Spatial-temporal Context Research Articles

Far beyond declarative and non-declarative memories.

Far beyond declarative and non-declarative memories.

Re-writing the Colonial Story in Mircea Eliade’s Maitreyi and Maitreyi Devi’s Na Hanyate

PRELIMINARIES20th century researchers from various humanistic fields agree that, in the modem world, the encounter between two cultures can no longer take place on innocent or neutral ground; virtually in all cases, ideology shapes human experience into stereotypical discursive patterns. While otherwise leading to remarkable hermeneutical insights, when taken to the extreme, this position leaves very little room for individual agency. By and large, such rigid determinism implicitly undermines its own empirical consequences, and runs the risk of ending up as a sterile theoretical exercise.In this article I attempt to examine various forms of cultural clash as problematized in Mircea Eliade's novel Maitreyi (1933) - translated into English as Bengal Nights (1993) - and the extent to which the traumatic encounter between two subaltern cultures was mediated (and possibly undermined) by patterns of colonialist discourse. The novel stands out as an example of hybridisation, as its roots can be located in a mixed experience of Romanian inter-war culture, Indian colonial society and Western colonial and postcolonial discursive formations.If the Romanian dimension is ostensibly absent from the story itself, it is the genealogy of the novel which calls attention to its importance - Maitreyi was written in Romanian and expressly, if not exclusively, for a Romanian audience. According to Eliade's Memorii (in the English version Autobiography), it was put together for the purpose of entering a literary competition judged by prestigious Romanian scholars.1 Eliade's text met the criteria of an innovatory novel as advertised by the awarding committee both due to the exoticism of its subject and its experimental narrative technique.On the other hand, the novel's specificity is also given by the peculiarities of its reception. Translated in 1950 as La nuit bengali^the book gradually gained an international audience, and, improbable as this might have seemed to any young Romanian author at the beginning of the century, its echoes finally reached India. As the love story was based on Eliade's own experience in Calcutta, his barely disguised confessions were regarded as mischievous, and at best scandalous. In an attempt to re-establish the truth, Maitreyi Devi, the poet who had inspired Eliade, wrote her own version of the events, published in Bengali under the title Na Hanyate (1971). To the same end, she closely monitored the shooting of the film Les nuits bengali, which appeared in 1987 (one year after Eliade's death).Interestingly enough, Devi's book in its turn addressed a national audience, and dwelt profusely on the Indian narrative tradition. These peculiarities, as well as the nature of political conditions, would keep this novel away from Romanian readers for almost three decades. Eventually, the two stories met on the common, if not neutral territory of the same language - English. In 1976, Na Hanyate was translated from the Bengali as It Does Not Die, whereas Eliade's Bengal Nights, translated from French, appeared as late as 1993 (significantly, after the death of both writers). Subsequently published by the University of Chicago in a common edition (1994), the novels have been projected in a spatialtemporal context that inevitably obscures the specificity of their different cultural matrices - which is precisely the focus of my analysis in this article.To this end, I will examine critically two conflicting tendencies in the reception of these texts. On the one hand, I will discuss the blind spots of the traditional narratological approach (as practised mostly by early Romanian as well as Western critics), which insisted on formal analysis and overlooked the cultural situatedness of the characters. On the other, I will focus on the problems of postcolonial readings, which insightfully bring to light covert patterns of Orientalist discourse in Eliade's novel, yet over-hastily erase its Romanian context, and do not address the specific conditions in which a subaltern culture can be made to represent the West in its relationship with the other. …

Recomendações metodológicas para a adoção da perspectiva da estruturação nos estudos organizacionais

O presente ensaio teórico discute o emprego da teoria da estruturação de Giddens em estudos na área de organizações. Sob esse foco, trata das implicações metodológicas que podem tornar mais coerentes as pesquisas baseadas nas premissas e hipóteses da teoria da estruturação nos Estudos Organizacionais. Quatro pressupostos foram inicialmente tratados: a realidade social como construção intersubjetiva, o princípio da dualidade da estrutura, a dupla hermenêutica na pesquisa social e o posicionamento estrutural como elemento relevante na análise da agência. Depois, foram apresentadas recomendações metodológicas tomando como ponto de apoio três aspectos fundamentais: a definição do nível de análise, o estabelecimento da janela temporal e o delineamento de procedimentos metodológicos, considerando dois níveis interdependentes do processo de investigação. O primeiro nível considera a elucidação hermenêutica de significados e de formas de consciência prática, enquanto o segundo trata da definição dos limites da agência e de fronteiras espaciotemporais. Tomados conjuntamente, são traçadas considerações finais em favor de projetos de pesquisa de longo prazo à luz do estruturacionismo giddensiano.

