Temporary Camp Research Articles

Note on the use of the public nuisance doctrine in 21st century South African law

Since the reception of the common law remedy of public nuisance into South African law during the late 19th century, it has been applied in what can be categorised as three series of cases: the first series dating from the late 19th century to 1943 (Queenstown Municipality v Wiehan 1943 (EDL) 134); the second series consisting of only one case in 1975 (Von Moltke v Costa Aroesa (Pty) Ltd 1975 (1) SA 255 (C) (the Von Moltke case)); and a third series between 1989 and 2001 (in East London Western Districts Farmers' Association v Minister of Education and Development Aid 1989 (2) SA 63 (A) (East London case) the application for an interdict to abate a public nuisance as a result of an informal settlement was granted; Diepsloot Residents and Landowners Association and Another v Administrator Transvaal 1993 (1) SA 577 (T); Diepsloot Residents and Landowners Association and Another v Administrator Transvaal 1993 (3) SA 49 (T); Diepsloot Residents and Landowners Association and Another v Administrator Transvaal 1994 (3) SA 336 (A)). In the Diepsloot trilogy, an application for an interdict preventing the establishment of the formal settlement was denied after the court considered policy considerations; in Rademeyer and Others v Western Districts Councils and Others 1998 (3) SA 1011 (SE), the application for an interdict to prevent the establishment of an informal settlement was denied because the of the informal settlement were protected as occupiers under the Extension of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997. In Three Rivers Ratepayers Association and Others v Northern Metropolitan 2000 (4) SA 377 (W) (Three Rivers case), an application for an interdict was granted after the local authority could not prove that it had taken reasonable steps to prevent a possible public nuisance caused by an informal settlement being established in the vicinity of the properties owned by the members of the Three Rivers Ratepayers Association. In Minister of Public Works and Others v Kyalami Ridge Environmental Association and Another (Mukhwevho intervening) 2001 (3) SA 1151 (CC), the court denied an application for an interdict to prevent a temporary transit camp from being established in the vicinity of farms and residential areas. Amongst the arguments presented by the applicants, was that of a public nuisance being constituted, but no evidence could be given to support that argument and it failed in the Constitutional Court.

전시 이동형 군사시설 구축을 위한 BIM의 교육효과 분석

The re-locatable military facilities are significant in combat zones with limited infrastructures. Military tents are particularly one of the most essential components in the battlefields, During the offensive operation. This study assesses educational effectiveness of the 4D Building Information Modeling (BIM), which is used to deliver educational information with considering re-locatable military facility construction. Furthermore, the real time for constructing temporary concentration camp was measured, By using analysis of variance associated with the educational effects of the 4D BIM. Statistically, understandability of facility construction using 4D BIM was found to be higher than the conventional educational materials with field manual.

Humanitarian Assistance and Propaganda War: Repatriation and Relief of the Nationalist Refugees in Hong Kong’s Rennie’s Mill Camp, 1950-1955 人道救援與宣傳戰爭: 香港調景嶺國民黨難民之 接運與救濟, 1950-1955 年

In 1949, the world witnessed a tidal wave of involuntary migration out of China when the Chinese Communists came to power. Among this vast sea of human misery were tens of thousands of exiled Nationalist supporters in Hong Kong — common soldiers, low-ranking civil servants, and their families. In June 1950, a minor clash occurred between the Nationalist refugees and the pro-ccpelements in the colony. To prevent further political upheaval, the British authorities transported the former to a remote location called “Rennie’s Mill” or Tiu Keng Leng and built a temporary internment camp to house them. The initial plan was to gather the Nationalist supporters in the colony and shipped them to Taiwan as soon as possible. Yet Chiang Kai-shek’s government was reluctant to receive these people for both economic and security reasons. As the repatriation process dragged on, the Nationalists used the refugee camp as an international showcase in their propaganda war against the People’s Republic of China (prc) much to the chagrin of the British. Consequently, a considerable number of the Nationalist refugees were stranded in Hong Kong. They became victims of their own government under the pretense of humanitarian assistance. This paper examines the early history of Rennie’s Mill community with an emphasis on the interplay between humanitarian relief, propaganda war, and international politics. It sheds light on the actual lived experiences of Rennie’s Mill refugees against the conflicting ideological constructions and humanitarian discourse surrounding them.

