Temporal Field Research Articles

АКТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ТЕМПОРАЛЬНОСТИ КАК СУБЪЕКТИВНАЯ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩАЯ ЯЗЫКОВОГО ИМИДЖА ЖЕНЩИНЫ-ПОЛИТИКА

Statement of the problem. This research work is focused on the analysis of the linguistic image of a female communicative type of politician, which has become one of the most attractive objects of study in recent decades. The term “linguistic image” is quite universal. The interest of modern linguistic science in the subject is explained not only by the leading anthropocentric paradigm, but also by the global process of human activities mediatization. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the subjective component of the linguistic image of a female politician in the context of temporal actualization. Review of scientific literature on the problem. The wide range of works on the linguistic personality in general and the communicative component in particular reveals that the scope of researches related to the study of the time actualization component in the context of the modus categories of the female communicative type politician image is not sufficiently represented. The methodology (materials and methods). The research work is based on the texts of public speeches by Maria Zakharova, a representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for the period of 2016-2018. The methods of linguistic description (descriptive-analytical method), relative-comparative method, as well as the method of semantic analysis are used in the work. Research results. The semantic analysis of the texts of M. Zakharova’s public speeches revealed that one of the modus markers of the speaker’s public language images is the actualization of the temporality of a political event. It is interesting that for M.Zakharova the actual time periods in the structure of the traditional three-part time model are present and future time models. Conclusion. The analysis of the modus meanings of M. Zakharova’s public texts showed that one of the temporal fields is the field of the present tense. It seems logical since the subject of the power sphere identifies with the situation of speaking at present and the powers he or she is actively executing at the moment. However, it is interesting that M. Zakharova chooses futural forms as the second temporal component in the temporal speech paradigm. In this form the speaker appears in the speech position of the “forecaster” as she acts as the authority responsible for the political present and future.

Commentary: Renewed interest in off-axis retinoscopy and peripheral refraction for it's role in control of myopia progression.

We all know that vision is a combination of optical input and neural processing. Traditionally, retinoscopy has remained the benchmark for the assessment of refractive errors for the optical input that is perceived by the eye and then processed by the brain. Conventionally, it has always been known that “on the visual axis” (on-axis) retinoscopy gives a more accurate estimate of refractive error compared to retinoscopy that is done off the visual axis (off-axis). However, in practical terms, retinoscopy is frequently performed slightly off the visual axis and there are situations in which on the visual axis retinoscopy is difficult or even impossible. These include retinoscopy in uncooperative children or when the subject has been anesthetized. Chaurasiya et al.[1] in their current study on “refractive changes during off-the-axis retinoscopy in myopia” and many other researchers, over the years have tried to quantify the error in the quantum of refractive error when this is measured with “off-axis” retinoscopy in routine clinical practice. Ferree et al.[2] in 1931 measured peripheral refraction with the Zeiss parallax refractometer (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Rempt et al.[3] was the first to perform eccentric retinoscopy and introduced the skiagram to categorize different peripheral refractive error patterns. Jackson et al.[4] examined off the visual axis retinoscopy in eight adults (spherical equivalent <±2.5 D) who had undergone cycloplegia. The degrees of the eccentricity of up to 20° along the temporal horizontal field were examined and they found a myopic shift of 5% in spherical equivalent and an increase in cylindrical power of 3% for every degree of eccentricity. In the present study, the authors have noted an increase in myopic shift with approximately 7 and 18% for 10 and 20° of eccentricity, respectively, in the mean spherical equivalent refraction of 10° myopic patients. What is traditionally believed and agreed upon is that the error in refraction, which is noted in off-axis retinoscopy, is generally small and clinically insignificant when the deviation of axis and the quantum of refractive error is small, and more often than not, this error is eliminated in the process of subjective refraction which follows retinoscopy. However, this error in retinoscopy can become significant if the deviation of the axis of retinoscopy from the visual axis is large or if the quantum of refraction being measured is large, for example, as in high myopia.[5] Of late, there has been renewed interest in the measurement of peripheral refraction as it is increasingly believed that peripheral refractive defocus plays a role in myopia progression by inducing axial growth of the eye. Animal studies have shown that depending on the location of the image relative to the retina, axial elongation can be stopped or triggered. Experiments in chickens and monkeys whose vision were defocused either with negative spectacle lenses (hyperopic defocus) or positive lenses (myopic defocus), showed that their visual system was altering their refractive state by accelerating or slowing axial elongation in order to compensate for the imposed defocus.[6] This applies both in the fovea and in the periphery of the retina. Originally, it was believed that only foveal optical errors could regulate eye growth, but it is now believed that peripheral image quality can also modify ocular growth even in the presence of a sharp foveal image. This is the reason that many researchers have advocated the use of bifocal or progressive addition lenses (PAL) for children as a strategy to retard the progression of myopia, but as of now, there is no consensus regarding their clinical efficacy.[7] Studies with PAL have typically shown a small but clinically insignificant effect on slowing myopia progression as noted in Cochrane review 2020.[8] A meta-analysis noted small reductions in myopia progression (0.25 D) and axial elongation (−0.12 mm).[9] So, there is indeed a value in studying the variation of refractive error assessment between the on-axis and off-axis retinoscopy but more work needs to be done to have more clarity regarding the clinical application of this work, especially in control of myopia progression.

