Temporary Access Research Articles

Which access to which assets for an effective liberalization of the railway sector?

In the European rail industry, to enable competition in the market, entrants should be granted access to a large set of complementary services, beyond access to the tracks. For an efficient and effective entry, temporary access to quasi-essential complementary assets like rolling stock, mechanical maintenance workshops, data, schedules, etc. is required. In the liberalized rail sector, several observed anticompetitive practices involve distorted access to these quasiessential facilities. Therefore, competition agencies must deal with litigation between the incumbent and new entrants. Most cases have been settled, resulting in commitments from the incumbent. We argue that such transitory and case-by-case remedies fail to produce favorable conditions for a secure and efficient entry. Thus, we propose to systematize such remedies through asymmetric and enduring ex-ante regulation.

POS-600 Trends in vascular access types in hemodialysis patients in Ghana

Usage and maintenance of an ideal Vascular Access (VA) is of optimum priority in hemodialysis patients. With data from the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) nephrology clinic, a retrospective observational analysis was performed to evaluate the trends in vascular access types used for the different classes of hemodialysis patients in our country. This cross-sectional retrospective analysis of hemodialysis participant records was conducted at the nephrology clinic of KATH in October 2020. The records of 80 hemodialysis participants were used for this study. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained, organized and analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Of the 80 participants enrolled, 65% were males, over 50% were aged ≥ 45 years and 87.8% were married. Majority (59.2%) of the participants were rural dwellers with 32.5% being traders and 27.5% unemployed. End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) was the most prevalent (65%) condition at diagnosis followed by acute on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (28.8%) and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (5.1%). Of the 35.5% who had been on dialysis for less than 3 months, 85.2% had Temporary Vascular Access (TVA) and 14.8% had Tunneled Venous Access (TUV). Whereas, of the 32.9% who had been on dialysis for over a year, 12% had TVA, 52% had Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) and 36% had TUV. The dominant VA type was TVA (76.9%) in rural dwellers and AVF (80.0%) in urban dwellers with the internal jugular vein being the dominant (80.5%) site for catheterization. All AKI and majority of AKI/CKD participants (73.9%) had TVA. Most (40.3%) of the ESRD patients also had TVA. Although there was no significant association between sociodemographic data and type of VA used, we found a significant association between diagnosis as well as duration of dialysis and type of VA used. The number of chronic hemodialysis participants who had temporary vascular access was significantly higher than those with permanent vascular access, contrary to the general worldwide recommendations and are thereby at risk of complications associated with prolonged usage of temporary venous access.

POS-624 ROLE OF GENTAMYCIN LOCKING SOLUTION IN THE PREVENTION OF CRBSI

CRBSI is one of the most important complications of using Dialysis Catheter as a means of vascular access in haemodialysis. Various catheter locking solutions have been used to prevent this complication. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Gentamycin as a locking solution for the prevention of CRBSI in maintenance hemodialysis patients. This was a randomised controlled study which included all the patients of ESRD who required uncuffed catheter as a means of temporary vascular access. The patients of AKI , those having fever or source of infection anywhere in the body were excluded. Gentamycin locking solution was prepared by mixing 2 ml of Gentamycin (80 mg) + 2 mL of normal saline + 1 mL of heparin (5000 IU∖mL), with effective concentration of 16 mg/ml of gentamycin and was used in each of the catheter hub at the end of dialysis in the cases labelled as group 1 whereas in the control group, labelled as group 2, only heparin (1000/ml) was used. To minimise the duration of use of dialysis catheter, emphasis was given to get AVF constructed at the earliest. The primary goal was development of CRBSI and the secondary goals were maturation of AVF, complications of Gentamycin, shift to other modality of RRT or vascular access. Total of 100 patients were included in the study period of 1 year. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics. The rate of CRBSI in the group 1 and 2 were four (8%) and six (12%), which were statistically insignificant (P=0.50). The number of days for the development of CRBSI following catheter insertion in group 1 & 2 were 7.0 +5.568 and 7.83+ 8.35 days (P=0.88).In 86 patients (42 in group 1 & 44 in group 2) AVFs matured , seven patients had removal of the catheter because of withdrawal of therapy, three patients had TCC insertion, two patients were lost to follow up and two patients died. No complication related to the use of Gentamycin was observed. Gentamycin does not have any beneficial effect in preventing CRBSI through uncuffed hemodialysis catheter if early construction of AVF is the routine policy in the dialysis unit.