RoSunLand: A Sustainable Self-Construction Village for Emigrant African Workers in Italy

The paper regards a research, aimed to purpose an architectonic project to realize a self-construction village in a farming town, Rosarno, located in Calabria, that is the southernmost Italian region. The project is purposed in alternative to a temporary camp, realized by the army, after a the revolt of many African emigrants, who live in this area and work in the oranges plantations with scarce protection of their rights and forced to live inside old abandoned industrial buildings. The protest, determined by inhuman life and working conditions of these young Africans, however, did not find an appropriate solution by governative institutions, which have built a refugee camp in order to receive, but also to control them, relegating them away from the city. Our project proposal, RoSunLand, wants to be an alternative solution, capable to be expression of a culture, which accepts diversity as a humanizing wealth and to remind that work is one of most relevant social means to achieve dignity.

Prevalence and Determinants of Depression Among Survivors 8 Months After the Wenchuan Earthquake

The current study assessed the estimated rate of depression and associated risk factors among survivors 8 months after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. A stratified random sample of 1514 participants was recruited from all temporary camp communities in a county town 45 km away from the epicenter. The estimated rate of depression was 35.7%. The severity of depressive symptoms was significantly associated with female sex, perceived livelihood security, loss of a family member, residential house damage or collapse, and not living in an urban area, whereas married status is a protector against depressive symptoms. The results suggest that community-based effective, sustainable, and culturally sensitive interventions and services are warranted and should be directed to the groups at high risk for mental health problems.

As Rugged as the Terrain: CCC “Boys,” Federal Convicts, and World War II Alien Internees Wrestle with a Mountain Wilderness by Priscilla Wegars Dick Hendricks

