discussions, online learning, and online viewing of instructional videos were closely correlated with final grades in online courses (P < 0.01). In conclusion, our results suggest that the pedagogical effects of online education during COVID-19 were promising, and we provide a well-designed medical online course to inspire further improvements in online education.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a massive temporary conversion of offline education to online education worldwide. Previous studies have noted that more students believed they had better learning experience in face-to-face learning. However, with our method of online teaching, we still showed a relatively similar performance result compared with offline education.

Directing Group-Free Regioselective meta-C-H Functionalization of Pyridines.

The pyridine core is among the most common motifs found in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Consequently, the C-H functionalization of pyridine is a prized reaction, as it can help access a broad spectrum of valuable chemicals. However, the intrinsic electronic properties of pyridines hinder their meta-C-H functionalization, requiring drastic conditions affecting functional group compatibility. A synthetic manoeuvre to overcome this challenge involves the temporary conversion of pyridines into electron-rich intermediates and subsequent regioselective electrophilic functionalization. This was recently accomplished by a ring-opening ring-closing sequence via Zincke imine intermediates by McNally and co-workers, and a dearomatization-rearomatization sequence via oxazino-pyridine intermediates by the Studer group. The mildness and simplicity of these protocols enable them to work with complex molecular setups for synthesizing natural products and bioactive molecules.

Directing Group‐Free Regioselective meta‐C−H Functionalization of Pyridines

AbstractThe pyridine core is among the most common motifs found in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Consequently, the C−H functionalization of pyridine is a prized reaction, as it can help access a broad spectrum of valuable chemicals. However, the intrinsic electronic properties of pyridines hinder their meta‐C−H functionalization, requiring drastic conditions affecting functional group compatibility. A synthetic manoeuvre to overcome this challenge involves the temporary conversion of pyridines into electron‐rich intermediates and subsequent regioselective electrophilic functionalization. This was recently accomplished by a ring‐opening ring‐closing sequence via Zincke imine intermediates by McNally and co‐workers, and a dearomatization‐rearomatization sequence via oxazino‐pyridine intermediates by the Studer group. The mildness and simplicity of these protocols enable them to work with complex molecular setups for synthesizing natural products and bioactive molecules.

Comparison between bone height changes around the splinted and non-splinted OT bridge system implants in edentulous mandibles rehabilitated with all-on four full arch prosthesies a randomized clinical trial

Objectives: the aim of this study was to compare the difference in marginal bone loss around the splinted and non-splinted implants supported on OT bridge system in full arch implant mandibular restoration using the All-On -Four concept. Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 12 completely edentulous patients having 48 implants. All patients were treated with a mandibular implant supported fixed restoration. Four implants were placed interforaminally for each patient and restored with immediately loaded restoration following the All-On-Four concept. Comparison was made between the splinted implants and non-splinted implants of immediately loaded temporary conversion prosthesis using OT bridge system regarding the marginal bone loss (MBL) using digital periapical radiograph at base line and after 3 months. Results: The marginal bone loss around both groups splinted and non-splinted implants after 3 months of immediate loading was similar with no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Both techniques are considered as reliable methods for immediate loading of a full arch screw retained implant restoration with no preference of one approach regarding marginal bone loss around implants.

Using Telehealth Technology to Serve Patients Reporting Sexual Assault: An Evaluation of Key TeleSANE Program Features.

Many communities across the country are developing, implementing, or already operating programs that provide patients with access to sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) expertise and care through telehealth technology (e.g., teleSANE or teleSAFE). The speed at which teleSANE programs are proliferating is outpacing the available research and evaluation to inform key decisions on program development and implementation. During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health SANE Program and its National TeleNursing Center decided to rapidly and temporarily convert a set of hospitals from providing in-person SANE care to remote teleSANE care. Several specific changes were made to this program's established teleSANE model for the rapid, temporary conversion. This article reports on findings from an evaluation of the temporary TeleSANE model that provide insight into key decisions that must be made in the development and implementation of teleSANE program features. Communities considering developing or already operating a teleSANE program should be intentional in making program goals, purposes, and values explicit as well as develop their program accordingly.

