Temporal Linkages Research Articles

Secure and privacy-preserving intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks: Federated learning with SCNN-Bi-LSTM for enhanced reliability

As the digital landscape expands rapidly due to technological advancements, cybersecurity concerns have become more prevalent. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs), which are crucial for identifying unusual network traffic indicative of malicious activity, have become a necessity. These systems can be either hardware or software-based. However, traditional IDS models often fail to adequately protect data privacy and detect complex, unique breaches, particularly within Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel Stacked Convolutional Neural Network and Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (SCNN-Bi-LSTM) model for intrusion detection in WSNs. This model leverages Federated Learning (FL) to enhance intrusion detection performance and safeguard privacy. The FL-based SCNN-Bi-LSTM model is unique in its approach, allowing multiple sensor nodes to collaboratively train a central global model without revealing private data, thereby alleviating privacy concerns. The deep learning methodology of the SCNN-Bi-LSTM model effectively identifies sophisticated and previously unknown cyber threats by meticulously examining both local and temporal linkages in network patterns. The model has been specifically designed to detect and categorize different types of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks using specialized WSN-DS and CIC-IDS-2017 datasets. Compared to traditional Artificial Deep Neural Network (ADNN) models, our proposed FL-SCNN-Bi-LSTM model demonstrated superior detection rates for complex and unknown attacks, significantly improving IDS performance. The model achieved a notable classification accuracy of approximately 99.9% precision and recall on both datasets, substantially reducing false positives and negatives. Our research underscores the potential of federated learning and deep learning in enhancing the security and privacy of WSNs. The proposed FL-SCNN-Bi-LSTM architecture not only facilitates the identification of complex cyber threats but also exemplifies how deep learning techniques can be employed to bolster intrusion detection systems while preserving user data privacy.

Enhancing Text Classification with Cyberbullying and Machine Learning Algorithms

With the exponential rise of social media platforms, cyber bullying has become a significant issue, requiring sophisticated techniques for effective detection and prevention. Existing machine learning approaches, while foundational, often fall short in addressing the complex and nuanced linguistic patterns inherent in cyber bullying. This paper presents a novel framework that combines Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for classification and Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) for feature extraction, leveraging Deep Residual ELM (DRELM) architecture to improve accuracy. This model addresses the limitations of previous methods by enhancing the ability to capture temporal linkages and subtle language variations across social media platforms. Through experimental evaluations, the proposed framework outperforms traditional machine learning approaches, delivering superior precision, memory handling, and feature extraction capabilities. These improvements make the DRELM model a robust solution for tackling the challenging problem of cyber bullying detection.

Molecular and biological studies of nonindigenous and extremely rare fish species from the western Baltic reported from the Pomeranian Bay (southwest Baltic Proper)

W ięcaszek B., P anicz R., E ljasik P., Tański A., B ushra A. 2023. Molecular and biological studies of nonindigenous and extremely rare fish species from the western Baltic reported from the Pomeranian Bay (southwest Baltic Proper). Folia Biologica (Kraków) 71: 181-194. Water inflows from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea are recognized as a significant factor influencing the diversity of fish species in the region. In this report, we present findings on three newly discovered fish species (Solea solea, Merluccius merluccius, and Limanda limanda) and the presence of species that were previously seldom observed in the Pomeranian Bay and the associated oligohaline waters of Szczecin Lagoon. These fishes were incidentally captured during monitoring surveys of commercially important fish species. Species identification relied on partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b (cytb), and rhodopsin (rho) genes, as well as morphometric diagnostic characteristics. Upon comparing the obtained sequences with GenBank records, it was revealed that the sequences for Merluccius merluccius (rho, GenBank acc. no. OM737733) and Chelidonichthys lucerna (cytb, GenBank acc. no. OM737734) constitute new DNA barcodes. The majority of sequences obtained in our study matched those available in GenBank for fishes inhabiting the North Sea, suggesting spatial and temporal linkages between the two seas. The remaining sequences exhibited similarity to data from the Cantabrian Sea, the coasts of France, and the Norwegian Sea. The study results, in conjunction with information on the inflows of saline waters and data from previous studies on reported fish occurrences, indicate that the bycatch species could serve as potential bioindicators of environmental changes in the study area.