Category Level Object Discovery Using Dynamic Topic Model

Category level object discovery is important for a number of applications such as remote sensing image classification, and data mining in images and video sequences. This paper presents a novel unsupervised learning algorithm for discovering object category and their locations in video sequences. Both appearance consistency and motion consistency of local patches across frames are exploited. Video patches are first extracted and represented by spatial-temporal context words. A dynamic topic model is then introduced to learn object categories in video sequences. The proposed dynamic model can categorize and localize multiple objects in a single video. Experimental results on the CamVid dataset and the VISATTM dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

O SOFISMA DA SUSTENTABILIDADE URBANA the sophistry of urban sustainability

In the late twentieth century, the urban sustainability arises in the depths of social functions of the city, with the speech to make it more effective. However, when one considers the contemporary and prospective world, the results of that promise can be deemed inadmissible. Thus, this paper aimed to challenge the term urban sustainability, through the scores of their sophistries. On temporal-spatial context in the global and local scales, the issues of the development and sustainability have been questioned on the basis of occidental scenario, since the 1970s. In the panorama of the global disorders, showed the supreme command of the economic dimension in the others, politics, socio-cultural life and natural environment, while in the local production, proved a restructured space, with fragmentations and segregations urban, without symptoms of citizenship and aware managements of resources. Thus, the realities presented do not match and fall into line, in the near future, the assumptions of urban sustainability, leading to consider it as an insidious idea, formulated with the purpose to induce others into error.

Memory for time and place contributes to enhanced confidence in memories for emotional events.

Emotion strengthens the subjective sense of remembering. However, these confidently remembered emotional memories have not been found be more accurate for some types of contextual details. We investigated whether the subjective sense of recollecting negative stimuli is coupled with enhanced memory accuracy for three specific types of central contextual details using the remember/know paradigm and confidence ratings. Our results indicate that the subjective sense of remembering is indeed coupled with better recollection of spatial location and temporal context, but not higher memory accuracy for colored dots placed in the conceptual center of negative and neutral scenes. These findings show that the enhanced subjective recollective experience for negative stimuli reliably indicates objective recollection for spatial location and temporal context, but not for other types of details, whereas for neutral stimuli, the subjective sense of remembering is coupled with all the types of details assessed. Translating this finding to flashbulb memories, we found that, over time, more participants correctly remembered the location where they learned about the terrorist attacks on 9/11 than any other canonical feature. Likewise, participants' confidence was higher in their memory for location versus other canonical features. These findings indicate that the strong recollective experience of a negative event corresponds to an accurate memory for some kinds of contextual details but not for other kinds. This discrepancy provides further evidence that the subjective sense of remembering negative events is driven by a different mechanism than the subjective sense of remembering neutral events.

Habituation and dis-habituation to changes in stimulus identity and location in the auditory system of awake, behaving songbirds.

Event Abstract Back to Event Habituation and dis-habituation to changes in stimulus identity and location in the auditory system of awake, behaving songbirds. Tom V. Smulders1, 2* and Erich Jarvis3 1 Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience (IoN), United Kingdom 2 Duke University Medical Center, Department of Neurobiology, United States 3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, United States Repeated exposure to an auditory stimulus leads to habituation of the electrophysiological and immediate-early-gene (IEG) expression response in the auditory system. A novel auditory stimulus reinstates this response in a form of dis-habituation (Chew et al. 1995). This has been interpreted as the start of new memory formation for this novel stimulus. Changes in the location of an otherwise identical auditory stimulus can also dis-habituate the IEG expression response (Kruse et al. 2004). In this study, we ask whether this dis-habituation should be interpreted as new neuronal memory formation for an auditory object that includes spatial location. To answer this question, we used a chronic multi-electrode array to record multi-unit activity from the auditory system of awake and behaving female zebra finches. For the first time in awake behaving birds, we found habituation to repeated exposure to the same song and dis-habituation with a novel song, similar to that described in head-fixed restrained animals. In addition, a large proportion of recording sites showed dis-habituation when the same auditory stimulus was moved to a novel location. However, when the song was randomly moved among 8 interleaved locations, habituation occurred independently from the continuous changes in location. When 8 different stimuli were interleaved all from the same location, habituation occurred to each stimulus separately. To explain these seemingly contradictory findings in auditory stimulus identity and location, depending on single or interleaved stimulus groupings, we propose an “oddball stimulus hypothesis”, whereby the auditory system may be engaged by attention systems to unexpected changes to auditory stimulus identity or temporal-spatial context. Acknowledgements TVS was partially supported by an institutional NRSA post-doctoral training grant held in the Department of Neurobiology at Duke University Medical Center. The work was funded by a David and Lucille Packard Foundation Award, and a NSF & NIH CRCNS R01-DC007996 from NIDCD to EDJ. References Chew SJ, Mello C, Nottebohm F, Jarvis E, and Vicario DS. Decrements in auditory responses to a repeated conspecific song are long-lasting and require two periods of protein synthesis in the songbird forebrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92: 3406-3410, 1995. Kruse AA, Stripling R, and Clayton DF. Context-specific habituation of the zenk gene response to song in adult zebra finches. Neurobiol Learn Memory 82: 99-108, 2004. Keywords: oddball detection, spatial location, stimulus-specific adaptation, Taeniopygia guttata, Zebra finch Conference: Tenth International Congress of Neuroethology, College Park. Maryland USA, United States, 5 Aug - 10 Aug, 2012. Presentation Type: Poster (but consider for Participant Symposium) Topic: Sensory: Audition Citation: Smulders TV and Jarvis E (2012). Habituation and dis-habituation to changes in stimulus identity and location in the auditory system of awake, behaving songbirds.. Conference Abstract: Tenth International Congress of Neuroethology. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnbeh.2012.27.00212 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 29 Apr 2012; Published Online: 07 Jul 2012. * Correspondence: Dr. Tom V Smulders, Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience (IoN), Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, tom.smulders@ncl.ac.uk Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Tom V Smulders Erich Jarvis Google Tom V Smulders Erich Jarvis Google Scholar Tom V Smulders Erich Jarvis PubMed Tom V Smulders Erich Jarvis Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