The use of autorefractors using the image-size principle in determining on-axis and off-axis refraction. Part 3: Theoretical effect of pupil misalignment on peripheral refraction for the Grand-Seiko Autorefractor.

To determine, through simulations, the effect of lateral misalignment of the Grand-Seiko WR-5100K autorefractor on peripheral refraction. Using a Navarro schematic eye, into- and out-of-the eye raytracing was done for a Grand-Seiko autorefractor simulation. For comparison, conventional out-of-the eye raytracing simulated the use of a Hartman-Shack aberrometer. Peripheral refractions were determined out to ±40° along the horizontal visual field with lateral misalignments up to ±1mm. The effects are high, and greater when misalignment and the visual field are in opposite directions than when they are in the same direction. For example, 1mm nasal misalignment causes mean sphere errors of -2.7 D and +1.3 D at 30° temporal field and 30° nasal field, respectively. These effects are approximately twice those occurring in a previous experimental study. Effects are small with the Hartmann-Shack simulation, with mean sphere errors not exceeding 0.03 D with 1mm instrument misalignment. Misalignment of the Grand-Seiko WR-5100K autorefractor is predicted to cause considerable errors in peripheral refraction. The simulation produces about twice the errors found in an experimental study, and the reason for this is unknown.

Optimal pulse configuration for peripheral inductive nerve stimulation

Peripheral magnetic stimulation is a promising technique for several applications like rehabilitation or diagnose of neuronal pathways. However, most available magnetic stimulation devices are designed for transcranial stimulation and require high-power, expensive hardware. Modern technology such as rectangular pulses allows to adapt parameters like pulse shape and duration in order to reduce the required energy. Nevertheless, the effect of different temporal electromagnetic field shapes on neuronal structures is not yet fully understood. We created a simulation environment to find out how peripheral nerves are affected by induced magnetic fields and what pulse shapes have the lowest energy requirements. Using the electric field distribution of a figure-of-8 coil together with an axon model in saline solution, we calculated the potential along the axon and determined the required threshold current to elicit an action potential. Further, for the purpose of selective stimulation, we investigated different axon diameters. Our results show that rectangular pulses have the lowest thresholds at a pulse duration of 20 μs. For sinusoidal coil currents, the optimal pulse duration was found to be 40 μs. Most importantly, with an asymmetric rectangular pulse, the coil current could be reduced from 2.3 kA (cosine shaped pulse) to 600 A. In summary, our results indicate that for magnetic nerve stimulation the use of rectangular pulse shapes holds the potential to reduce the required coil current by a factor of 4, which would be a massive improvement.