Data Practices for Studying the Impacts of Environmental Amenities and Hazards with Nationwide Property Data

<h3>Abstract</h3> We discuss data quality and modeling issues inherent in the use of nationwide property data to value environmental amenities. By example of ZTRAX, a U.S.-wide real estate database, we identify challenges and propose guidance for: (1) the identification of arm’s-length sales, (2) the geo-location of parcels and buildings, (3) temporal linkages between transaction, assessor, and parcel data, (4) the identification of property types, such as single-family homes and vacant lands, and (5) dealing with missing or mismeasured data for standard housing attributes. We review current practice and show that how researchers address these issues can meaningfully influence research findings.

‘Sarajevo Is Not What It Used to Be’: Ex-Sarajevan Serbs and Their Ambivalent Relationship to Their Place of Origin

Abstract This article investigates the striking ambivalence of people who left reintegrated Sarajevo en masse after the Bosnian war and have still retained a connection to the city. While ex-Sarajevans identifying as Serbs have cultivated a strong emotional relationship to their place of origin and have maintained various temporal, material, and political linkages with the city, they have completely ruled out the idea of returning physically. By addressing their ambivalent relationship with their place of origin, this study posits that ex-Sarajevans do not embrace the idea of returning to a ‘point fixed in space’, but rather harbour a utopian dream of returning to a ‘point fixed in time’. Rather, it argues that instead of mourning the place itself, ex-Sarajevans truly miss the previous forms of sociability, which no longer exist in the post-war milieu.

Studying the Impacts of Environmental Amenities and Hazards with Nationwide Property Data: Best Data Practices for Interpretable and Reproducible Analyses

Access to rich, nationwide property data has catalyzed rapid empirical work concerning land use choices in several fields of inquiry, including environmental economics, urban geography, and conservation biology. When data on property transactions and assessments are provided in its original or only partially pre-processed state, the accuracy, reliability, and generalizability of findings can be improved with a series of cleaning procedures and quality checks. We discuss issues inherent in using increasingly popular, nationwide data to perform econometric analyses and propose best practices for data preparation by example of ZTRAX, a U.S.-wide real estate database available to academics, non-profit, and government researchers between 2016 and 2023. We cover (1) the identification of arms-length sales, (2) the geo-location of parcels and buildings, (3) temporal linkages between transaction, assessor, and parcel data, (4) the identification of property types, such as single-family homes and vacant lands, and (5) dealing with missing or mismeasured data for standard housing attributes. We provide supplementary maps, filtering tables, and algorithmic descriptions to help analysts check and document their choices, improve the quality of ongoing and planned research, and help readers better understand the scope, reliability, and generalizability of findings and data products.

Information Flows: Characterizing Precipitation‐Streamflow Dependencies in the Colorado Headwaters With an Information Theory Approach

AbstractWatersheds aggregate precipitation signals of many intensities and from many locations into a single observable streamflow at an outlet point. This dependency between precipitation and streamflow varies seasonally and can shift over time due to changes in land cover, climate, human water uses, or changes in properties of precipitation events themselves. We apply information theory‐based measures to capture temporal linkages, or information transfers, from daily precipitation occurrence at different locations in a basin to streamflow at an outlet. We detect critical magnitudes of precipitation and lag times associated with the strongest precipitation‐streamflow relationships, and further partition information transfers to determine relative contributions from the knowledge of wet versus dry past states. Based on an analysis of daily U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow and Climate Prediction Center (CPC) gridded gauge‐based precipitation data sets in the Colorado Headwaters Basin, this dependency is strongest in fall, the longest dominant lag times occur in spring, and the strengths of dependencies have increased in spring and summer over the past 65 years. These features relate to both seasonal and spatial characteristics of precipitation and the landscape. A partitioning of information components shows that in this basin, the particular knowledge of a lagged, or past, wet state tends to be more informative to flow than a lagged dry state, even though dry days are more frequent. This study introduces several signatures of precipitation‐streamflow relationships that can also more broadly characterize strengths, thresholds, and timescales associated with various interconnected processes.