 Reviews held communally or in whatever fashion they so desired.Bland and his group also demanded that acculturation proceed at “a pace dictated by Indian peoples” (p. 121). Bland’s commitment to indigenous autonomy placed him at odds with HerbertWelsh (William’s uncle),the leader of the Indian Rights Association; Senator Henry L. Dawes, the author of allotment legislation in Congress; and, most bitterly, Valentine T. McGillycuddy, the federal agent to the Oglala Lakota. Bland’s resistance to allotment and coercive acculturation,unfortunately for American Indians, was just as futile in the 1880s as Parker’s opposition had been in the early 1870s. Had U.S. policy makers followed Parker’s and Bland’s recommendations, the federal government might have avoided some of the tragedies it inflicted on indigenous individuals and communities. While scholars have tended to imply that a broad consensus for allotment and acculturation existed in the latenineteenth -century United States, GenetinPilawa demonstrates that a more benign and humane path was available forAmerican policy makers. He laments that the two articulate advocates for the alternative track were unable to forestall those bent on expropriation and coerced assimilation. Allotment was the last major step in the decimation of the indigenous land base in the Pacific Northwest, and advocates for acculturation doomed many Natives in the region to the horrors of boarding schools. Students interested in the histories of Native nations and confederated tribes in Oregon and the Northwest will appreciate Genetin-Pilawa’s careful description of the political rivalries that raged before the federal government chose to pursue those devastating policies. It is worth noting that the author also includes brief discussions of the part that the Modoc War and Native rights advocate John Beeson played in this tragedy. Tim Alan Garrison Portland State University AS RUGGED AS THE TERRAIN: CCC “BOYS,” FEDERAL CONVICTS, AND WORLD WAR II ALIEN INTERNEES WRESTLE WITH A MOUNTAIN WILDERNESS by Priscilla Wegars foreword by Dick Hendricks Caxton Press, Caldwell, Idaho, in association with the Asian American Comparative Collection, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 2013. Illustrations, photographs, maps, tables, notes, index. 394 pages. $21.95 paper. In a foreword to As Rugged as the Terrain, Dick Hendricks of the Federal Bureau of Prisons introduces readers to the isolated Lochsa River region,where he and his family lived from 1935 to 1937. Located in the Bitterroot Mountain range that separates north central Idaho from southeastern Montana, a site that first housed Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) “boys” and then various prisoners, became a selfcontained community, its residents laboring slowly and intermittently on the Lewis-Clark Highway across Lolo Pass. In the first chapter, Priscilla Wegars focuses on the temporary CCC Camp F-38 on the Lochsa River,followed by three chapters about the federal Lochsa Prison Camp in the same locale from 1935 to 1943. Those chapters set the context for road building, document facilities construction, and highlight the work itself,providing insight into the social setting of a prison camp that incarcerated people from various racial,ethnic, regional, and social backgrounds. The book’s appendices relate exclusively to this segment of the book, including two escapees’ interviews, a list of employees, and a list of prisoners that largely documents racial and ethnic background .Those chapters could have easily stood alone,making a fine monograph focusing on a broader history of federal and regional prisons in the region during the Great Depression. The next segment focuses on the Kooskia Internment Camp located at the site from 1943 to 1945. These four chapters distinguish American War Relocation (concentration)  OHQ vol. 115, no. 4 camps such as Minidoka from alien resident and non-resident internment at places, such as Kooskia and Fort Missoula, where the United States also held Germans and Italians. Wegars thus broadens the World War II story humanely and usefully.In the final chapter,the author explores the aftermath of prison camp experiences, documents institutional shifts in management, and brings readers up-to-date on historical investigations. Wegars’s stated goal is for As Rugged as the Terrain to serve as a “prequel” by incorporating material that did not fit in her 2010 book Imprisoned in Paradise, about Japanese alien internment at the site. Although...

Pastoral Practices to Reverse Shrub Encroachment of Sub-Alpine Grasslands: Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) Respond More Quickly Than Vegetation

In recent decades, pastoral abandonment has produced profound ecological changes in the Alps. In particular, the reduction in grazing has led to extensive shrub encroachment of semi-natural grasslands, which may represent a threat to open habitat biodiversity. To reverse shrub encroachment, we assessed short-term effects of two different pastoral practices on vegetation and dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). Strategic placement of mineral mix supplements (MMS) and arrangement of temporary night camp areas (TNCA) for cattle were carried out during summer 2011 in the Val Troncea Natural Park, north-western Italian Alps. In 2012, one year after treatment, a reduction in shrub cover and an increase in bare ground cover around MMS sites was detected. A more intense effect was detected within TNCA through increases in forage pastoral value, and in the cover and height of the herbaceous layer. Immediately after treatment, changes in dung beetle diversity (total abundance, species richness, Shannon diversity, taxonomic and functional diversity) showed a limited disturbance effect caused by high cattle density. In contrast, dung beetle diversity significantly increased one year later both at MMS and TNCA sites, with a stronger effect within TNCA. Multivariate Regression Trees and associated Indicator Value analyses showed that some ecologically relevant dung beetle species preferred areas deprived of shrub vegetation. Our main conclusions are: i) TNCA are more effective than MMS in terms of changes to vegetation and dung beetles, ii) dung beetles respond more quickly than vegetation to pastoral practices, and iii) the main driver of the rapid response by dung beetles is the removal of shrubs. The resulting increase in dung beetle abundance and diversity, which are largely responsible for grassland ecosystem functioning, may have a positive effect on meso-eutrophic grassland restoration. Shrub encroachment in the Alps may therefore be reversed, and restoration of grassland enhanced, by using appropriate pastoral practices.

