Temporal Framework Research Articles

Vibrant Meter: Periods, Pulsations, and Prosody in Blake’s Milton

ABSTRACT Milton is known for its unorthodox treatment of time; however, scholarship tends to overlook one temporality of central importance: meter. This article argues that Milton’s metrical experiments are essential for understanding the poem’s strange temporal frameworks. Meter marks the intersection at which Milton’s primary concerns—poetry, physiology, and time—converge, a nodal point articulating poetry’s connection to living bodies, evolution, and history. Meter is patterned words, sound, and time, and Milton deploys it to map out a world that organizes itself according to interacting rhythmic patterns, casting meter as an ecological force that bridges interior and exterior life, as both meter and ecological processes are made legible through the interplay between expectation and deviation, repetition and variation, regularity and contingency. This article puts Blake in dialogue with anthropologist Gregory Bateson, an avid Blake reader whose Steps to an Ecology of Mind posits mind as a system of interdependent pathways that are irreducible to a bounded individual. Blake and Bateson’s affinity lies partly in their reputations as system thinkers but more so in their kinship as ecological thinkers who privilege pattern over substance as a framework for understanding our relationship with the external world.

64 Reduced Generation of Specific Future Events in Veterans with PTSD

Objective:When asked to imagine future events, individuals with PTSD provide narratives with limited event-specific details, suggesting an impairment in event elaboration. Here we examined whether future thinking in PTSD is also associated with an impairment in the initial stage of event construction, by using a future-event fluency task that makes no demands on event elaboration (MacLeod, A. K., & Salaminiou, E. (2001). Reduced positive future-thinking in depression: Cognitive and affective factors. Cognition & Emotion, 15(1), 99–107).Participants and Methods:Thirty-five veterans (6 female, 29 male; aged 27–51), assigned on the basis of structured diagnostic interviews to PTSD-only (n = 15), PTSD + depression (n = 9), or psychopathology-free control groups (n = 11), were asked to generate, in one minute, as many events as possible that they expected to happen in the future, across four conditions that varied in valence (positive, negative) and temporal framework (1 month, 10 years). Two independent raters classified each event generated as being specific (i.e., a unique, time-limited event), generic (i.e., ongoing or recurring events), or a repetition.Results:Results of linear mixed modeling carried out on the number of specific events generated showed that diagnostic group and event valence contributed significantly to the overall model fit. All participants generated more positive than negative events (β = 1.014, SE = 0.330, t(105) = 3.07 p = 0.003), and both PTSD groups generated fewer specific events than controls (PTSD-only (β = -2.203, SE = 0.744, t(35) = -2.96, p = 0.005); PTSD + depression (β = -1.859, SE = 0.842, t(35) = -2.21, p = 0.034). Adding the interaction between group and valence did not improve the model fit, suggesting that the PTSD groups were not differentially impaired in the generation of positive and negative events. When including scores on an emotionally neutral phonemic fluency task (FAS) as a covariate to account for verbal fluency, the PTSD-only group still generated significantly fewer events than the controls (β = -1.667, SE = 0.733, t(34) = -2.27, p = 0.030). After adjusting for FAS, the group effect was marginal for the PTSD + depression group (β = -1.600, SE = 0.801, t(34) = -2.00, p = 0.054).Conclusions:These results suggest that the impairment in future thinking in PTSD concerns not only the elaboration of future events but also the processes involved in initial event specification, such as those involved in the search and selection of a specific event. Moreover, these findings highlight a distinction between the future thinking abnormalities in PTSD, characterized by reduced generation of both positive and negative future events, compared to depression, which has been associated with reduced generation of positive future events only (MacLeod & Salaminiou, 2001).

Tourism and Environment: Ecology, Management, Economics, Climate, Health, and Politics

We review research on tourism and the environment using a temporal framework, distinct from previous reviews. We identify six main phases, all still active, but with different histories. Initially, tourism was treated as a low-impact component of transport and urban accommodation, and the focus was on recreation, ecology and visitor management in parks. Interest then turned to environmental management and corporate social responsibility: wastes, resources, and ecolabels. The third phase analysed positive economic contributions to conservation by a small number of tourism enterprises, principally through private reserves and park funding. The fourth focussed on climate change and carbon offsets, and the fifth on mental health and human capital. The sixth and newest phase is political. Tourism developers, industry associations, and lobbyists have stepped up their longstanding efforts to gain control of parks and protected areas, in order to profit from preferential access to public resources. These efforts now include international instruments as well as policies, practices, and legislation in individual countries. Tourism has become a catspaw for a new form of land grab by private wealth portfolios for high-value nature property. We draw attention to tourism development land grabs in public protected areas as a key priority for urgent research.

