Temporal Field Research Articles

ERP responses greater for faces in the temporal compared to the nasal visual field.

The distribution of retino-tectal projections is dissimilar depending on whether the receptors are situated in the nasal and temporal visual hemiretinas. Indeed, it has been claimed that the superior colliculus receives a greater proportion of its input from the temporal visual hemifield (nasal hemi-retina) relative to the nasal hemifield (temporal hemi-retina). In order to investigate whether these subcortical projections influence face processing, we investigated the early cortical ERP responses to faces and houses presented in the temporal and nasal retinas using monocular viewing. Neutral or fearful faces were presented concurrently with houses on either side of a central fixation cross, while participants were asked to discriminate changes in luminance at the center. Results showed that the lateralized N170, computed as the contralateral-ipsilateral electrode difference, was greater for faces appearing in the nasal relative to the temporal visual hemifield. This was due to a greater ipsilateral N170 for temporal relative to nasal presentations. By contrast, no difference was found across emotional expressions. The enhanced ERP response to faces appearing in the temporal visual field, suggests that the retinotectal pathway modulates cortical processing, most likely through activation of a colliculo-pulvino-amygdalar pathway, with subsequent back-projections from the amygdala to visual cortical regions. However, unattended facial expressions do not seem to modulate the response, at least at these angles of eccentricity.

The Maximum Entropy Limit of Small-scale Magnetic Field Fluctuations in the Quiet Sun

Abstract The observed magnetic field on the solar surface is characterized by a very complex spatial and temporal behavior. Although feature-tracking algorithms have allowed us to deepen our understanding of this behavior, subjectivity plays an important role in the identification and tracking of such features. In this paper, we continue studies of the temporal stochasticity of the magnetic field on the solar surface without relying either on the concept of magnetic features or on subjective assumptions about their identification and interaction. We propose a data analysis method to quantify fluctuations of the line-of-sight magnetic field by means of reducing the temporal field’s evolution to the regular Markov process. We build a representative model of fluctuations converging to the unique stationary (equilibrium) distribution in the long time limit with maximum entropy. We obtained different rates of convergence to the equilibrium at fixed noise cutoff for two sets of data. This indicates a strong influence of the data spatial resolution and mixing-polarity fluctuations on the relaxation process. The analysis is applied to observations of magnetic fields of the relatively quiet areas around an active region carried out during the second flight of the Sunrise/IMaX and quiet Sun areas at the disk center from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory satellite.

Characterizing Drought and Flood Events over the Yangtze River Basin Using the HUST-Grace2016 Solution and Ancillary Data

Accurate terrestrial water storage (TWS) estimation is important to evaluate the situation of the water resources over the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). This study exploits the TWS observation from the new temporal gravity field model, HUST-Grace2016 (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), which is developed by a new low-frequency noise processing strategy. A novel GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) post-processing approach is proposed to enhance the quality of the TWS estimate, and the improved TWS is used to characterize the drought and flood events over the YRB. The HUST-Grace2016-derived TWS presents good agreement with the CSR (Center for Space Research) mascon solution as well as the PCR-GLOBWB (PCRaster Global Water Balance) hydrological model. Particularly, our solution provides remarkable performance in identifying the extreme climate events e.g., flood and drought over the YRB and its sub-basins. The comparison between GRACE-derived TWS variations and the MODIS-derived (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) inundated area variations is then conducted. The analysis demonstrates that the terrestrial reflectance data can provide an alternative way of cross-comparing and validating TWS information in Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake, with a correlation coefficient of 0.77 and 0.70, respectively. In contrast, the correlation is only 0.10 for Tai Lake, indicating the limitation of cross-comparison between MODIS and GRACE data. In addition, for the first time, the NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) vertical velocity data is incorporated with GRACE TWS in the exploration of the climate-induced hydrological activities. The good agreement between non-seasonal NCEP/NCAR vertical velocities and non-seasonal GRACE TWSs is found in flood years (2005, 2010, 2012 and 2016) and drought years (2006, 2011 and 2013). The evidence shown in this study may contribute to the analysis of the mechanism of climate impacts on the YRB.