Project management in a disaster A Sri Lankan study

The discipline of project management has surfaced ever so significant in Sri Lankan context, particularlywith the recent devastation caused by the tsunami in December 2004. Subsequently, disastermanagement agencies including the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL), local and international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), private sector agencies, and voluntary parties were seen as themajor actors in different stages of the disaster management cycle through 'post-tsunami projects'.Thus, there is a visible linkage between the stages of the cycle and the discipline of project management,Following the catastrophe, disaster recovery, relief, mitigation and re-construction projects wereundertaken by the aforesaid agencies with the view of minim izing the adverse impacts infl icted uponthe affected in the country. In line, this study discusses the spectra that project management in acalamity differs from those under general circumstances.The research site was a temporary camp (Rejjipura camp of displaced families) established atHikkaduwa divisional secretariat in Galle district All the project components implemented by thedisaster management agencies were empirically studied from the project management perspective.The adopted methodology was entirely qualitative, and interviews with the members of the projectteams, observations, and field participation were used as primary sources of data. Accordingly, thestudy revealed that projects undertaken to improve quality of life of the affected in the camp weretripartite; projects on livelihood development, temporary shelter and camp management. Similarly, itwas found that project management in a disaster differs, especially in terms of skills required byproject managers and Project Management Life Cycle (PMLC), from those required under ordinaryproject management situations. Though, under general circumstances PMLC is lengthier inclusive ofthe stages of identification; feasibil ity study; planning; implementation; delivery and post-evaluation, inthe Sri Lanka calamity, it was shorter and immediate. Equally, PMLC comprised situation analysis(instead of deep identification surveys), visualization (instead of visioning) and implementation.Finally. the study proposes that in any disaster, project managers should possess skills on networking;coordination; visualization; effective communication; donor negotiation and conflict resolution in orderto effectively manage the situation with a clear understanding of the distinction between projectmanagement under normalcy and calamity.

The fly‐in, fly out debate: what happens to the communities?

The House of Representative Standing Committee Enquiry’s report Cancer of the Bush or Salvation of the Cities suggests one of the primary concerns about the use of FIFO operations is their impact on established communities and the perceived rejection of towns and their way of life in favour of high wages and temporary camp living environments. WA has a well established resource industry with several major thriving rural centres that have grown from this industry. These long-term resource communities have a vested interest in the growth of the resource sector; however, to be sustainable they want to encourage workers and their families to live and engage in the local community.

A new discovery of microlithic information at the entrance to the Northern Qingzang Plateau of the Kunlun Mountains of Qinghai

In 2009, a new microlithic site in the Yeniugou Valley, in the vicinity of the entrance to the northern Qingzang Plateau in the Kunlun Mountains of Qinghai Province, was discovered by archaeologists. The site is as high as 3800 m a.s.l, and has many stone artifacts and two well preserved hearths. Three AMS14C dates, determined from ember taken from the hearths, show that the site was formed as early as 7500 a BP. This is not only the certain date for this site but also a reliable reference for the microlithic sites without strata or confirmed dates throughout the Qingzang Plateau. Both the expediency of the assembly of stone artifacts and provisionality of the hearths indicate that the site was used as a temporary camp by early foragers in the megathermal of the Holocene epoch.

A possible attack direction used by the Roman army during the Dacian Wars

The Dacian Wars present at this moment numerous unknown aspects, among these are the military operations of the Roman Army on the Lower and Middle basin of the Mureș Valley. The scholarly opinions on this matter are numerous, in regard to the advance directions, the troop composition, and the period in which the actions occurred -the first or the second war. The author brings into discussion another possible advance route towards the Mureș Valley, across the Lipovei Hills, on a via terrena road type, built and used during the Dacian -Roman Wars. The hypothesis is supported by the discovery of another possible roman road in 1977, which crosses in its turn the Lipovei Hills about 50 km to the east, at Bulci. Related to these events during the wars, the author presents a number of new fortifications at Bârzava, Neudorf and Secusigiu. The one from Secusigiu, judging by its size and analogies, might represent a temporary roman camp and could represent the first tangible proof of a Roman advance on the Mureș Valley during the Dacian Wars.