Astrochronology of the late Oligocene-middle Miocene in the Maldives, central Indian Ocean

Substantial work based on biostratigraphy has been done to constrain the chronology of the late Oligocene-middle Miocene in the Maldives (Indian Ocean), but a high-resolution temporal framework for the sedimentary record of this region remains elusive. This hampers a fuller understanding of the evolution of the carbonate platform, which is the second largest modern isolated carbonate platform. Moreover, the sedimentary record of the Maldives platform has the potential to provide insights on the onset of the ‘modern-like’ South Asian Monsoon (SAM) system. Here we present a detailed astrochronology for International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1468 through the late Oligocene-middle Miocene in the Maldives. Our cyclostratigraphy of the site is integrated with existing biostratigraphy and statistical evaluation, providing a robust ∼12-Myr absolute astronomical time scale (ATS). Using this time scale, we assign numerical ages of 12.229 ± 0.46 Ma and 11.561 ± 0.46 Ma for the core depths of 450 mbsf and 430 mbsf, respectively. These depths, constrained by biostratigraphy, have previously been suggested to mark the onset of the SAM in the Maldives. Our ATS provides time constraints on the evolution of the platform sequence stratigraphy, and we find evidence of a ∼1.2-Myr obliquity amplitude modulation (AM) control on sea level changes and sequence development. In addition, our results indicate that the deposition of organic-rich sediments towards the base of the record in this area was driven by obliquity cycles and the combined effect of glacio-eustasy and hydrographic changes.

The influence of collaborative learning and self-organisation on medical students’ academic performance in anatomy

BackgroundIn 2021, university teaching at the Faculty of Medicine Tuebingen was transferred to a digital setting. Due to the discontinuation of face-to-face teaching, students lacked the temporal and spatial framework of the curriculum and the possibility to socialise with fellow students was extremely limited. Increased demands were placed on the students' self-organisation, and the possibility of collaborative learning was drastically limited. The present study investigated the extent to which these study conditions affected the academic performance of medical students in the oral exam after the 60-hour introductory anatomy lecture. Specifically, collaborative, and organisational learning strategies were considered. MethodsLearning strategies of 146 students were assessed by means of a questionnaire. The anatomy exam was used to assess the academic performance. In addition, students were asked to rate their own oral exam performance. ResultsStudents used strategies of collaborative learning (M = 3.30, SD = 0.88) and self-organisation (M = 3.28, SD = 0.72) about equally as often. A significant correlation was found between the use of collaborative learning strategies and the ability for realistic self-assessment (ρ = −0.22, P =.02). Collaborative behaviour could be divided into Initiative Collaborative Learning and Subordinate Collaborative Learning. Only the former had an influence on the ability for realistic self-assessment. Neither organisational learning strategies nor collaborative learning strategies had an influence on academic performance. Discussion and conclusionInitiative collaborative learners showed a higher degree of realistic self-assessment. This could be explained through a more distinct social referencing, as fellow students’ knowledge levels can be related early on to their own academic performance. There was no correlation between the learning strategies used and the exam result.

Ectoparasite presence and brood size manipulation interact to accelerate telomere shortening in nestling jackdaws.

Early-life conditions impact fitness, but whether the combined effect of extrinsic stressors is additive or synergistic is not well known. This is a major knowledge gap because exposure to multiple stressors is frequent. Telomere dynamics may be instrumental when testing how stressors interact because many factors affect telomere shortening, and telomere shortening predicts survival. We evaluated the effect of manipulated brood size and natural infestation by the carnid fly Carnus hemapterus on nestling growth and telomere shortening of wild jackdaws (Corvus monedula). Telomere length, measured in blood using TRF, shortened on average by 264 bp, and on average, Carnus infection induced more telomere shortening. Further analyses showed that in enlarged broods, nestlings' telomeres shortened more when parasitized, while in reduced broods there was no effect of infection on telomere shortening. We conclude that there is a synergistic effect of number of siblings and Carnus infection on telomere shortening rate: blood-sucking parasites may negatively impact telomeres by increasing cell proliferation and/or physiological stress, and coping with infection may be less successful in enlarged broods with increased sibling competition. Larger nestlings had shorter telomeres independent of age, brood manipulation or infection. Growth was independent of infestation but in enlarged broods, nestlings were lighter at fledging. Our findings indicate that (i) evaluating consequences of early-life environmental conditions in isolation may not yield a full picture due to synergistic effects, and (ii) effects of environmental conditions may be cryptic, for example, on telomeres, with fitness consequences expressed beyond the temporal framework of the study.