ANU GRACE Data Analysis: Characteristics and Benefits of Using Irregularly Shaped Mascons

AbstractThe estimation of mass anomalies using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data involves parameterizing the temporal gravity field using basis functions. In this study, we show that the use of irregularly shaped mass concentration (mascon) tiles that follow land/ocean boundaries reduces the leakage of land signals into ocean regions and vice versa. Leakage of signal from continents to oceans in mascons that cross the coastline affect the integrated mass changes at a regional scale. For example, the calculated mass loss in 2016 is ∼5% greater for Greenland when using mascons that follow coastlines. We describe efficient algorithms for computing the accelerations acting on the satellites caused by mass changes on mascons, along with the partial derivatives relating the mass changes to the inter‐satellite observations. Through simulation, we quantify the impact of different mascon geometries, spatial resolution and regularization. The variations of mass change signals within mascons, which we call “intra‐mascon variability,” contribute to errors in estimates of mass variation from GRACE data. While this can be mitigated through the regularization of the inversions, it cannot be removed entirely. The use of irregularly shaped mascons that follow land/ocean boundaries reduces the “intra‐mascon leakage” of land signals into ocean regions and vice versa. This approach can also be applied to hydrological basins for calculating integrated mass changes on catchment scales.

Theoretical and numerical studies on the interface movement and the onset of gravitational instability during the carbon dioxide dissolution into oil

In consideration of the interface movement and the viscosity lowering due to the CO2 dissolution, the onset of gravitational instabilities in a horizontal fluid layer is analyzed theoretically and numerically. Under the linear stability theory, new stability equations are derived in the semi-infinite τ,ζ-domain. We proved that the normal mode stability analysis is possible for the deep-pool case—where the lower boundary plays little role in the spatiotemporal evolution of the concentration field. Moreover, we obtained critical conditions for the onset of convection by solving the normal mode stability equations. In addition, the effect of the swelling and the viscosity lowering on the stability, temporal evolution concentration field, and pattern formation on the dissolving interface is analyzed by solving the fully nonlinear governing equations of the flow and the concentration fields. The present linear and nonlinear analyses show consistently that both interface movement and viscosity lowering accelerate the onset of instability and enhance the dissolution of CO2. Finally, we visualize the pattern formation on the dissolving interface through the three-dimensional numerical simulations.

ANU GRACE Data Analysis: Orbit Modeling, Regularization and Inter‐satellite Range Acceleration Observations

AbstractSeveral different basis functions have been used to represent the Earth's gravity field in order to generate estimates of mass variations on Earth from the analysis of data of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (grace) and its successor grace Follow‐On missions, including spherical harmonics, mass concentration elements (mascons) and slepian functions. Each approach depends inherently upon accurate modeling of the orbits of the pair of satellites as they revolve around the Earth, so that the observations of inter‐satellite changes in range (or, more specifically, range rate) can be exploited to identify mass variations. We have developed software using a classical orbit modeling approach, mascons and 24‐hr orbit integration, to estimate simultaneously corrections to orbital parameters and the temporal gravity field from grace data. Rather than using the range rate, we use the range acceleration as the inter‐satellite observable as it aids in localizing the mass variations. Level‐1 B range acceleration observations contain high levels of high‐frequency noise that inhibits their usefulness for this purpose. Instead, we generate range acceleration observations by numerical differentiation of the Level‐1B range rate prefit residuals. Simulations show that the gravity signal is not attenuated in this process. Our monthly estimates of mass anomalies from grace data (2003–2016) agree well with previous studies, both spatially and temporally. When converted to spherical harmonics our time series of C2,0, derived from grace data alone, are close to the independent estimates from satellite laser ranging, but the overall solution is improved by substituting the SLR C2,0.

Ganglion Cell Topography and Retinal Resolution in an Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris)

The topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells was investigated in a retinal wholemount of an Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). Two zones of increased concentration of ganglion cells were observed—one in the temporal segment and the other in the nasal segment of the retina. The maximal cell concentration was 250 cell/mm2 in the temporal area and 194 cell/mm2 in the nasal area. Based on the posterior nodal distance of 11 mm, the resolution was evaluated as 19.8 arc min in the temporal retinal area (the frontal visual field) and 22.4 arc min in the nasal retinal area (the temporal visual field). Among retinal ganglion cells, a group of giant cells that ranged from 42 to 52 µm in diameter were observed; these cells represented 8% of the total population. The obtained data allowed us to suggest that the presence of two areas of concentrated ganglion cells is characteristic of many delphinids inhabiting both clear oceanic waters or turbid river waters, whereas low ganglion cell density is associated with optic properties of the media.