Wild Tungus and the Spirits of Places

The essay by Piers Vitebsky is based on the author's field research on the Tungus family of peoples in Siberia's north and, in particular, on the Eveny. The author introduces the geographic, social, ethnic, and cultural parameters of the life of the Eveny and attempts to decipher the specifically nomadic features of their life. Vitebsky ties the origin of Eveny nomadism to the reindeer-based economy. The cycle of migration and the ecologically determined routes of migration of domesticated reindeer shape the life of the Eveny. The nomadic way of life is best reflected in the desire of the Eveny to move immediately after a temporary camp is established on the route of their migration. This urge to move is reflected in religious beliefs, which reference a number of spirits by location, while the pluralism of this animistic belief is linked to the desire to change places. The author then focuses on the perception of wildness of the Tungus, which was formed as a result of Russian imperial expansion in Siberia and the encounter of the normative Russian discourse of the sedentary population with the realities of nomadic life of the Tungus peoples. He traces the influence of the discourse of wildness on Soviet transformative policies of forced modernization and sedentarization in the north. In the final part of the essay, the author explores the reproduction of the nomadic way of life in the new circumstances of the Eveny in Soviet and post-Soviet life. Even though the policy of sedentarization was largely successful, the nomadic predispostion is reflected in Eveny mobility between the village and the city. Эссе Пирса Витебского "Дикие тунгусы и духи места" основано на полевом исследовании тунгусской семьи народов, проживающих на русском Крайнем Севере, и в частности на исследовании жизни эвенков. Автор пытается идентифицировать черты социального и культурного уклада эвенков, наиболее ярко отражающие их кочевой способ жизни, зарождение которого автор связывает с оленеводческой основой экономики данного народа. Экологически обусловленная миграция одомаш ненных оленей определила кочевой образ жизни эвенков, который слож ным образом отразился в их религиозных верованиях. Эти верования содержат анимистические представления о связи духов с определенной местностью. Плюрализм анимизма эвенков, таким образом, отражает стремление к смене места и духа-покровителя. В статье также рассма тривается восприятие тунгусов через троп дикости со времен русской экспансии в Сибири. Автор прослеживает, как имперский дискурс дикости повлиял на советскую политику ускоренной модернизации и перехода эвенков к оседлости. В заключительной части эссе Витебский анализирует способы воспроизводства кочевого образа жизни в новых для эвенков условиях советской и постсоветской реальности. Хотя пере ход к оседлому образу жизни был успешно завершен в советский период, элементы номадизма продолжают характеризовать жизнь эвенков в той ее части, которая касается оси миграции от деревни к городу.

Preliminary Examination of Archaeological Remains from Fort Johnson and Cantonment Davis

In September 1814, Brevet Major Zachary Taylor established Fort Johnson on the eastern bluffs of the Mississippi to assert American control over the mouth of the Des Moines River and points northward. Completed in a matter of weeks, the fort and its works were razed in late October of the same year when the troops ran out of provisions and retreated downriver to the St. Louis area. The following October, a temporary winter camp called Cantonment Davis was established near the fort ruins as a staging ground for building Fort Edwards, a subsequent military trading post. This article presents highlights from the archaeological search for the fort/cantonment location and recent excavations undertaken at the site, with a special focus on the armaments-related assemblage.