Attention based adaptive spatial–temporal hypergraph convolutional networks for stock price trend prediction

Stock price trend prediction is an important and challenging issue, and accurate forecasting will effectively improve investment decisions and contribute to investment returns. Improving prediction accuracy by exploring stock correlations has received much attention in recent studies. However, there are still some issues that have not been fully considered, such as the impact of invalid correlations, low sensitivity to minor price fluctuations and dependence on priors expert information. To solve the above issues, we propose a novel spatial–temporal framework, which has several characteristics: (1) the noise-aware spatial–temporal attention that dynamically filters out invalid associations from traditional spatial attention and combines temporal attention to capture the spatial–temporal patterns of different stock series; (2) the adaptive stock hypergraph generation maps the intrinsic associations of stocks into a trainable dense matrix via adaptive node embedding; (3) the adaptive graph convolution extends the graph convolution operation from static graphs to adaptive hypergraphs for exploring the dynamic correlations. (4) Multiple stacked attention-based adaptive spatial–temporal Blocks form the end-to-end prediction framework, which uses time-aware cascaded convolution to extract fine-grained temporal features. Convincing experimental results on two stock datasets, studies on the performance on various simulation investments and the model interpretability confirm the advantages of our approach.

TCF-Trans: Temporal Context Fusion Transformer for Anomaly Detection in Time Series.

Anomaly detection tasks involving time-series signal processing have been important research topics for decades. In many real-world anomaly detection applications, no specific distributions fit the data, and the characteristics of anomalies are different. Under these circumstances, the detection algorithm requires excellent learning ability of the data features. Transformers, which apply the self-attention mechanism, have shown outstanding performances in modelling long-range dependencies. Although Transformer based models have good prediction performance, they may be influenced by noise and ignore some unusual details, which are significant for anomaly detection. In this paper, a novel temporal context fusion framework: Temporal Context Fusion Transformer (TCF-Trans), is proposed for anomaly detection tasks with applications to time series. The original feature transmitting structure in the decoder of Informer is replaced with the proposed feature fusion decoder to fully utilise the features extracted from shallow and deep decoder layers. This strategy prevents the decoder from missing unusual anomaly details while maintaining robustness from noises inside the data. Besides, we propose the temporal context fusion module to adaptively fuse the generated auxiliary predictions. Extensive experiments on public and collected transportation datasets validate that the proposed framework is effective for anomaly detection in time series. Additionally, the ablation study and a series of parameter sensitivity experiments show that the proposed method maintains high performance under various experimental settings.

Non-Destructive Textural Characterization of Southern Romanian Neolithic and Chalcolithic Pottery Using Digital Image Analysis on Tomographically Reconstructed Sections

Pottery is a complex archaeological material that is found ubiquitously in various spatial–temporal frameworks from all over the world; therefore, it is of great importance to archaeological research. The current paper aims to present and discuss the results obtained on a batch of Neolithic (ca. 6000–5000 BC) and Chalcolithic (ca. 5000–3900 BC) pottery sherds from Southern Romania through X-ray Computed Tomography, a non-destructive methodology that allows for the 3D reconstruction and precise measurement of inclusions and voids present within ceramic artefacts. Images from several potsherds were subsequently exported and analyzed by means of dedicated software (ImageJ 1.44p and GIMP) to extract quantitative information on the observed features. Grain size and morphometric analyses were performed on the particles, while the contour variability of the examined inclusions was characterized through the application of shape descriptors. Voids were analyzed in order to reveal specific orientation patterns through the examination of the aspect ratio of the holes and of the Rayleigh z test values. These analyses evidenced the general reliance of moderately and poorly sorted clays for ceramic production, accompanied by a gradual transition from organic to grog tempering, while conservative traditions remained prevalent in primary pottery-forming processes.