P1-84 Hidden markov random field for spatial and spatial-temporal risk mapping

Risk mapping in epidemiology enables the epidemiologist to identify regions with high or low risk of contamination and understand the underlying mechanisms of the spread of the disease. In this...

Discovering objects and their location in videos using spatial-temporal context words

We present a novel unsupervised learning algorithm for discovering objects and their location in videos from moving cameras. The videos can switch between different shots, and contain cluttered background, occlusion, camera motion, and multiple independently moving objects. We exploit both appearance consistency and spatial configuration consistency of local patches across frames for object recognition and localization. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, we propose a combined approach for simultaneous spatial context and temporal context generation. Local video patches are extracted and described using the generated spatial-temporal context words. Second, a dynamic topic model, based on the representation of a bag of spatial-temporal context words, is introduced to learn object category models in video sequences. The proposed model can categorize and localize multiple objects in a single video. Objects leaving or entering the scene at multiple times can also be handled efficiently in the dynamic framework. Experimental results on the CamVid data set and the VISAT™ data set demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

Comparison of melanoblast expression patterns identifies distinct classes of genes.

A full understanding of transcriptional regulation requires integration of information obtained from multiple experimental datasets. These include datasets annotating gene expression within the context of an entire organism under normal and genetically perturbed conditions. Here we describe an expression dataset annotating pigment cell-expressed genes of the developing melanocyte and retinal pigmented epithelium lineages. Expression images are annotated and available at http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/manuscripts/Loftus/March2009/. Data are also summarized in a standardized manner using a universal melanoblast scoring scale that accounts for the embryonic location of cells and regional cell density. This approach allowed us to classify 14 pigment genes into four groupings classified by cell lineage expression, temporal-spatial context, and differential alteration in response to altered MITF and SOX10 status. Significant differences in regional populations were also observed across inbred strain backgrounds, highlighting the value of this approach to identify modifier allele influences on melanoblast number and distributions. This analysis revealed novel features of in vivo expression patterns that are not measurable by in vitro-based assays, providing data that in combination with genomic analyses will allow modeling of pigment cell gene expression in development and disease.

Research of cross-media information retrieval model based on multimodal fusion and temporal-spatial context semantic

The solution of "semantic gap" between the low-level features describing and the high-level semantic knowledge has become the key in problems of the Cross-Media Retrieval(CMR),a CMR model based on multimodal fusion and temporal-spatial context semantic was designed.The Independent Component Analysis(ICA) and Principal Component Analysis(PCA) were applied to dimension reduction of multimodal fusion features.The classifier of Support Vector Machine(SVM) and Hidden Markov Model(HMM) was designed to map semantic relationship in the model;meanwhile,methods of temporal-spatial fuzzy cluster and relevance feedback were used to improve the effect of CMR system.A prototype based on the model had been developed,and validated the correctness of the new model,which can provide enlightenment to the designers who work at CMR system.