Relative factors analysis of visual field defect in advanced primary glaucoma

Objective: To explore the relative factors of visual field defect in advanced primary glaucoma. Methods: A retrospective case-control study. The data of patients with primary advanced glaucoma who had the central 5 to 10 degrees of the visual field or the temporal peripheral field and were treated at Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University from January 2014 to December 2019 were reviewed. The patients were divded into the central visual field group and the temporal peripheral field group according to the type of visual field defect. Statistical analyses of single-factor (Chi square test or independent sample t test) and multivariate logistic regression were performed to analyze the correlation between the remaining visual field and the risk factors including age, gender, left/right eye, type of glaucoma, baseline glaucoma stage, peak intraocular pressure (IOP), mean IOP, number of operations, family history, high myopia, diabetes, hypertension, hypotension and migraine. Results: A total of 287 patients (287 eyes) were included. There were 101 patients [mean age, (61±15) years; 48 males, 53 females] with the central 5 to 10 degrees of the visual field and 186 patients [mean age, (59±17) years; 107 males, 79 females] with the temporal peripheral field. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with respect to age, gender, left/right eye, age of onset, number of operations, family history and history of combined systemic diseases (all P>0.05). Primary open-angle glaucoma, chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma (CPACG) and acute primary angle-closure glaucoma were found in 26, 34 and 41 patients, respectively, in the central visual field group, and in 61, 78 and 47 patients, respectively, in the temporal peripheral field group. The baseline glaucoma was in the moderate stage in 30 and 32 patients, and in the advanced stage in 71 and 154 patients, respectively, in the two groups. The peak IOP was (31.94±4.11) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) and (34.58±6.47) mmHg, and the mean IOP was (22.48±3.99) mmHg and (24.01±4.30) mmHg, respectively, in the two groups. High myopia occurred in 5 and 28 patients, respectively, in the two groups. The differences in the type of glaucoma (χ²=7.24), baseline glaucoma stage (χ²=6.04), peak IOP (t=4.22), mean IOP (t=2.96) and high myopia (χ²=6.57) between the two groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05). In the multivariable model, CPACG (OR=2.021, 95%CI: 1.020 to 4.001), higher peak IOP (OR=1.128, 95%CI: 1.038 to 1.226) and high myopia (OR=5.090, 95%CI: 1.556 to 16.651) increased the risks for the progression to the temporal peripheral field. Conclusion: CPACG, higher peak IOP and concurrent high myopia are all relative factors for the progression to the temporal peripheral field in advanced primary glaucoma.

Predictive value of OCT and MRI for postoperative visual recovery in patients with chiasmal compressive lesions.

We aimed to investigate the predictive value of retinal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and mass biometrics measured using magnetic resonance image (MRI) for visual recovery after surgery for removal of a mass compressing the optic chiasm. Consecutive patients who showed typical temporal visual field defect (VFD) with respect to the vertical meridian due to a chiasmal compressive mass and who underwent mass removal surgery were recruited. Ophthalmic examination was performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Retinal thickness was measured by the Cirrus OCT. The height and size of the mass and suprasellar extension (SSE) in both the sagittal and coronal planes were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups based on the improvement in VFD (mean deviation [MD] change ≥ 5 dB: group R; others: group NR) and clinical characteristics were compared. Fifteen patients were included in the study. Eight (53.3%) patients were allocated into group R and others (7 patients, 46.7%) into group NR. Age, sex, initial visual acuity, initial MD was not different between the two groups. The retinal thicknesses were not different while tumor height, volume, and both sagittal and coronal SSE were significantly different between the two groups. (p = 0.029, 0.014, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively) All MRI parameters showed significant predictive value for the degree of MD recovery. MRI showed better predictive value than OCT in predicting postoperative VFD recovery in patients with temporal VFDs due to chiasmal compressive disorder.