Andean Mountain Building and Foreland Basin Evolution During Thin‐ and Thick‐Skinned Neogene Deformation (32–33°S)

AbstractThe southern Central Andes recorded retroarc shortening, basin evolution, and magmatic arc migration during Neogene changes in subduction. At 31–33°S, above the modern flat‐slab segment, spatial and temporal linkages between thin‐ and thick‐skinned foreland shortening, basement‐involved exhumation of the main Cordillera, and lower‐crustal hinterland thickening remain poorly resolved. We integrate new geochronological and thermochronological data for thrust sheets and Neogene foreland basin fill with structural, sedimentological, and passive seismic results to reconstruct the exhumation history and evaluate potential geometric linkages across structural domains. 40Ar/39Ar ages for volcanic horizons and zircon U‐Pb ages for synorogenic clastic deposits in the Manantiales Basin constrain the minimum duration of synorogenic sedimentation to ~22–14 Ma. Detrital zircon age distributions record sequential unroofing of hinterland thrust sheets until ~15 Ma, followed by eastward (cratonward) advance of the deformation front, shutoff of western sediment sources, and a shift from fluvial to alluvial fan deposition at ~14 Ma. Apatite (U‐Th)/He cooling ages confirm rapid exhumation of basement‐involved structural blocks and basin partitioning by ~14–5 Ma, consistent with the timing of the Manantiales facies and provenance shifts and a coeval (~12–9 Ma) pulse of thin‐skinned shortening and exhumation previously identified in the eastern foreland. Late Miocene–Pliocene (~8–2 Ma) cooling ages along the Chile‐Argentina border point to hinterland uplift during the latest stage of Andean orogenesis. Finally, geophysical constraints on crustal architecture and low‐temperature thermochronometry results are compatible with a hybrid thin‐ and thick‐skinned décollement spanning retroarc domains.

Diurnal Cortisol Slope Mediates the Association Between Affect and Memory Retrieval in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Path-Analytical Study.

BackgroundMemory deficits are linked to dysfunctional HPA axis activity and negative affect in older adults. This study evaluated the mediating effect of the diurnal cortisol pattern on the relationship between affect and memory in older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).MethodsThis longitudinal study recruited 189 Chinese older adults with MCI from elderly centers in Hong Kong. The participants completed assessments of affect, salivary cortisol, and digit spans at baseline; neurocognitive assessments on verbal fluency, memory retrieval, and digit spans at 6-month follow-up; and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) at 1-year follow-up. Structural equation modeling examined the direct and indirect effects of negative affect on memory and IADL via diurnal cortisol pattern.ResultsControlling for covariates, negative affect significantly predicted flattened diurnal cortisol slopes (β = 0.17, p < 0.05) but not memory or IADL (p = 0.23 – 0.91) directly. Diurnal cortisol slopes negatively predicted memory retrieval (β = −0.20, p < 0.05), which in turn positively predicted IADL (β = 0.22, p < 0.01). The indirect effect from negative affect to IADL via cortisol slope and memory retrieval was significant and negative (αβγ = −0.05, 95% bootstrapped CI = −0.248 to −0.001).DiscussionThe present study established certain temporal linkages among affect and cortisol slopes at baseline, memory retrieval at 6 months, and functional decline 1 year later in older adults with MCI. Flattened diurnal cortisol slopes might mediate the detrimental effects of negative affect on memory retrieval and functioning across 1 year.

Spatial and temporal turnover of soil microbial communities is not linked to function in a primary tropical forest.