Mobility, Economic Strategies, and Social Networks: Investigating Movement in the Mewar Plain of Rajasthan

Mobility is an important part of life for those who practice a variety of economic strategies including foraging, pastoralism, craft production, service provision, and performance. Studies of mobility can contribute to broader understandings of social networks, community formation, and social identity in South Asia during the first few millennia b.c ., a time of early social complexity. Previous ethnographic and archaeological research in the region shows a range of ways that mobile people form relationships with those who are more settled. In contrast to research that studies mobile people through the lens of sedentism, this study examines mobility directly, by focusing on the direction, range, and patterns of movement of the people who inhabited the site of Bagor (c. 5500 b.c. – a.d . 200) in Rajasthan, India. For much of its occupation, Bagor was used as a temporary camp by people with a high degree of mobility and a broad range of subsistence strategies. Although the links between Bagor and nearby permanent settlements have been clearly demonstrated, the direction, extent, and range of their movements during different time periods was previously unknown. This study examines the lithic raw materials from the 2001 re-excavations conducted by Deccan College (Pune) and pairs those results with a new survey of stone material sources in the region. Visual raw material analysis of the Bagor lithics indicate that local materials outnumber non-local materials and that approximately one-third of the Bagor chert artifacts may have come from regions to the south and southeast. In later time periods the use of non-local materials declines, which may reflect corresponding shifts in mobility. A comparison of the raw material distribution with the artifacts from Gilund, a contemporary sedentary settlement, shows a difference between their uses of raw material. Gilund utilized more local materials, and fewer non-local materials than Bagor.

Does concern about halitosis influence individual′s oral hygiene practices?

Objective:The objective of this study was to assess whether the concern about halitosis influence oral health attitude and practices among young literate adults in Nigeria.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional survey of 400 randomly selected temporary camp resident adults in Anambra state, South Eastern Nigeria was conducted using a modified version of the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory questionnaire.Results:Out of the 400 questionnaires distributed, only 294 were filled and returned giving an overall response rate of 73.5%. Half (50.0%) of the participants in this study expressed concern about halitosis. The participants that expressed concern about halitosis were mostly in the 25- to 27-year-old age group, females, known smoker, regular dental floss, and mouth wash users, had incorrect tooth brushing knowledge, brushed teeth more frequently and more forcefully, had no previous dental treatment, prefer symptomatic dental visit, experienced gingival bleeding, expressed worry about the color of their gingiva and teeth but were satisfied with the dental appearance.Conclusion:Data from this study showed that concerns about halitosis-triggered behavioral reaction in oral self-care practices namely tooth brushing frequency, tooth brushing force, mouth wash, and dental floss use. Also revealed were poorer oral health and lower preventive dental visit practices among participants concerned about halitosis. There is need for improved public knowledge and awareness about halitosis by the dentist in Nigeria.

Excavation at Tollpark Roman Temporary Camp, North Lanarkshire

CFA Archaeology Ltd carried out an archaeological investigation at Tollpark Roman Temporary Camp ditch, close to the Antonine Wall, in advance of a retail development by Cumbernauld Retail Park Limited Partnership. A desk-based assessment suggested that the camp ditch survived below the made ground of the factory's landscaped grounds. Trial trenching confirmed the ditch's presence in the development area, and that it was largely intact. The ditch in this area measured a maximum of 92m x 127m and was fully excavated. The ditch was typically V-shaped in profile with an intermittent ankle-breaker and two entrances were identified on the western side. The only artefactual remains of Roman date recovered were fragments of waterlogged wood which showed signs of tooling. Analysis of the ditch fill deposits indicated that the ditch filled in gradually, and was not deliberately filled upon abandonment of the camp. No other features associated with the camp were identified.

Excavations on the route of the Dalkeith Northern Bypass, 1994–95 and 2006

An evaluation and subsequent targeted excavations were carried out along the route of the proposed A68 Dalkeith Northern Bypass by the Centre for Field Archaeology (CFA) between September 1994 and March 1995, with additional watching briefs taking place in 1997. The bypass was not constructed at the time, and further pre-construction mitigation work was recommended in 2005, with fieldwork being carried out in 2006–08. This report describes the results of the evaluations and each excavation individually. The route traverses a narrow strip of the Lothian plain which contained several prehistoric sites, including two ring-groove structures, a stone-paved area and two pit alignments, a Roman temporary camp, a post-medieval building, an 18th-century designed landscape, and two industrial sites (a brick and tile works and a coal pit engine house). Several sites also produced ephemeral remains of earlier or later date. Overall, the results indicated a settlement pattern and land use which concentrated on the sands and gravels of the river terraces, with far less settlement on the unforgiving compacted clays which otherwise characterise large parts of the road corridor.