Large-scale genomic data reveal the phylogeny and evolution of owlet moths (Noctuoidea).

The owlet moths (Noctuoidea; ~43-45K described species) are one of the most ecologically diverse and speciose superfamilies of animals. Moreover, they comprise some of the world's most notorious pests of agriculture and forestry. Despite their contributions to terrestrial biodiversity and impacts on ecosystems and economies, the evolutionary history of Noctuoidea remains unclear because the superfamily lacks a statistically robust phylogenetic and temporal framework. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Noctuoidea using data from 1234 genes (946.4 kb nucleotides) obtained from the genome and transcriptome sequences of 76 species. The relationships among the six families of Noctuoidea were well resolved and consistently recovered based on both concatenation and gene coalescence approaches, supporting the following relationships: Oenosandridae + (Notodontidae + (Erebidae + (Nolidae + (Euteliidae + Noctuidae)))). A Yule tree prior with three unlinked molecular clocks was identified as the preferred BEAST analysis using marginal-likelihood estimations. The crown age of Noctuoidea was estimated at 74.5 Ma, with most families originating before the end of the Paleogene (23 Ma). Our study provides the first statistically robust phylogenetic and temporal framework for Noctuoidea, including all families of owlet moths, based on large-scale genomic data.

The effects of temporal distance and post type on tourists' responses to destination marketing organizations’ social media marketing

With the rapid growth of social media practice in the tourism industry, destination-marketing-organization-generated content (DGC) has become an important communication tool in promoting destinations. However, little remains known about the extent to which DGC affects tourist behavior. Based on a temporal construal-level research framework, which considers how the level at which a stimulus is construed influences consumers' information processing and decision-making, this study investigates the interplay effects of temporal distance and post type on tourists' attitude strength changes (Study 1) and decision-making processes (Study 2) from a dynamic approach. The findings reveal that the effect of DGC on tourists' attitude changes is contextual, and DGC is less influential on tourists' decision-making processes when they have a near travel plan than a distant one. This study significantly changes the current understanding of the scope of DMOs’ influence through social media, concluding that DMOs should not invest in DGC except for in specific contexts.

Making the Lover’s Leap: Wenonah, Rhetorical Colonialism, and Dissociative Memory(-)Work

ABSTRACT This essay analyzes a display of Wenonah and the “Lover’s Leap” in Winona, Minnesota, as an example of dissociative memory(-)work. Applying dissociation to the organization of commemorative space, I attend to how the display uses markers of commemorative labor as modifying terms that invite audiences to dissociate investiture from the figure represented in order to privilege the people, actions, and temporal frameworks of those who made and maintained the memorial. This analysis proposes different dissociative units relevant to memory(-)work, including persona memorialized/persona memorializing, act memorialized/act of memorializing, and time memorialized/time of memorializing. Attention to this example of memory(-)work helps critics account for a unique and resilient form of rhetorical colonialism.

Introduction: Recent research on iron-ore mirrors in Mesoamerica and Central America

AbstractThis Special Section focuses on recent research centered on iron-ore mirrors in Mesoamerica and Central America. Iron-ore mirrors are rare and esoteric artifacts, mainly crafted by specialized centers in the Maya, central Mexico, and Zapotec areas from the Early Preclassic to the Postclassic. They were found in numerous archaeological sites and cultures, from the Gila River in the United States to the isthmus of Panama.In this introduction, we present a temporal, geographical, and contextual framework for the actual knowledge on mirrors, in order to fully understand the complexity and importance of the research on these prestigious artifacts. Indeed, the mirrors combine spiritual and political power in a portable and material way, giving a great insight into Mesoamerican beliefs and leading to important information on the relation between rulers of different political centers from different cultural areas.Finally, we present the articles of the Special Section and give an overview of their content and relevance to the topic.

Country-"Policey": Norms in Early Modern Agrarian Societies.