POS-593 ISN SISTER RENAL CENTRES PROGRAMME: ESTABLISHING AND SUSTAINING TUNNELLED VENOUS DIALYSIS LINE PLACEMENT IN PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA

Under the auspices of the International Society of Nephrology Sisters Renal Centres programme, Renal centres from Port Harcourt, Nigeria and Salford UK have maintained collaboration in various aspects of kidney care. A key issue in sustaining dialysis care in a lower middle income economy is access for haemodialysis (HD). Before this project all HD access was via temporary femoral vein lines inserted for a single dialysis session. Pre-visit video conferencing provided educational and planning opportunities in the delivery of peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury (AKI). A Nigerian kidney doctor in training visited the UK centre to gain first-hand experience of line insertion techniques. An initial visit to the sister hospital was undertaken by UK nephrologists with special interests in dialysis and interventional nephrology. A pop-up dialysis access workshop was undertaken in the dialysis unit over 3 days for junior and senior doctors and members of the multi-disciplinary team: Didactic teaching on dialysis access methods Small group teaching on the basics of HD, PD and prescriptions Simple and sustainable training tools for basic surgical procedures, HD and PD catheter insertion and Seldinger technique Dialysis access ultrasound training with volunteers examining abdominal anatomy and vascular access imaging Hands on training with simple access phantoms, made from accessible materials for ongoing practice. Tunnelled haemodialysis line insertion was achieved by local and visiting nephrologists, unique to the dialysis centre which normally relies on temporary femoral venous access. All three patients achieved successful permanent venous line access without complication. The local nephrologist was able to place catheters with the visiting interventional nephrologist closely supervising. The procedures were recorded to allow analysis and reflection on the procedures. Since the 4 lines have been successfully inserted by the local nephrologist. This has been supported with ongoing video and telephone links. This has allowed continued updates on technique, difficulties and complications. One episode of local exit site bleeding was encountered and managed with follow up calls and advice. Covid 19 has precluded the planned follow up visits. This has highlighted the issues of keeping colleagues up to date and maintaining skills when practice is significantly altered. The collaboration is investing in more robust internet communication to facilitate teaching and mentorship while planning the next part of the project to establish a peritoneal dialysis programme. Significant gains have been made on our journey to establishing long term HD vascular access for the dialysis patients in Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, despite the major obstacles faced.

Typical investigators of the situation and versions of the priority stage of investigation of illegal manufacture, processing or repair of firefighters

Modern illegal activity is becoming more and more organized, there is professionalism and specialization of these crimes. Wide practice has received use in affordable purposes of self-made explosive devices, grenades, grenade dispenser, mines and rounds. In view of the given, there is no doubt the relevance of optimization of the first stage of investigation of illegal manufacture, processing or repair of firefighters or falsification, illegal removal or change of its marking, or illegal manufacture of ammunition, explosives or explosive devices, separate typical investigation situations and versions. The purpose of the article is to separate the most typical investigative situations that arise at the initial stage of investigation of crimes envisaged by the Art. 263-1 CC of Ukraine, and elaboration of an algorithm of actions of authorized subjects concerning their solution. The combination of methods and methods of scientific knowledge is used to allocate typical investigative situations at the initial stage of investigation of the defined crimes, provided by Art. 263-1 CC of Ukraine, and the allocation of corresponding versions. On the basis of separate typical investigative situations of the initial stage of investigation of these crimes, typical investigative versions are proposed, which should be proposed and tested with regard to: the way of committing the crime; the person of the offender; the community; the introduction of other crimes, in particular those committed by means of the application of detected weapons, etc., is emphasized on the special urgency of the comprehensive application of appropriate unspoken investigative (search) actions and separate measures to ensure criminal proceedings – temporary access to property and documents, temporary removal of property, and arrest of property