Excavations on the Route of the Dalkeith Northern Bypass, 1994-95 and 2006

An evaluation and subsequent targeted excavations were carried out along the route of the proposed A68 Dalkeith Northern Bypass by the Centre for Field Archaeology (CFA) between September 1994 and March 1995, with additional watching briefs taking place in 1997. The work was commissioned by Historic Scotland on behalf of the Roads Directorate of the Scottish Office Industry Department. The bypass was not constructed at the time, and further pre-construction mitigation work was recommended in 2005, with fieldwork being carried out in 2006-08 by CFA Archaeology Ltd, for Historic Scotland on behalf of Transport Scotland.This report describes the results of the evaluations and each excavation individually. The route traverses a narrow strip of the Lothian plain which contained several prehistoric sites (two ring-groove structures, a stone-paved area and two pit alignments), a Roman temporary camp, a post-medieval building, an 18th-century designed landscape, and two industrial sites (a brick and tile works and a coal pit engine house). Several sites also produced ephemeral remains of earlier or later date. Overall, the results indicated a settlement pattern and land use which concentrated on the sands and gravels of the river terraces, with far less settlement on the unforgiving compacted clays which otherwise characterise large parts of the road corridor.

Excavations at Upper Largie Quarry, Argyll & Bute, Scotland: New Light on the Prehistoric Ritual Landscape of the Kilmartin Glen

Excavations were carried out intermittently between 1982 and 2005, by various excavators, in advance of quarrying activity at Upper Largie, Kilmartin Glen, Argyll & Bute. They revealed abundant evidence of prehistoric activity, dating from the Mesolithic to the Middle Bronze Age, on a fluvioglacial terrace overlooking the rest of the Glen, although some evidence was doubtless destroyed without record during a period of unmonitored quarrying. Several undated features were also discovered. Mesolithic activity is represented by four pits, probably representing a temporary camp; this is the first evidence for Mesolithic activity in the Glen. Activity of definite and presumed Neolithic date includes the construction, and partial burning, of a post-defined cursus. Copper Age activity is marked by an early Beaker grave which matches counterparts in the Netherlands in both design and contents, and raises the question of the origin of its occupant. The terrace was used again as a place of burial during the Early Bronze Age, between the 22nd and the 18th century, and the graves include one, adjacent to the early Beaker grave, containing a unique footed Food Vessel combining Irish and Yorkshire Food Vessel features. At some point/s during the first half of the 2nd millenniumbc– the oakbased dates may suffer from ‘old wood’ effect – three monuments were constructed on the terrace: a pit, surrounded by pits or posts, similar in design to the early Beaker grave; a timber circle; and a post row. The latest datable activity consists of a grave, containing cremated bone in a Bucket Urn, the bone being dated to 1410–1210 calbc; this may well be contemporary with an assemblage of pottery from a colluvium spread. The relationship between this activity and contemporary activities elsewhere in the Glen is discussed.

Excavations at Garnhall on the line of the Antonine Wall

Excavations at Garnhall, Cumbernauld, revealed a number of features associated with a reasonably well-preserved section of the Antonine Wall. These included a series of pits on the berm between the Wall and its ditch, parts of a temporary camp, a stone platform attached to the Wall rampart back and what may be a Roman watch tower in an ideal position to act as an observation post and a signalling link between the Wall forts of Westerwood and Castlecary. The work was carried out by volunteers and students of the Universities of Manchester, Freiburg and Edinburgh, under the direction of the writer, assisted by Dr B Hoffmann.