The collection of sources on “good” policeyhas, so far, illustrated and interpreted the characteristics of early modernregulatory policy with territorial or urban examples. This was examined for aperiod which, as the saddle period of modernity, was responsible for setting acourse that can hardly be overestimated, according to which rights and duties,public and ecclesiastical order, social peace, honour, happiness, health andprosperity are partly derived to this day. This temporal framework remained inthis essay, but the social perspective changed. While many publications onordinances were tailored to the role of the nobility and the courts, themunicipal councillors, the imperial ecclesiastical chancelleries or theexecutive offices in the Reichskreise (Imperial Circles), the focus isnow on their social reflections. The perspective from “below” becomes moreeffective. The rural area, village cooperatives, agrarian forms of trade andaction remote from capitals and centres are the new, undoubtedly no lessinteresting focus. 

Paleoecological data complete historical and archaeological archives: Human–environment nexus at the fluvio maritime city port of Chilia (Licostomo; Northern Danube delta) since the 14th century

AbstractThis study reconstructs the paleoecological settings of Chilia/Licostomo, the most important Genoese colony in the Danube delta. Our paleoenvironmental data (i.e., sedimentology, pollen, charcoal, radiocarbon ages) corroborate historical and archaeological information over the last seven centuries to document the habitation at Chilia and its military and socioeconomic activity during ca. 14th–19th centuries A.D. Palynological data show the continuous presence of humans, with anthropogenic pollen index calculation (API) values between 2% and 16% during the last five centuries. The variability of API, corroborated with the major peaks of the charcoal concentration, matches the documented military conflicts and population changes in the area: the Ottoman conquest of Dobrugea (15th century A.D.), the Zaporozhians Cossaks raids (17th century A.D.), and the Russian–Ottoman wars (18th–19th centuries A.D.). The presence of coprophilous fungi fits the Ottoman tradition of animal husbandry, whereas their appearance after the Zaporozhians Cossacks raids and their good correlation with open land vegetation suggest that the Chilia loess island was temporally used as a refuge from multiple menaces (e.g., wars, administrative crisis). These paleoecological data, together with the rare archaeological findings, exclude human habitation of the Chilia Plain earlier than the documented arrival of the Lipovans during the late 18th century A.D. The critical assessment of the correspondences between the paleoecological and historical data shows the relevance of the approach in deltaic environments, when applied to lagoon/lacustrine sediments, yet often limited to chronologically disparate, decennial‐ to multicentennial‐scale temporal frameworks.

A temporal convolutional recurrent autoencoder based framework for compressing time series data

The sharply growing volume of time series data due to recent sensing technology advancement poses emerging challenges to the data transfer speed and storage as well as corresponding energy consumption. To tackle the overwhelming volume of time series data in transmission and storage, compressing time series, which encodes time series into smaller size representations while enables authentic restoration of compressed ones with minimizing the reconstruction error, has attracted significant attention. Numerous methods have been developed and recent deep learning ones with minimal assumptions on data characteristics, such as recurrent autoencoders, have shown themselves to be competitive. Yet, capturing long-term dependencies in time series compression is a significant challenge calling further development. To make a response, this paper proposes a temporal convolutional recurrent autoencoder framework for more effective time series compression. First, two autoencoder modules, the temporal convolutional network encoder with a recurrent neural network decoder (TCN-RNN) and the temporal convolutional network encoder with an attention assisted recurrent neural network decoder (TCN-ARNN), are developed. The TCN-RNN employs only the recurrent neural network decoder to reconstruct the time series in reverse order. In contrast, the TCN-ARNN uses two recurrent neural networks to reconstruct the time series in both forward and reverse order in parallel. In addition, a timestep-wise attention network is developed to incorporate the forward and reverse reconstructions into the ultimate reconstruction with adaptive weights. Finally, a model selection procedure is developed to adaptively select between the TCN-RNN and TCN-ARNN based on their reconstruction performance on the validation dataset. Computational experiments on five datasets show that the proposed temporal convolutional recurrent autoencoder outperforms state-of-the-art benchmarking models in terms of lower reconstruction errors with the same compression ratio, achieving an improvement of up to 45.14% in the average of mean squared errors. Results indicate a promising potential of the proposed temporal convolutional recurrent autoencoder on the time series compression for various applications involving long time series data.