Comparison of an open view autorefractor with an open view aberrometer in determining peripheral refraction in children

PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare central and peripheral refraction using an open view Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 autorefractor and an open view COAS-HD VR aberrometer in young children. MethodsCycloplegic central and peripheral autorefraction was measured in the right eye of 123 children aged 8 to 16 years. Three measurements each were obtained with both Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 autorefractor and COAS-HD VR aberrometer along the horizontal visual field up to 30° (nasal and temporal) in 10° steps. The refraction from the autorefractor was compared with aberrometer refraction for pupil analysis diameters of 2.5-mm and 5.0-mm. ResultsThe Shin-Nippon was 0.30 D more hyperopic than COAS-HD VR at 2.5-mm pupil and 0.50 D more hyperopic than COAS-HD VR at 5-mm pupil for central refraction. For both pupil sizes, the 95% limits of agreement were approximately 0.50 D for central refraction, and limits were wider in the nasal visual field compared to the temporal visual field. The mean difference for both J0 and J45 were within 0.15 D and the 95% limits of agreement within 0.90 D across the horizontal visual field. ConclusionDefocus components were similar between the Shin-Nippon autorefractor and the COAS-HD VR aberrometer with a 2.5-mm pupil for most visual field angles. However, there was a significant difference in defocus component between the Shin-Nippon autorefractor and the COAS-HD VR aberrometer with a 5.0-mm pupil, wherein the autorefractor measured more hyperopia. The astigmatic components J0 and J45 were similar between instruments for both central and peripheral refraction.

A regional geomagnetic field model over Southern Africa derived with harmonic splines from Swarm satellite and ground-based data recorded between 2014 and 2019

A regional harmonic spline geomagnetic main field model, Southern Africa Core Field Model (SACFM-3), is derived from Swarm satellite and ground-based data for the southern African region, in the eastern part of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) where the field intensity continues to decrease. Using SACFM-3 and the global CHAOS-6-×9 model, a detailed study was conducted to shed light on the high spatial and temporal geomagnetic field variations over Southern Africa between 2014 and 2019. The results show a steady decrease of the radial component Z in almost the entire region. In 2019, its rate of decrease in the western part of the region has reached high values, 76 nT/year and 78 nT/year at Tsumeb and Keetmanshoop magnetic observatories, respectively. For some areas in the western part of the region the radial component Z and field intensity F have decreased in strength, from 1.0 to 1.3% and from 0.9 to 1.2%, respectively, between the epochs 2014.5 and 2019.5. There is a noticeable decrease of the field intensity from the south-western coast of South Africa expanding towards the north and eastern regions. The results show that the SAA area is continuing to grow in the region. Abrupt changes in the linear secular variation in 2016 and 2017 are confirmed in the region using ground-based data, and the X component shows an abrupt change in the secular variation in 2018 at four magnetic observatories (Hermanus, Hartebeesthoek, Tsumeb and Keetmanshoop) that needs further investigation. The regional model SACFM-3 reflects to some extent these fast core field variations in the Z component at Hermanus, Hartebeesthoek and Keetmanshoop observatories.Graphical

Процессы стяжения аналитических конструкций в чалканском языке (на примере аналитической конструкции -ып ал-)

This paper describes phonetic transformations occurring during the synthetization of analytic verb constructions with the auxiliary verb al- “to take” in the Chalkan language. The examples of the reduction of the verb under study during the conjugation of adverbial participial analytic constructions in various temporal fields are presented. In Chalkan, not only can analytic constructions be contracted into single words, but also contractions occur within verb forms. As a result, personal or tense markers are completely or partially lost. Sometimes, even parts of lexical stems are lost within various phonetic transformations, with various homographs being formed. When analytic constructions are contracted with the auxiliary verb al-, the latter can be fully or partially preserved depending on the tenses. For example, when verbs in past tense with -gan and in future tense with -yr in positive forms are conjugated, only the anlaut broad vowel а- of the auxiliary verb al- is preserved. In past tense forms with -dy, -tyr and present tense forms with -yp tyt, two variations with full preservation of the auxiliary verb al- and with the anlaut broad vowel а- can be used. When contracted analytic constructions in negative forms are conjugated, the auxiliary verb al- is fully reconstructed in all tenses. In all tenses, similar phonetic processes take place: elimination of the adverbial participle markers after stems with consonants and preservation of the adverbial participle markers after stems with vowels. However, the auslaut voiceless consonant -p- is replaced by the voiced consonant -v- in the intervocalic position.