COLLEGE CONVERSION INTO QUARANTINE CENTRE: PARENTS’ PERCEPTION ON SAFETY AT KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE, MOMBASA

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine perception of parents on safety of their children upon resumption of face-to-face studies at Kenya Medical Training College, Mombasa after its temporary conversion into COVID-19 quarantine centre.&#x0D; Methodology: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional design done at KMTC-Mombasa. 85 (10%) parents were sampled by convenience method from total population of 850. Multi stage sampling was used to select 85 participants. Data was collected through structured phone administered interview. Response rate was 85.8% (73). Descriptive analyses were carried out using SPSS 26. Presentation of the results was done by use of graphs, pie charts and tables.&#x0D; Findings: 65.8% (48) of parents were aware of KMTC Mombasa having being converted into COVID-19 quarantine centre. Most parents 91.8% (67) felt safe for their children to go back to college. Availability of clear information about safety measures was cited by 69% (46) of the parents as the reason they felt the students would be safe. Only 6 parents (8.2%) felt unsafe for their children. They explained that COVID-19 spreads quickly in congested places like schools and that the college was ‘highly infectious’ as a quarantine centre. There was a significant relationship between parents perception of safety of the college and their proposition of dates of reopening the college (p=0.01). Parents generally considered the college facilities conducive for use (Mean=61.33%).&#x0D; Unique contribution to theory, practice and Policy: The views of parents as key stakeholders when learning institutions are converted into quarantine centers during a pandemic have not been explored in literature. Parents who perceived the college as safe would allow their children to go back to college and resume face-to-face learning as soon as possible. However, parents who perceived the college as unsafe would stop their children from going back to college. For smooth learning, it is important for college management to ensure that necessary safety measures are put in place and communicated to parents before reopening of college.

Evaluation of Acoustic Similarities in Two Italian Churches Honored to S. Dominic

This paper compares two acoustical projects, applied to the S. Dominic church of Foligno and Imola, which are subject to a permanent and temporary conversion respectively, to places dedicated for listening to live music. Sets of measurements have been undertaken before the acoustical treatments in order to calibrate the digital model; in Foligno, the measurements have also been performed after the installation of the acoustical features, to check if the aims have been achieved. Between the proposed acoustical projects, only one has been realized in Foligno, with the artistic activity still running inside the auditorium. The challenge to adjust the acoustics of reverberant rooms like churches to host musical venues has been achieved with a good quality of sound perception. In particular, in S. Dominic church of Foligno, the goal has been hit after many digital simulations that calibrated the redirection of the sound towards the sitting areas.

Detection of the DNA primary structure modifications induced by the base analog 6-n-hydroxylaminopurine in the alpha-test in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae

Background. The alpha-test allows to detect inherited genetic changes of different types, as well as phenotypic expression of primary DNA lesions before the lesions are fixed by repair. Here we investigate ability of the alpha-test to detect base modifications induced by 6-N-hydroxylaminopurine (HAP) and determine frequency of inherited and non-inherited genetic changes in yeast strains treated with HAP.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The alpha-test is based on mating type regulation and detects cell type switch from to a in heterothallic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The frequency of mating type switching reflects level of both spontaneous and induced by a mutagen DNA instability. The alpha-test may be performed in two variants: illegitimate hybridization and cytoduction. Conducting both complementary tests and analysis of phenotypes of the illegitimate hybrids and cytoductants allows to detect the full spectrum of genetic events that lead to mating type switching, such as chromosome III loss and chromosome III arm loss, mutations and temporary lesions, recombination and conversion.&#x0D; Results. HAP increases the frequency of illegitimate hybridization by 5-fold, and illegitimate cytoduction by 10-fold. A large proportion of the primary lesions induced by HAP causes temporary mating type switch and the remainder parts are converted into inherited point mutations.&#x0D; Conclusion. The alpha-test can detect HAP-induced base modifications and may be used to investigate the ratio between correct and error-prone processing of such primary DNA lesions. Like other genetic toxicology tests the alpha-test has limitations, which are discussed.