The spatial and temporal linkages between turnover of soil microbial communities and their associated functions remain largely unexplored in terrestrial ecosystems. Yet defining these relationships and how they vary across ecosystems and microbial lineages is key to incorporating microbial communities into ecological forecasts and ecosystem models. To define linkages between turnover of soil bacterial and fungal communities and their function we sampled fungal and bacterial composition, abundance, and enzyme activities across a 3-ha area of wet tropical primary forest over 2 yr. We show that fungal and bacterial communities both exhibited temporal turnover, but turnover of both groups was much lower than in temperate ecosystems. Turnover over time was driven by gain and loss of microbial taxa and not changes in abundance of individual species present in multiple samples. Only fungi varied over space with idiosyncratic variation that did not increase linearly with distance among sampling locations. Only phosphorus-acquiring enzyme activities were linked to shifts in septate, decomposer fungal abundance; no enzymes were affected by composition or diversity of fungi or bacteria. Although temporal and spatial variation in composition was appreciable, because turnover of microbial communities did not alter the functional repertoire of decomposing enzymes, functional redundancy among taxa may be high in this ecosystem. Slow temporal turnover of tropical soil microbial communities and large functional redundancy suggests that shifts in abundance of particular functional groups may capture ecosystem function more accurately than composition in these heterogeneous ecosystems.

Kairotic Reflections on Detroit: The Rhetorical Cartography of the Heidelberg Project

This study illustrates how a Sophistic understanding of kairos can help develop rhetorical cartography scholarship. It does this by examining the Heidelberg Project, an open-air public art installation located on Detroit’s east side. The project forges spatial and temporal connections that make, unmake, and critique boundaries between public art and different geographic areas, communities, and time periods. By creating spatial and temporal linkages, the installation attempts to craft a kairotic revelatory experience. While the Heidelberg Project challenges dominant representations of Detroit as a non-place, it also bolsters boundaries between oppressed communities and privileged outsiders that can remarginalize groups.

Evaluation of spatial and temporal relationships between large‐scale atmospheric oscillations and meteorological drought indexes in Turkey

Spatial and temporal linkages between large‐scale atmospheric oscillations, namely, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Southern Oscillation (SO) and North Sea–Caspian Pattern (NCP), and meteorological droughts in Turkey were investigated in this study. The corresponding oscillation indexes (NAOI, SOI and NCPI) were considered as monthly time indicators of the oscillations while the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) obtained from 148 stations was used to define meteorological droughts. The suitability of various probability distributions was evaluated to obtain precise estimations of SPI values. Correlation analyses were then conducted to assess spatial and temporal distribution of the relationship between the oscillation and drought indexes. The linkages between the NAOI, NCPI and SPI were found to be more significant at the lag‐0, while the SOI had significant positive and negative correlations with SPI series at lag‐1–2. Moreover, our results revealed that the NAO is more dominant in the west and in the central Anatolia regions while the NCP has more influence on the northern and eastern regions.

The ecosystem approach in ecological impact assessment: Lessons learned from windfarm developments on peatlands in Scotland

The Ecosystem Approach introduced in 1994 through the Convention on Biological Diversity, together with related Ecosystem-based Management and Landscape Approaches, are frequently called upon to improve ecological impact assessment. Current practice typically does not have such a systems focus and we explore the potential for explicitly adopting an Ecosystem Approach in the Environmental Impact Assessment process using wind energy development on peatland, in Scotland, as a case study. Based on a review of 21 windfarm projects (>50 MW) approved by the Scottish Government we provide an overview of current practice and identify and discuss how the 12 principles of the Ecosystem Approach can help identify options for more appropriate impact assessment. These include defining functional units of analysis that reflect the spatial and temporal linkages of peatland elements through hydrological connections, rather than a focus on individual vegetation types and simple distance buffers. Our conclusions are not limited to peatland and are relevant wherever meaningful functional management units can be defined, including in marine environments. Our results also show that environmental statements for wind energy development in Scotland largely ignore ecosystem services and the people that benefit from them. As for threatened species and other biodiversity features, an Ecosystem Approach is a prerequisite to the meaningful inclusion of ecosystem services in impact assessment.