Mitigation of thermal noise in GRACE accelerometer observations

The precise calculation of GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite orbits is reliant on knowledge of accurate non-gravitational accelerations acting on the spacecraft. These are measured by the on-board accelerometers that require a thermal environment stabilised to ∼±0.1 °C per revolution. However, during periods of the GRACE mission with reduced thermal control, internal temperature variations reached up to 10 °C within a revolution, causing low-frequency and non-linear drifts in the accelerometer observations. Additionally, accelerometer bias drifts occurred throughout the GRACE mission as changes in the orientation of the orbital plane with respect to the Earth-to-Sun vector caused the satellites to absorb more or less solar energy. These temperature-induced drifts degrade the quality of mass change estimates, particularly during the latter half of the GRACE mission after thermal control of the satellites was terminated. We filter (in the frequency domain) the accelerometer observations to remove these low-frequency components (f<0.045 mHz). The bias drift removed from the cross-track is then scaled to derive a thermally-based correction for the highly sensitive along-track observations. We then estimate temporal gravity fields using the ANU GRACE software, our filtered accelerometer observations and the range acceleration as the inter-satellite observation. The use of our thermally-corrected accelerometer measurements significantly improves the accuracy of both orbit modelling and gravity field estimation.

Visual outcomes after endoscopic pituitary adenomas surgery: our experience

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate visual outcomes after endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery in patients from Egas Moniz hospital between 2013 and August 2020.MethodsThis is a quantitative, observational, retrospective study. Patients with pituitary adenoma with pre‐ and post‐ surgical visual acuity (LogMAR) and chromatic vision assessment, visual field (Octopus®) testing and optical coherence tomography (Heidelberg®) retinal nerve fibers and macular thickness evaluations were included. Visual parameters were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS T‐test and Wilcoxon test. A statistically significant p‐value was defined as &lt;0.05.ResultsEighteen patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Of the 18 patients, 10 (55.6%) were man, with an average age of 57.4 (±16.5) years old. Fourteen (77.8%) patients had pre‐surgical visual complains for an average of 12.8 (±14.4) months, mostly painless and progressive vision loss 6 (33.3%) and blurred vision 6 (33.3%). Before surgery, most patients (38.9%) already showed contact and opto‐chiasmatic lesion, with an average lesion diameter of 33.1 (±9.2) mm.The most common histological diagnosis was gonadotrophic adenoma (44.4%) with a low mean aggressiveness (Ki 67) of 2.3 (±1.1). Showed statistical significance the difference between the paired samples (pre‐ vs post‐) “opto‐chiasmatic relationship”, “right eye visual acuity”, “right eye visual field mean sensitivity”, “right eye temporal visual field mean sensitivity”, “left eye visual field mean sensitivity”, “left eye temporal mean sensitivity” and “left eye nasal visual field mean sensitivity”. Concerning improvement in tested variables, 11 (68.8%) patients improved in all variables and 14 (82.4%) improved in at least one.ConclusionsOur results go with the current scientific evidence that pituitary adenoma resection in patients with preoperative visual symptoms considerably improve these symptoms.