The Effectiveness of Teacher Electronic Feedback in Asynchronous Teaching: A Case Study of Foundation Students at Sultan Qaboos University

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, educational systems worldwide, including Oman, were affected as this led to temporary closures of schools, colleges, and universities. In response to such closures, many countries decided to continue offering education through distance learning. Similarly, Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), the only government university in Oman, opted for asynchronous teaching through Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT). Through ERT, there is a temporary shift in instructional delivery. Its primary aim is to provide temporary access to instruction and support materials quickly and reliably during the crisis. Asynchronous teaching provides students with flexibility to access the materials posted by teachers whenever they can, leaving teachers with many challenges. One of these challenges is the ability to offer proper feedback to students. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the perceptions of both teachers and students on the electronic feedback provided in ERT. A total of 8 teachers 80 students enrolled in the foundation program at SQU participated in the study. The responses of both teachers and students were collected through online questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that some feedback methods seemed to be more effective. The study also identified the challenges faced by both students and teachers in terms of electronic feedback. Furthermore, the study gives suggestions to improve electronic feedback methods.

Evaluating the hydrological response of a boreal fen following the removal of a temporary access road

Peatlands dominate the landscape (~50% of total area) in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in northern Alberta, and as such, are susceptible to hydrological disturbance from oil sands mining and exploration. In this study, we explore the hydrochemical response of a disturbed fen (Firebag Fen) in the AOSR following the removal of a temporary access road that was operational from 2007 to 2013. Prior to road removal flow was impeded at Firebag Fen, evidenced by inundation on the up-gradient side, and a lower water table on the down-gradient side of the road. Reclamation included the road removal of the ~0.5 m thick road, including 0.15 m of clay, 0.3 m of mud and organics, and 0.05 m of gravel, which left a surficial depression following removal. Peat samples (n = 139) collected immediately following road removal demonstrated significantly greater bulk densities on the down-gradient side relative to the up-gradient side of the fen, and in the road-removed area relative to up- and down-gradient areas. These combined changes decreased the average hydraulic conductivity of the fen by ~79%, which reduced water discharge across the site. Another peat sampling campaign in 2016 (n = 48), three years after removal, showed a significant decrease in bulk density where the road was removed, to within the range of values observed at areas up and down-gradient of the road. These changes increased the average hydraulic conductivity of the entire system by 64%, compared to that which was measured in 2013, with water discharge 9 and 12% higher than in 2013, during characteristically dry and wet periods, respectively. Some changes to the water chemistry (n = 24–28 for each sampling date) of the fen were also detected but patterns were different among parameters measured. For example, median concentrations on the down-gradient side of the road were 1651% (NO3–), 280% (SO42−) and 135% (Cl−) higher relative to the up-gradient side of the road. Over time following road removal, differences were reduced to 100% for nitrate, 192% for sulphate, 108% for chloride, while other parameters remained relatively unchanged (Ca2+, Mg2+, K−). Continued peat rebound (thus increasing hydraulic conductivity) may occur over time; however, elucidating this would require long-term monitoring. It is concluded that despite the impacts that were caused to the site, the natural hydrologic regime of the fen was able to operate following removal. Removal and reclamation should be considered as a worthwhile venture for roads that extend through fens and are no longer in use.

Better Access: substantial shift to telehealth for allied mental health services during COVID-19 in Australia.