A novel triggerless approach for mass wasting susceptibility modeling applied to the Boston Mountains of Arkansas, USA

This research deploys a novel mass wasting susceptibility modeling approach for cases where temporal information is unavailable and circumstances are prejudiced to merit applying traditional susceptibility modeling strategies. Conventional models typically employ approaches deemed problematic for this study, e.g., biased weighted input; a “more is better” approach pertaining to voluminous inputs; neglecting geologic structural influence; and establishing temporal linkages between cause (trigger) and effect (failure) with a trigger being defined as a catalyst for failure, such as timed events like earthquakes or precipitation as well as physical changes like vegetation removal or slope disturbance. Road bias may also influence modeling dramatically when event data are derived from observations of road-related failures, which become unreliable at predicting susceptibility in regions with no roads. However, a triggerless approach can extrapolate naturally occurring susceptibility via priori knowledge of local topography and structural geology factors. Two models are then created for comparison: One model has integrated empirical Bayesian kriging and fuzzy logic considering basically local topography and structural geology, while the second model has employed a standard implementation of a weighted overlay using all available (8) input data layers. Statistical comparisons show that the first model has identified ~ 83%, compared to only ~ 28% for the latter model, of the 47 documented mass wasting events in the selected study site. These results demonstrate that the introduced triggerless approach is efficiently capable of modeling mass wasting susceptibility in areas lacking temporal datasets, which in turn can help in mitigating future geohazards.

Spatial and temporal correlation between beach and wave processes: implications for bar–berm sediment transition

Investigation of a beach and its wave conditions is highly requisite for understanding the physical processes in a coast. This study composes spatial and temporal correlation between beach and nearshore processes along the extensive sandy beach of Nagapattinam coast, southeast peninsular India. The data collection includes beach profile, wave data, and intertidal sediment samples for 2 years from January 2011 to January 2013. The field data revealed significant variability in beach and wave morphology during the northeast (NE) and southwest (SW) monsoon. However, the beach has been stabilized by the reworking of sediment distribution during the calm period. The changes in grain sorting and longshore sediment transport serve as a clear evidence of the sediment migration that persevered between foreshore and nearshore regions. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) were utilized to investigate the spatial and temporal linkages between beach and nearshore criterions. The outcome of the multivariate analysis unveiled that the seasonal variations in the wave climate tends to influence the bar–berm sediment transition that is discerned in the coast.

From the Backstage of War: the Struggle of Mothers in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro

Abstract This article analyses the political status of mothers whose children have been killed by members of the Brazilian military police and armed forces in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro in the course of the ‘war against drugs’. These mothers bear witness to the reality of state interference in the lives of their families. The loss of a child interrupts their intimate affective bonds and temporal linkages between the past, present and future, thereby requiring a resignification of the meaning and temporality of their lives. The war waged by the state and the mothers’ struggle for justice gives rise to a social dynamic that positions these mothers in a reordering of space and a redefinition of time, creating a spatio-temporal existence of pain, despair and hope.

Capturing coupled riparian and coastal disturbance from industrial mining using cloud-resilient satellite time series analysis.

The socio-ecological impacts of large scale resource extraction are frequently underreported in underdeveloped regions. The open-pit Grasberg mine in Papua, Indonesia, is one of the world’s largest copper and gold extraction operations. Grasberg mine tailings are discharged into the lowland Ajkwa River deposition area (ADA) leading to forest inundation and degradation of water bodies critical to indigenous peoples. The extent of the changes and temporal linkages with mining activities are difficult to establish given restricted access to the region and persistent cloud cover. Here, we introduce remote sensing methods to “peer through” atmospheric contamination using a dense Landsat time series to simultaneously quantify forest loss and increases in estuarial suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration. We identified 138 km2 of forest loss between 1987 and 2014, an area >42 times larger than the mine itself. Between 1987 and 1998, the rate of disturbance was highly correlated (Pearson’s r = 0.96) with mining activity. Following mine expansion and levee construction along the ADA in the mid-1990s, we recorded significantly (p < 0.05) higher SPM in the Ajkwa Estuary compared to neighboring estuaries. This research provides a means to quantify multiple modes of ecological damage from mine waste disposal or other disturbance events.