Letter from the Editors

Letter from the Editors Lisa Barg, Vanessa Blais-Tremblay, and Kimberly White We are honored and delighted to assume the editorship of Women & Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture. We are indebted to Emily Wilbourne for her inspiring leadership, work, and vision during her tenure as editor in chief, and we thank her for her expert guidance and consul over the past year. We also thank the selection committee, Suzanne G. Cusick, Olivia Bloechl, and Yun Emily Wang, for their encouragement and support. Our collective represents diversity in music research and language, as well as in professional and institutional affiliation, bringing together scholars working in traditional and nontraditional positions in Anglophone and Francophone academic spheres. As an editorial collective, we are committed to continuing the important critical and feminist work of the journal under the inspiring editorial leadership of Suzanne Cusick, Ellie Hisama, and Emily Wilbourne. We will prioritize inclusivity and diversity on all fronts. In addition to seeking out submissions on a wide variety of topics and across disciplinary and methodological perspectives, we strive to encourage and support early career scholars alongside established scholars. We also are excited to continue organizing special issues led by guest editors. The articles in this issue engage productively and imaginatively with themes of race, sexuality, and motherhood in a wide range of temporal and geographic fields. Francesca Inglese explores the role of women—particularly mothers—in klopse practices in post-apartheid Cape Town; Annie Kim considers how Camilla Williams used the disruptive potential of the phonograph to resound Black female subjectivity in her performance of Porgy and Bess; and Camille Rogers opens a conversation about comedy, sentimentality, and sexual violence in Così fan tutte. We are thrilled to be joined by Erin Johnson-Williams and Michelle Meinhart, who have coedited a partial special issue on sound studies and maternity. These [End Page vii] four articles delve into sound and birth during COVID-19; musical interventions in gestational labor; soundscapes of settler-colonial medicine; and stagings of maternal suffering on the operatic stage. Women & Music warmly welcomes innovative work, in both traditional and alternative formats and from diverse disciplinary perspectives, that focuses on gender and sexuality. We look forward to reading your submissions and thank you all in advance for considering Women & Music as a home for your work. [End Page viii] Copyright © 2022 Suzanne G. Cusick

FuTH-Net: Fusing Temporal Relations and Holistic Features for Aerial Video Classification

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are now widely applied to data acquisition due to its low cost and fast mobility. With the increasing volume of aerial videos, the demand for automatically parsing these videos is surging. To achieve this, current researches mainly focus on extracting a holistic feature with convolutions along both spatial and temporal dimensions. However, these methods are limited by small temporal receptive fields and cannot adequately capture long-term temporal dependencies which are important for describing complicated dynamics. In this paper, we propose a novel deep neural network, termed FuTH-Net, to model not only holistic features, but also temporal relations for aerial video classification. Furthermore, the holistic features are refined by the multi-scale temporal relations in a novel fusion module for yielding more discriminative video representations. More specially, FuTH-Net employs a two-pathway architecture: (1) a holistic representation pathway to learn a general feature of both frame appearances and shortterm temporal variations and (2) a temporal relation pathway to capture multi-scale temporal relations across arbitrary frames, providing long-term temporal dependencies. Afterwards, a novel fusion module is proposed to spatiotemporal integrate the two features learned from the two pathways. Our model is evaluated on two aerial video classification datasets, ERA and Drone-Action, and achieves the state-of-the-art results. This demonstrates its effectiveness and good generalization capacity across different recognition tasks (event classification and human action recognition). To facilitate further research, we release the code at https://gitlab.lrz.de/ai4eo/reasoning/futh-net.

Attitude Determination for GRACE-FO: Reprocessing the Level-1A SC and IMU Data

The satellite gravity mission GRACE(-FO) has not yet reached its designed baseline accuracy. Previous studies demonstrated that the deficiency in the sensor system or the related signal processing might be responsible, which in turn motivates us to keep revising the sensor data processing, typically the spacecraft’s attitude. Many efforts in the past have been made to enhance the attitude modeling for GRACE, for instance, the latest release reprocesses the attitude by fusing the angular acceleration with the star camera/tracker (SC) measurements, which helps to reduce the error in Level-2 temporal gravity fields. Therefore, in addition to GRACE, revising GRACE-FO attitude determination might make sense as well. This study starts with the most original raw GRACE-FO Level-1A data including those from three SCs and one IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors, and manage to generate a new publicly available Level-1B attitude product called HUGG-01 covering from June 2018 to December 2020, using our independently-developed software. The detailed treatment of individual payload is present in this study, and an indirect Kalman filter method is introduced to fuse the multiple sensors to acquire a relatively stable and precise attitude estimation. Unlike the direct SC combination method with a predefined weight as recommended in previous work, we propose an involvement of each SC measurement in the Kalman filter to enable a dynamic weight adjustment. Intensive experiments are further carried out to assess the HUGG-01, which demonstrate that the error level of HUGG-01 is entirely within the design requirement, i.e., the resulting KBR pointing variations are well controlled within 1 mrad (pitch), 5 mrad (roll) and 1 mrad (yaw). Moreover, comparisons with the official JPL-V04 attitude product demonstrate an equivalent performance in the low-to-middle spectrum, with even a slightly lower noise level (in the high spectrum) than JPL-V04. Further analysis on KBR range-rate residuals and gravity recovery on January 2019 indicates that, i.e., RMS of the difference (HUGG-01 minus JPL-V04) for the range rate is less than 3.234×10−8 m/s, and the amplitude of geoid height difference is approximately 0.5 cm. Both differences are below the sensitivity of the state-of-the-art satellite gravity mission, demonstrating a good agreement between HUGG-01 and JPL-V04.