Objective To quantify the introduction of new, temporary telehealth Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) items delivered by allied mental health professionals (AMHPs) through the Better Access initiative during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Methods MBS-item service data for clinical psychologists, registered psychologists, social workers, and occupational therapists were extracted for existing face-to-face, remote videoconferencing and new, temporary telehealth items for the study period April-December 2020. The total number of services in Australia were compared with the baseline period of 2019. Given the second wave of increased COVID-19 infections and prolonged lockdowns in the state of Victoria, we compared the per capita rate of services for Victoria versus other states and territories. Results During the study period, there was an overall 11% increase in all allied mental health consultations. Telehealth use was substantial with 37% of all sessions conducted by videoconferencing or telephone consultations. The peak month was April 2020, during the first wave of increasing COVID-19 cases, when 53% of consultations were via telehealth. In terms of Victoria, there was an overall 15% increase in all consultations compared with the same period in 2019. Conclusions Allied mental health services via MBS-subsidised telehealth items greatly increased during 2020. Telehealth is an effective, flexible option for receiving psychological care which should be made available beyond the pandemic. What is known about the topic? Little is known about the transition to and delivery of new, temporary Better Access telehealth services by AMHPs during the COVID-19 pandemic. What does this paper add? This paper provides valuable data on the rapid transition to telehealth by AMHPs to provide levels of psychological care commensurate to 2019. Data extends from April to December 2020 and includes the overall number of services provided for each profession, and the proportion of services delivered via face-to-face and telehealth. We highlight the impact of the new, additional items which temporarily raised the cap on sessions. We also illustrate the substantial use of the scheme by those living in Victoria who experienced greater COVID-19-related hardships. What are the implications for practitioners? The continuation of Better Access telehealth services by AMHPs has the potential to extend the reach of mental health care beyond the pandemic.

ГАРАНТІЇ ЗАХИСТУ ЖУРНАЛІСТСЬКИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ПРИ ЗАСТОСУВАННІ ТИМЧАСОВОГО ДОСТУПУ... ДО РЕЧЕЙ І ДОКУМЕНТІВ

The article is devoted to the study of guarantees of protection of journalistic sources when applying temporary access to things and documents in the criminal procedural law of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine, the author defines the subject matter of journalistic secrecy, which is: 1) a source of information; 2) information which is held/received by a journalist or a media outlet with a view to its dissemination or use in their professional activities; 3) any other information (documents, records) which allow establishing a connection between a journalist and a source of information. The author establishes that the lack of proper judicial control over the legality of investigators’ claims, the formal approach to consideration of applications for temporary access to things and documents, and the impossibility of appealing against the relevant rulings on appeal create a risk of disclosure of information in the possession of a media outlet or a journalist and provided to them on condition that the authorship or source of information is not disclosed. It is proved that the use of temporary access to things and documents containing legally protected information, in particular, information in the possession of a media outlet or a journalist and provided to them on condition that the authorship or source of information is not disclosed, without a ruling of an investigating judge or a court is inadmissible. The European Court of Human Rights has determined in a number of decisions that disclosure of sources is acceptable only in exceptional cases when it comes to protecting vital interests. These include cases of sexual abuse of children, disclosure of particularly serious crimes, etc. However, the decision to disclose the source of information must be made by an independent and impartial judicial authority and must contain a detailed justification why the disclosure of journalistic «sources» of information outweighs the journalist’s right to keep them secret. It is important to emphasize the need to eliminate formalism in the consideration of motions for temporary access to things and documents, and especially in cases involving information containing legally protected secrets (in particular, the secrecy of journalistic sources). In such cases, the law requires that the investigating judge find a fair balance between the right to secure criminal proceedings for the purpose of to solve the crime and the right to keep secrets protected by law, in particular the secrecy of journalistic sources (see para. 1, part 1, Article 162, part 6, Article 163 of the CPC of Ukraine). In view of this, the practice of considering such motions within 5–5 minutes should be recognized as unacceptable. motions within 4–5 minutes, as this does not allow for a thorough familiarization with the case file, conduct an appropriate analysis, and make a reasoned decision.