Development of a COVID‐19 alternate care site from ground zero: A nursing perspective

The novel coronavirus disease SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19) outbreak rapidly generated an unprecedented global, national, and state public health crisis with the need to rapidly develop alternate care sites (ACS) to care for COVID‐19 patients within an overburdened health care system. A hospital care model ACS to increase the health care capacity, provide care for mild to moderately symptomatic patients, and offer local self‐sustainment for a surge of patients was developed in Memphis, Tennessee located in Shelby County. We completed a temporary conversion of a large unused newspaper publication building to a health care facility for COVID‐19 patients. Developing an ACS from ground zero was met with many challenges, and throughout the process important lessons were learned. With the goal to complete the building conversion within a 28‐day timeframe, collaboration among the numerous governmental, health care, and private agencies was critical and nursing leadership was key to this process. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a COVID‐19 ACS in Memphis, TN, which has a large at‐risk population with limited access to health care. Specifically, we will discuss the strong leadership role of nursing faculty, key challenges, and lessons learned, as well as provide checklists and models for others in similar circumstances.

Epidemiological pattern, incidence, and outcomes of COVID-19 in liver transplant patients

Background & AimsThe incidence and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in immunocompromised patients are a matter of debate.MethodsWe performed a prospective nationwide study including a consecutive cohort of liver transplant patients with COVID-19 recruited during the Spanish outbreak from 28 February to 7 April, 2020. The primary outcome was severe COVID-19, defined as the need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care, and/or death. Age- and gender-standardised incidence and mortality ratios (SIR and SMR) were calculated using data from the Ministry of Health and the Spanish liver transplant registry. Independent predictors of severe COVID-19 among hospitalised patients were analysed using multivariate Cox regression.ResultsA total of 111 liver transplant patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 (SIR = 191.2 [95% CI 190.3–192.2]). The epidemiological curve and geographic distribution overlapped widely between the liver transplant and general populations. After a median follow-up of 23 days, 96 patients (86.5%) were admitted to hospital and 22 patients (19.8%) required respiratory support. A total of 12 patients were admitted to the ICU (10.8%). The mortality rate was 18%, which was lower than in the matched general population (SMR = 95.5 [95% CI 94.2–96.8]). Overall, 35 patients (31.5%) met criteria of severe COVID-19. Baseline immunosuppression containing mycophenolate was an independent predictor of severe COVID-19 (relative risk = 3.94; 95% CI 1.59–9.74; p = 0.003), particularly at doses higher than 1,000 mg/day (p = 0.003). This deleterious effect was not observed with calcineurin inhibitors or everolimus and complete immunosuppression withdrawal showed no benefit.ConclusionsBeing chronically immunosuppressed, liver transplant patients have an increased risk of acquiring COVID-19 but their mortality rates are lower than the matched general population. Upon hospital admission, mycophenolate dose reduction or withdrawal could help in preventing severe COVID-19. However, complete immunosuppression withdrawal should be discouraged.Lay summaryIn liver transplant patients, chronic immunosuppression increases the risk of acquiring COVID-19 but it could reduce disease severity. Complete immunosuppression withdrawal may not be justified. However, mycophenolate withdrawal or temporary conversion to calcineurin inhibitors or everolimus until disease resolution could be beneficial in hospitalised patients.