Procesos de remoción en masa en México: hacia una propuesta de elaboración de un inventario nacional

Within the natural risks framework, mass movement processes can be regarded as significant hazards since when combined with exposed populations both determine risk; thus, historically they have caused a considerable number of disasters worldwide, including Mexico. An adequate assessment of these hazards requires, on a first stage, the typology identification and classification of such movements considering their spatial-temporal context; the latter is commonly carried out by generating different types of maps and by developing inventories. However, not in terms of a engineering perspective, but from a geomorphological approach, as mass movement investigations are relatively new and there is a lack of a solid platform of reference on these studies at national level, mass movement inventories are neglected. Therefore, in this paper, a proposal on the construction of a nation-wide mass movement processes inventory is put forward. Furthermore and based on field observations and analysis of IKONOS satellite images, the proposed design is illustrated by introducing the case of the Sierra Norte de Puebla, one of the most affected areas by slope instability.

Temporal Encoding of Place Sequences by Hippocampal Cell Assemblies

Both episodic memory and spatial navigation require temporal encoding of the relationships between events or locations. In a linear maze, ordered spatial distances between sequential locations were represented by the temporal relations of hippocampal place cell pairs within cycles of theta oscillation in a compressed manner. Such correlations could arise due to spike "phase precession" of independent neurons driven by common theta pacemaker or as a result of temporal coordination among specific hippocampal cell assemblies. We found that temporal correlation between place cell pairs was stronger than predicted by a pacemaker drive of independent neurons, indicating a critical role for synaptic interactions and precise timing within and across cell assemblies in place sequence representation. CA1 and CA3 ensembles, identifying spatial locations, were active preferentially on opposite phases of theta cycles. These observations suggest that interleaving CA3 neuronal sequences bind CA1 assemblies representing overlapping past, present, and future locations into single episodes.

Modeling and prediction of multivariate space–time random fields

In various environmental studies multivariate spatial–temporal correlated data are involved, hence appropriate techniques to enhance space–time prediction are in great demand. An extension of multivariate spatial geostatistics to a spatio-temporal domain might be a straightforward task; nevertheless, up to now, little has been done in a multivariate spatial–temporal context. Modeling and prediction techniques are described for a multivariate space–time random field, moreover some theoretical and practical aspects are investigated for a bivariate space–time random field through a case study.

Regression analysis in a spatial-temporal context: Least squares, generalized least squares, and the use of the bootstrap

In many ecological studies, data are collected at different locations over time, with interest in building a regression model for how one variable depends on its past values and current values of a predictor variable. Our motivation is an example in vestigating the effects of mouse populations on the level of gypsy moth populations within a model accounting for the previous year’s gypsy moth values. With such data, the error term will of ten contain autocorrelationover time as well as contemporaneouscorrelation over series at a fixed time. A common approach in practice is the use of simple least squares or the use of two-stage generalized least squares. The standard errors and tests that are typically used either ignore the correlationin the errorsor, if they do account for the errorstructure, ignore the uncertainty that comes from estimating the correlation structure. There are also con cerns regarding bias in the estimated coefficients and variance/correlation parameters. We in vestigate these issues mainly in the context of our example, which invol ves 8 location and 10 years of data, relying on simulations due to the absence of exact small-sample results. Among other results, we find the potential for gross underestimation of the standard errors of the coefficients with the use of standard generalized least squares methods. A bootstrap method is developed for this context, applied to the example, and evaluated via simulations. The bootstrap estimates of standard errors performed rather well in the settings we examined, supporting the use of the bootstrap in the analysis of our example and suggesting the potential of the bootstrap more generally.

Once-upon-a-Time in the Commodity World: An Unofficial Guide to Mall ofAmerica

This paper provides an account of the contemporary operation of the commodity aesthetic through a critical reading of Mall of America, the largest themed retail and entertainment complex in the U.S. Inspired by Walter Benjamin's analysis of nineteenth century arcades, I argue that the modern megamall is a dreamhouse of the collectivity, where fantasies of authentic life are displaced onto commodities that are fetishized in the spatial, anthropological, and psychological senses. Vital to these processes is the construction of temporal-spatial contexts, or chronotopes of consumption, which include the spatial archetypes of Public Space, Marketplace, and Festival Setting, and temporal archetypes of original Nature, Primitiveness, Childhood, and Heritage. Within these contexts, fetishism operates through themes of transport, both bodily in terms of motion and travel, and imaginatively in the form of memory and magic. Following a critique of a failure of dialectic thinking in existing literature on commodity consumption, I provide a dialectical “reading” of Mall of America, and outline its implications for a progressive political engagement with the contemporary retail built environment.