TEMPORARY ACCESS TO THINGS AND DOCUMENTS AS A MEANS OF FORMING AN INFORMATION AND EVIDENCE BASE

TEMPORARY ACCESS TO THINGS AND DOCUMENTS AS A MEANS OF FORMING AN INFORMATION AND EVIDENCE BASE

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПРОКУРОРОМ ТИМЧАСОВОГО ДОСТУПУ ДО РЕЧЕЙ І ДОКУМЕНТІВ ПІД ЧАС РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ФУНКЦІЇ ОБВИНУВАЧЕННЯ

The article is devoted to one of the effective means of obtaining evidence in criminal proceedings – temporary access to things and documents, the legal regulation of which is defined in Chapter 15 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. Attention is drawn to a number of problematic issues related to the prosecutor's use of temporary access to things and documents in the exercise of the function of prosecution, the presence of which does not ensure the effectiveness of criminal procedural evidence and the effectiveness of this institution in criminal proceedings. According to the results of the study, the author concludes that the use of temporary units to temporarily access things and documents on the basis of a prosecutor's order makes it impossible to recognize the results of such action as evidence in criminal proceedings, as they do not meet the admissibility requirement. Prosecutorial oversight in criminal proceedings should not only ensure the inevitability of criminal punishment, but also ensure proper respect for human rights in criminal proceedings, respect for the individual, treatment as a person whose guilt has not yet been proven, and ensure impartiality and objectivity of the pre-trial investigation. Based on the results of the analysis of the decisions made by the investigating judge based on the results of consideration of the petitions, the author identified the grounds for the prosecutor's refusal to satisfy these petitions by the investigating judges. It is proposed to expand the procedural powers of the prosecutor as a subject of criminal procedural evidence, giving him the right to instruct operational units to conduct not only investigative (investigative) and covert investigative (investigative) actions, but also other procedural actions. Thus, taking into account the results of the analysis of scientific literature and materials of law enforcement practice, we can conclude that it is necessary to expand the procedural powers of the prosecutor as a subject of criminal procedural evidence by stating paragraph 5 Рart 2 of Art. 36 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in the following wording: «to instruct the investigative (search) actions and covert investigative (search) actions or other procedural actions to the relevant operational units», as well as the need to supplement Part 1 of Art. 41 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine by the authority of operational units to carry out other procedural actions on behalf of the prosecutor.

АНАЛИЗ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТИ ВЫЕЗДНЫХ НАЛОГОВЫХ ПРОВЕРОК В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

In economic literature, the analysis of the effectiveness of on-site tax audits is underrepresented both with regard to the economic and mathematical calculation and within the behavioral context. On-site tax audits, as one of the forms of tax management, affect budget incomes and expenditures. Effective audits promote budget replenishment. Ineffective audits cause budget expenditures for their execution without fiscal payoff. The study aimed at the development of a technique and using it for the analysis of the effectiveness of on-site tax audits in the Russian Federation. The analysis of normative base, statistical tax reporting, and summation of the practice of on-site tax audits formed the basis for the proposed technique of analysis of the effectiveness of on-site tax audits. The analysis technique is characterized by the revised structure of criteria, dynamic and static parameters. The authors determined and considered in real-time the percentage of on-site tax audits, which identified violations of law; carried out the analysis of payments additionally accrued according to the results of on-site tax audits. The study identified and analyzed in real-time the effectiveness of one on-site tax audit, as well as the ratio of payments additionally accrued according to the results of on-site and desktop tax audits. The authors analyzed the transformation of the structure of on-site tax audits. The paper proposes organizational ways of improvement of the effectiveness of on-site tax audits: the development of electron interaction of tax authorities and taxpayers with possible temporary access to tax and accounting reports and other documents, implementation of digital control of tax bases at the stage of pre-inspection analysis; the expanding of welcoming face-to-face and remote contacts with taxpayers as the participants of the process of the national economy development.