Pop-up Mosques, Social Media Adhan, and the Making of Female and LGBTQ-Inclusive Imams

Abstract The last few decades have seen the appearance of a number of mosques that do not constitute buildings; they are mosques without bricks. This article therefore defines a new concept, the pop-up mosque, as an analytical term for the temporary conversion of an other-purposed space into a mosque, which is used for Islamic rituals such as Friday prayer and marriages. The pop-up mosque can produce religious leaders such as female imams and it thereby becomes the stage on which nonconformist discourses such as Islamic feminism are embodied and enacted. The article also investigates the relation between social media and the pop-up mosque and defines the concept of ‘social media adhan’ as a prayer call that goes out through various channels on the internet. The article is based on field work and interviews conducted primarily in Denmark, Germany and Switzerland.

Synthetic Applications Based on Dehydrogenative Alcohol Activation Catalyzed by Mn-, Fe and Co-Complexes

Background and Objectives: An environmentally benign method for the activation of an alcohol is based on its temporary conversion to a more reactive carbonyl compound by transition metal-catalyzed dehydrogenation. The use of homogeneous complexes in which noble metals were recently replaced by cheap, less toxic, earth-abundant metals (Mn, Fe, Co) enabled sustainable dehydrogenative coupling reactions of alcohols and X-nucleophiles (X: C, N, O). Greener synthesis of valuable chemicals (imines, amides, esters) occurred under acceptorless conditions, while direct alkylation of amines, alcohols and carbonyl compounds was achieved through borrowing hydrogen processes. Successful applications in the preparation of pharmaceutically interesting molecules (i.e. Piribedil) are discussed. The synthetic utility was further explored in the heterocycle synthesis. Aromatic (quinolines, pyrimidines, pyrroles) and non-aromatic heterocycles (lactones, lactams, cyclic amines and imides) were built up through single or multiple C-X bond formation. Keywords: Alcohol activation, oxidation, earth-abundant metal-complexes, acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling, borrowing hydrogen methodology, nucleophiles.

A site isolation-enabled organocatalytic approach to enantiopure γ-amino alcohol drugs

Solid support-enabled site isolation has previously allowed to use paraldehyde as an acetaldehyde surrogate in aldol reactions. However, only electron-poor aldehydes were tolerated by the system. Herein, we show that the temporary conversion of benzaldehyde into η6-benzaldehyde Cr(CO)3 circumvents this limitation. Asymmetric synthesis of (R)-Phenoperidine, as well as formal syntheses of (R)-Fluoxetine and (R)-Atomoxetine, illustrate the benefits of this strategy.

정규직의 시간제전환 제도에 관한 연구 : 법적 규정과 경제적 지원을 중심으로

이 글은 ‘정규직의 시간제전환’ 제도에 주목하고 한국의 공공 민간부문에서의 ‘법적 규정’과 ‘경제적 지원 현황’을 통하여 제도특성을 분석하고 있다. 최근 몇 년간 육아기, 가족 돌봄을 위한 근로시간 단축에서 나아가 임신, 학업, 건강, 퇴직준비 등의 사유에 의한 근로시간 단축이 제도화되었다. 임신기 및 육아기 근로시간 단축은 비교적 근로자의 권리로 인정되는 반면 그 밖의 근로시간 단축 규정은 아직 선언적 규정에 그치고 있다. 공공부문에서도 공무원의 사정에 따른 시간제전환의 권리를 부여하고 불리한 처우를 금하는 등 제도보완을 하였다. BR 정부는 임신 및 육아기 근로시간 단축, 장년기 근로시간 단축, 그리고 기타 사유에 의한 전환형시간선택제 등 4개 범주로 분류하여, 근로자와 고용주에게 최소 2주이상 최대 1년 안에서 경제적 지원을 한다. 육아기 근로시간단축을 제외한 기타 범주에 대해서는 2015년부터 지원을 시작했고 2016년에는 지원수준을 대폭 인상하여 전일제와 시간제전환 근로자 간 임금격차를 줄이는데 주력하였다. 근로자는 ‘단축시간’에 따라, 고용주는 ‘기업규모’에 따라 차등 지원하는 방식을 따르지만 기업규모 및 4개 범주 간 지원수준 차이가 크지 않다. 시간제전환 제도가 활성화되기 위해서는 생애주기에 따른 노동시간 선택권리가 공식적, 구체적으로 제시되어야 하고 나아가 제도이용을 가로막는 요인들에 대한 면밀한 분석을 통해 제도보완이 필요하다.