A data set of monthly freshwater fluxes from the Greenland ice sheet’s marine-terminating glaciers on a glacier–basin scale 2010–2020

The loss of mass from the Greenland ice sheet causes an increasing influx of freshwater to the Greenlandic fjords and the oceans. Freshwater fluxes from marine-terminating glaciers are important to understand fjord circulation and ecosystem dynamics. Here, we present a data set constructed by reformulating existing products into a shared temporal and spatial framework. We combine three publicly available data sets of solid-ice discharge (iceberg), liquid-surface runoff (runoff) and basal melt to present a cohesive overview of the flow of freshwater from marine-terminating glaciers to the Greenlandic fjords. We also calculate glacier drainage basins and compare our findings to previous studies showing that drainage-basin sizes may vary considerably depending on how they were reconstructed. The data set will be a valuable asset to oceanographic, glaciological and marine biological research activities.

Bi-level and multi-objective optimization of renewable energy sources and storage planning to support existing overloaded electricity grids

The paper proposes a bi-level multi-objective optimization model to optimally design and operate renewable energy sources and storage systems in an existing electrical grid with increasing demand. while respecting network constraints based. The bi-level optimization model combines particle swarm optimization (PSO) and dynamic linear AC-optimal power flow (DLOPF). The aim of the bi-objective model is to minimize costs while limiting carbon emissions. PSO sizes and identifies the placement of battery energy storage (BES) systems, and DLOPF locates and sizes RES in a spatial–temporal framework using the Levelized Cost of Energy and Storage. Different scenarios were applied to the IEEE-30 bus system to reveal the behavior of the dynamic network for the different cases, and the associated effect of integrating RES and BES. The model resulted in optimized scenarios in terms of placement and sizing of RES and BES at the lowest cost while considering cost minimization and carbon constraints. This shows how the complexity of the CO2 constraints requires more RES and BES installations and thus more funds. The maximum CO2 limit achieved is 30%, which has reached the storage limits and increased the overall cost by $15 m.

Smartphone spectatorship in unenclosed environments: The physiological impacts of visual and sonic distraction during movie watching on mobile devices

Smartphones’ popularity is largely based on their pervasiveness, portability, and the wide range of functions they encompass: they can play high-definition moving-image content without spatial and temporal constraints. However, the lack of spatial and temporal frameworks can account for distractions. Distractions (generally sonic or visual information) can originate from the surrounding environment or from the device itself and they may or may not hold semantic links to the content being watched. In this paper, we argue that the distraction effect in movie watching is based on a distractor’s modality, neutrality, and ecological relevance to the movie. To test the effects of these properties, we recorded viewers’ gaze and electrodermal activity while they watched a narrative film sequence on smartphone and projector screens in the presence of sonic and visual distractors. We found that screen type can affect attention and arousal: in comparison to projector viewers, smartphone viewers experienced lower arousal and were more likely to shift their attention from the movie even when a distractor closely related to the movie was played. It was also observed that distractors that require urgent attention and are unrelated to the movie redirect the viewer’s attention and increases electrodermal activity values. In contrast, distractors with ecological relevance to the movie are less likely to induce changes in attention and arousal.

Applying a Lens of Temporality to Better Understand Voice About Unethical Behaviour

The relationship between time and voice about unethical behaviour has been highlighted as a key area for exploration within the voice and silence field (Morrison Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 10:79–107, 2023). Previous studies have made only modest progress in this area, so we present a temporal lens which can act as a guide for others wishing to better understand the role of time and voice. Applying the concept of theory adaptation (Jaakkola AMS Review 10:18–26, 2020), a method which attempts to build on a given field through the application of a new theoretical lens, we begin by reviewing what is known in relation to voice about unethical behaviour specifically. Then we introduce two temporal frameworks, one suggested by Ancona, Okhuysen, and Perlow (Ancona et al. The Academy of Management Review 26:645–663, 2001a; Ancona et al. The Academy of Management Review 26:512–529, 2001b) as a useful way of analysing time in organisations, and a second one by Bansal, Anna, and Wood, (Bansal et al. Academy of Management Review 43:217–241, 2018) focusing on the way organisations include voice into their temporal rhythm. We then draw conclusions about the role of time in relation to voice about unethical behaviour and identify three insights; a) it takes time for voices to generate evidence for unethical behaviour, b) perceptions of unethical behaviour change over time, and c) it is most difficult to voice about unethical behaviour at the time it is most needed. Our recommendations for future avenues of research based on these insights recommend new research designs better suited to explore the relationship between voice and time and a focus on how the formality of voice mechanisms shapes the timing of voice.