Improvement of Criminal Procedural Means of Proving in Order to Protect Professional Secret

The current Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine provides only the general procedure for conducting investigative or other procedural actions. The legislator has not defined special norms concerning the collection of information that contains professional secret. However, secret information is provided by law with special legal protection, and therefore there is a need to determine a special procedure for obtaining it within criminal proceedings to provide additional guarantees for its keeping in secret and protection against procedural abusing. It is substantiated the need to supplement the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine with provisions foreseeing that the search of premises where lawyers, doctors, notaries, journalists practice, as well as premises where these persons may keep the information that is a professional secret, should be carried out within a special procedure. It is suggested: to determine that the prosecutor is a special subject of such a search, to establish that the search is carried out with the participation of an authorized representative responsible for professional practice, giving him the right to appeal against the seizure of information that contains professional secret. It is substantiated the necessity of granting the right to file objections in the process of the court ruling on temporary access to items and documents execution, which will be immediately submitted to the investigating judge, aiming to ensure a balance between the interests of the state in effective investigating of the crime and private interests in saving the professional secret. The necessity to give the prosecution the right to seize other documents, in addition to those specified in the court ruling of the investigating judge, within the search, which is carried out under Article 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, is proved

Digital Door-Lock using Authentication Code Based on ANN Encryption

Abstract Nowadays, many houses/apartments are rented out for travelers in sites like Airbnb. A way to give out temporary access key for the guest is necessary for both the guest and hosts convenience. This paper presents an electronic door lock mechanism that able to generate dynamic temporary access key for the guest. The door lock is controlled by a smartphone using the dynamic key which is transferred though Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) connection. The development of dynamic key utilizes block cipher encryption and fusion methods (Artificial Neural Network) to generate the block cipher keys. The generator produces a unique dynamic key for a specific period of time and nRF8001 proves to be a reliable Bluetooth Low Energy transmitter and receiver.

Improving the Tactics of the Prosecution and Defense during Temporary Access to Things and Documents

The article contains the main recommendations for improving the activities of the prosecution and the defense in criminal proceedings during the security measure – temporary access to things and documents. During the investigation, the prosecutor, investigator, in almost every proceeding there is a need to seize any media evidence of the crime. In turn, defenders are also increasingly using their powers to provide temporary access to things and documents. The practice of applying this measure to ensure criminal proceedings shows a large number of mistakes made by the parties to the criminal proceedings, as a result of which this measure is not carried out, the court refuses to make a decision and, accordingly, the goal is not achieved. The purpose of the article is to improve the quality of temporary access to things and documents by the parties to criminal proceedings, to obtain a positive practice of court decisions on its conduct and to obtain results to ensure the tasks of criminal proceedings. Methodology. To achieve this goal, the formal-logical method, system-structural, comparative-legal and statistical methods are used. Scientific novelty. A comparison of procedural and tactical capabilities of different parties in the field of criminal proceedings – prosecution and defense. The characteristic mistakes made by them in carrying out their activities during temporary access to things and documents are highlighted. In view of this, proposals have been made to improve both the general tactics inherent in both sides of the process and specific tactical and procedural actions and techniques specific to each individual. Conclusions. A number of recommendations have been received for prosecutors, investigators and lawyers whose purpose is to improve the quality of activities of the parties to criminal proceedings during temporary access to things and documents

Design and Experimental Validation of an Augmented Reality System With Wireless Integration for Context Aware Enhanced Show Experience in Auditoriums

The development of multiple cultural and social related activities, such as shows related with the performing arts, conferences or presentations rely on facilities such as auditoriums, theatres and conference sites, which are progressively including multiple technological features in order to enhance user experience. There are still however situations in which user experience is limited owing to lack of environment adaption, such as people with disabilities. In this sense, the adoption of Context Aware paradigms within auditoriums can provide adequate functionalities in order to comply with specific needs. This work is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility in enhancing user experience (e.g., improving the autonomy of disabled people) within auditorium and theatre environments, by means of an Augmented Reality (AR) device (HoloLens smart glasses) with wireless system integration. To carry out the demonstration, different elements to build AR applications are described and tested. First, an intensive measurement campaign was performed in a real auditorium in the city of Pamplona (Baluarte Congress Center) in order to evaluate the feasibility of using Wi-Fi enabled AR devices in a complex wireless propagation scenario. The results show that these environments exhibit high levels of interference, owing to the co-existence and non-coordinated operation of multiple wireless communication systems, such as on site and temporary Wi-Fi access points, wireless microphones or communications systems used by performers, staff and users. Deterministic wireless channel estimation based in volumetric 3D Ray Launching have been obtained for the complete scenario volume, in order to assess quality of service metrics. For illustration purposes, a user-friendly application to help hearing impaired people was developed and its main features were tested in the auditorium. Such an application provides users with a 3D virtual space to visualize useful multimedia content like subtitles or additional information about the show, as well as an integrated call button.