Extreme Precipitation in the Great Lakes Region: Trend Estimation and Relation With Large-Scale Circulation and Humidity

Extreme precipitation contributes to widespread impacts in the U.S. Great Lakes region, ranging from agricultural losses to urban floods and associated infrastructure costs. Previous studies have reported historical increases in the frequency of extreme precipitation in the region and downscaled model projections indicate further changes as the climate system continues to warm. Here, we conduct trend analysis on the 5 km NOAA NClimDiv data for the U.S. Great Lakes region using both parametric (Ordinary Least Squares) and non-parametric methods (Theil-Sen/Mann-Kendall) and accounting for temporal autocorrelation and field significance to produce robust estimates of extreme precipitation frequency trends in the region. The approaches provide similar overall results and reflect an increase in extreme precipitation frequency in parts of the U.S. Great Lakes region. To relate the identified trends to large scale drivers, a bivariate self-organizing map (SOM) is constructed using standardized values of 500 hPa geo-potential height and 850 hPa specific humidity obtained from the ECMWF ERA-5 reanalysis. Using a Monte Carlo approach, we identify six SOM nodes that account for only 25.4% of all days, but 50.5% of extreme precipitation days. Composites of days with and without extreme precipitation for each node indicate that extreme events are associated with stronger features (height gradient and background humidity) than their non-extreme counterparts. The analysis also identifies a significant increase in the frequency of one SOM node often associated with extreme precipitation (accounting for 8.5% of all extreme precipitation days) and a significant increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation days relative to all days across the six extreme precipitation nodes collectively. Our results suggest that changes in atmospheric circulation and related moisture transport and convergence are major contributors to changes in extreme precipitation in the U.S. Great Lakes region.

Extent of foveal fixation with eye rotation in emmetropes and myopes

PurposeThis pilot study aimed to investigate the maximum extension of foveal fixation in the horizontal direction among young adults in both emmetropes and myopes. Methods35 participants (28 emmetropes and 7 myopes) were included. Participants with restricted extra-ocular mobility, end gaze nystagmus, and/or any other ocular pathology were excluded. Visual acuity (VA) was used as a surrogate measure of foveal fixation. VA was determined using a staircase procedure with 8 reversals. The average of the last 5 reversals was taken as the thresholds. VA acuity was measured at different gaze eccentricities along nasal and temporal visual field meridian. The eccentricity at which VA drops significantly was taken as the maximum extent of foveal fixation. A bilinear fit regression model was used to investigate the drop in the VA in both nasal and the temporal direction. ResultsEmmetropes can foveate up to 35 ± 2° in nasal and 40 ± 3° in temporal direction and myopes can foveate up to 38° in both nasal and temporal directions. Paired student t-test showed a significant difference in foveal fixation between nasal and temporal direction for emmetropes (P<0.001) but not in myopes (P = 0.168). An unpaired student t-test showed a significant difference in foveal fixation for nasal direction between myopes and emmetropes (P = 0.01). However, no statistically significant difference was found in foveal fixation for temporal direction between myopes and emmetropes (P = 0.792). ConclusionThe eye rotation does not necessarily match with the extent of foveal fixation at extreme eye rotation. Eyes can fixate only up to 35° nasally and 40° temporally maintaing their maximum visual acuity.