Temporary Organizing and Institutional Change

The relationship between the temporary and the permanent is a central issue in studies of temporary organizing. Recent research highlights that projects, as key forms of temporary organizations, both constitute and are constituted by their wider institutional contexts. However, there is still a lack of more detailed understanding of the actors and their activities through which projects produce and advance institutional change. To address this issue, we draw on extensive fieldwork to study the activities that constitute establishment of the Innovation University. This endeavour gained the status of a spearhead project and advanced nationwide university reform in one northern European country. Our central contribution is two-fold. We sediment a more robust approach to institutions within project literature by defining them as widely shared beliefs and practices that actors enact and (re)produce through their various activities. On this basis, we develop a model of an institutional project for regulative change and show that it is more parallel and multiplex and less sequential in nature than existing studies might convey. Our model also creates new understanding of the role of the ‘lock-ins’ shaped by projects to promote regulative change and casts light on the temporal linkages and temporal boundary objects in institutional projects. In closing, we discuss several future avenues for research in both project literature and institutional theory.

Remote Sensing of Atmospheric and Ionospheric Signals Prior to the Mw 8.3 Illapel Earthquake, Chile 2015

In the present study, a number of atmospheric and some ionospheric anomalies are analyzed, which were recorded prior to the Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake of September 16, 2015. This very large earthquake occurred in Central Chile, close to the coast, as the result of thrust faulting on the interface between the Nazca Plate and South American continent. Using remotely sensed data extracted from NASA/Giovanni, NOAA/NCEP, and NOAA/NGDC, atmospheric and ionospheric anomalies were observed that co-registered 35–40 and 25–30 days prior to the main shock, respectively. With reference to long-term time series over the epicentral area, significant atmospheric anomalies were recorded for cloud cover, geopotential height, precipitation rates, surface air pressure, omega, stream function, and wind vectors—all in the time window of August 5–10, 2015, 35–40 days prior to the main shock. Anomalous TEC maps were recorded for the same time period. Satellite images indicate the formation of an unusual cyclone, presumably triggered by air turbulences and abnormal atmospheric conditions over the epicentral area, including strong vertical winds. Data from the Jicamarca radio observatory in Peru, more than 2000 km to the North, reveal anomalous ionospheric variations on August 15–20, 2015 with respect to international reference ionosphere thickness parameters and the altitude of the F layer. The observed anomalies are consistent with processes that occur at the ground-to-air interface due to the stress activation of peroxy defects in the hypocentral volume. The flow of positive hole charge carriers to the Earth surface expected to have led to massive air ionization, generating at first primarily positive airborne ions, then negative air ions plus ozone. Understanding the sequence of processes inside the Earth’s crust and at the ground-to-air interface provides information not previously available about the causal and temporal linkages between the various pre-earthquake phenomena and the future seismic event.

Steamships to Suffragettes

ABSTRACTSince 1985 the shipwreck site and related artifacts from the steamship SS Xantho (1872) have been key elements in the Western Australian Museum Maritime Archaeology Department’s research, exhibition, and outreach programs. This article describes a continually evolving, often intuitive, synergy between archaeological fieldwork and analyses, as well as museum interpretations and public engagement that have characterized the Steamships to Suffragettes exhibit conducted as part of a museum in vivo situation. This project has centered on themes locating the SS Xantho within a network of temporal, social, and biographical linkages, including associations between the ship’s engine and a visionary engineer (John Penn), a controversial entrepreneur (Charles Broadhurst), a feminist (Eliza Broadhurst), and a suffragette (Kitty Broadhust), as well as to Aboriginal and “Malay” divers and artists. Achieved with few funds, the project may be a valuable case study at a time when funds allocated to museums and archaeological units are rapidly diminishing.