Management intensity and temporary conversion to other land‐use types affect plant diversity and species composition of subtropical grasslands in southern Brazil

AbstractQuestionsWe investigated the effects of grassland management intensity and temporary conversion to other land uses on abiotic and biotic properties of subtropical grasslands. We used species‐rich permanent grasslands of medium management intensity (PG‐M) as a reference, and asked the following questions: (1) do permanent grasslands with low and high management intensities (PG‐L and PG‐H, respectively) have different plant diversity and species composition than reference grasslands; and (2) do secondary grasslands recovering from conversion to arable fields (SG‐A) or pine plantations (SG‐P) differ from permanent grasslands in their plant species composition and abiotic conditions?LocationHighland grasslands, Campos de Cima da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.MethodsWe analysed variation in plant species composition and diversity among 80 grassland sites, including three types of permanent grassland and two types of secondary grassland. An indicator species analysis was used to identify characteristic species for the different land‐use types. We used a linear discriminant analysis to investigate differences in soil conditions among land‐use types.ResultsBoth PG‐L and PG‐H differed from PG‐M regarding plant species composition. Although PG‐L shared many typical grassland species with PG‐M, their communities were generally less diverse. PG‐H, on the other hand, not only had fewer species but also deviated from PG‐M in species composition. Secondary grasslands on former arable fields and plantations differed from PG‐M in species composition and showed lower diversity. Soil conditions of SG‐P were similar to those of PG‐L and PG‐M, but they were distinct from those of PG‐H and SG‐A.ConclusionsAll land‐use types showed deviations from reference grasslands (PG‐M). The decrease in the number of species in PG‐L may be reversed if traditional management intensity is re‐introduced, whereas strong compositional changes in SG‐P may require the re‐introduction of grassland species. This is also true for PG‐H and SG‐A: both showed marked deviations from reference grasslands in biotic and abiotic components. Overall, restoration of altered land‐use types to near‐natural subtropical grassland seems feasible, but suitable techniques have to be developed.

A steric tethering approach enables palladium-catalysed C-H activation of primary amino alcohols.

Aliphatic primary amines are a class of chemical feedstock essential to the synthesis of higher-order nitrogen-containing molecules, commonly found in biologically active compounds and pharmaceutical agents. New methods for the construction of complex amines remain a continuous challenge to synthetic chemists. Here, we outline a general palladium-catalysed strategy for the functionalization of aliphatic C-H bonds within amino alcohols, an important class of small molecule. Central to this strategy is the temporary conversion of catalytically incompatible primary amino alcohols into hindered secondary amines that are capable of undergoing a sterically promoted palladium-catalysed C-H activation. Furthermore, a hydrogen bond between amine and catalyst intensifies interactions around the palladium and orients the aliphatic amine substituents in an ideal geometry for C-H activation. This catalytic method directly transforms simple, easily accessible amines into highly substituted, functionally concentrated and structurally diverse products, and can streamline the synthesis of biologically important amine-containing molecules.

An Effective Method for Trapping Both Parents and Chicks of Whiskered Terns (Chlidonias hybrida) and Its Impact on Breeding Success

Abstract. A method for trapping both parents of Whiskered Terns (Chlidonias hybrida), a semi-precocial species, using enclosures that allow access to the chicks until they fledge is described. The approach combines the gradual installation of enclosures with their subsequent, temporary conversion into traps used to capture adult birds. The success rate for trapping both mates on the target nests (n = 83) was 77%. Nest desertions after the erection of the enclosure and after trapping were 1% and 3%, respectively. A high effectiveness of trapping both parents and a low percentage of losses can be achieved with the gradual installation of the enclosure and the birds' habituation to it. This trapping technique is safe and efficient, enabling researchers to collect samples from all family members with ease.