Application of practice the European Court of Human Rights in providing temporary access to items and documents

The article deals with problems of application of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights by national courts and criminal proceedings parties during the preparation of requests for temporary access to items and documents. The authors have established that the application of the case law of the European Court and compliance with the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms has a positive impact on the efficiency and fairness of pre-trial investigation and justice in the consideration of such requests.

PNS80 Early Access and Targeted Supply Considerations in Emerging Markets

The aim was to evaluate the existing frameworks in place for managed access agreements in emerging markets and identify factors that influence access to innovative therapies. In-depth secondary research identified provisions of managed access within a selection of emerging market countries including, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Turkey, Russia, China, South Korea. The likely pathway for managed access was assessed to summarize temporary access mechanisms, stakeholders, budget impact barriers, and access timelines for launching innovative therapies. Consideration was also given to impact of local infrastructure, regulatory framework, and political climate. Provisions of access mechanisms manifest differently in each of selected markets. The infrastructure and political environment within geographical region are not equivalent. The environment for access programs is continually evolving. Most countries have an early access program (EAP) but there is variation in the acceptance level and the capacity of the country to implement. Some countries also have post approval entry agreements. The mechanism of managed access (post approval) programs range from being contingent on disease severity and unmet need (Brazil, Colombia), to being managed by different stakeholders (Turkey) or is in its infancy (China). Time to achieve an early access or managed access agreement is not quick and can take 12-18 months depending on country. Managed access agreements are a useful tool in introducing innovative therapies in emerging markets, and it is important to plan ahead at an early stage, as well as understand the differences between country frameworks. There are opportunities and challenges in utilizing managed entry patient access programs in the emerging markets, it is not applicable to all innovations and the decision to include in the planning will depend on local context.

A Formal Specification of Access Control in Android with URI Permissions

A formal specification of access control yields a deeper understanding of any operating system, and facilitates performing security analysis of the OS. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive formal specification of access control in Android (ACiA). Prior work is limited in scope, furthermore, recent developments in Android concerning dynamic runtime permissions require rethinking of its formalization. Our formal specification includes three parts, the user-initiated operations (UIOs) and app-initiated operations (AIOs) - which are distinguished based on the initiating entity, and the URI permissions which are utilized in sharing temporary access to data. We also studied the evolution of URI permissions from API 10 (Gingerbread) to API 22 (Lollipop), and a brief discussion on this is included in the paper. Formalizing ACiA allowed us to discover many peculiar behaviors pertaining to ACiA. In addition to that, we discovered two significant issues with permissions in Android which were reported to Google.

Association of diabetes, education level, and care dependency with use of temporary vascular access in patients with chronic kidney disease

Temporary vascular access (TVA) is frequently used during the first dialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is associated with an increased risk of infection, central vein stenosis, and mortality. Here, factors associated with TVA in patients with CKD were explored. This study included patients in a single-center CKD care program who initiated long-term renal replacement therapy. The primary outcome was TVA use at first dialysis. Factors possibly associated with TVA use were analyzed using Cox regression. Temporary vascular access was used in 53.2% of the patients at first dialysis. In total, 73.2% (n=865) and 26.8% (n=317) of the patients were on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that TVA use in patients with CKD was associated with diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28-1.81, p<0.001), lower albumin (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75-0.91, p<0.001), lower education level (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.56-1.00, p=0.055), and total care dependency (HR 1.92, CI 1.44-3.43, p=0.003). Diabetes, education level, and care dependency are associated with TVA at dialysis initiation in patients with CKD.