REAL-TIME EARTHQUAKE MONITORING WITH SPATIO-TEMPORAL FIELDS

Abstract. With live streaming sensors and sensor networks, increasingly large numbers of individual sensors are deployed in physical space. Sensor data streams are a fundamentally novel mechanism to deliver observations to information systems. They enable us to represent spatio-temporal continuous phenomena such as radiation accidents, toxic plumes, or earthquakes almost as instantaneously as they happen in the real world. Sensor data streams discretely sample an earthquake, while the earthquake is continuous over space and time. Programmers attempting to integrate many streams to analyze earthquake activity and scope need to write code to integrate potentially very large sets of asynchronously sampled, concurrent streams in tedious application code. In previous work, we proposed the field stream data model (Liang et al., 2016) for data stream engines. Abstracting the stream of an individual sensor as a temporal field, the field represents the Earth’s movement at the sensor position as continuous. This simplifies analysis across many sensors significantly. In this paper, we undertake a feasibility study of using the field stream model and the open source Data Stream Engine (DSE) Apache Spark(Apache Spark, 2017) to implement a real-time earthquake event detection with a subset of the 250 GPS sensor data streams of the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN). The field-based real-time stream queries compute maximum displacement values over the latest query window of each stream, and related spatially neighboring streams to identify earthquake events and their extent. Further, we correlated the detected events with an USGS earthquake event feed. The query results are visualized in real-time.

Experimental study of the effect of the current sweep cycle on the magnetic field stability of a REBCO coil

This paper reports the effects of a current sweep cycle method on reducing the screening current induced field (SCF) in a (RE)Ba2Cu3Ox (REBCO) coil. The screening current induced field in a REBCO coil causes two major problems: temporal magnetic field drift and a reduction of the central magnetic field. This is a critical problem in relation to REBCO coils, which require a homogeneous and stable magnetic field, during, for instance, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications (Itoh et al., 2013; Hemmi et al., 2005; Hahn et al., 2008; Amemiya et al., 2008; Otsuka et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2013; Ahn et al., 2009; Koyama et al., 2009; Kajikawa et al., 2015). In an effort to circumvent the SCF problem, the current sweep cycle method is investigated based on experiments in this study. The experimental results show that a greater SCF reduction in a REBCO coil can be obtained by increasing the overshooting of the current sweep cycle.

Estimation of time delay and wavelength shift for highly nonlinear multilayer waveguide by using time transformation approach

The well known time transformation method is used here to derive the temporal and spectral electric field distribution at the output end of a multilayer waveguide which consists of different layers of Kerr nonlinear media. A highly nonlinear CS 3-68 glass is considered as one of the materials of the waveguide which mainly comprises of different chalcogenide glass layers. The results indicate that there is sufficient time delay as well as frequency shift between the input and output pulses which is associated with the phenomenon of adiabatic wavelength conversion (AWC). Depending on different arrangements of materials, the time delay and frequency shift can be changed. As a result an input pulse in visible green region can be blue-shifted or red-shifted according to the choices of refractive index of the non-dispersive Kerr nonlinear media. The results show that under certain conditions the input pulse is broadened or compressed for different combinations of materials. This process of AWC also includes the variation of temporal and spectral phase, time delay, temporal peak power etc. For different input pulse shapes the change in time delay is also presented. The study may be useful to find applications of AWC in optical resonators or optical signal processing to be applicable to different photonic devices.

A Novel Bayesian Spatial–Temporal Random Field Model Applied to Cloud Detection From Remotely Sensed Imagery

With the fast advancement of remote sensing platforms and sensors, remotely sensed imagery (RSI) is increasingly being characterized by both high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. How to efficiently use the rich spatial and temporal information in RSI for highly accurate object detection and classification is an important research question. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of a probabilistic framework that is capable of fully accounting for the spatial–temporal information in RSI for improved applications. In this paper, we present a Bayesian spatial–temporal random field model that constitutes a complete probabilistic framework for fully explaining the spatial–temporal correlation in RSI, leading to an enhanced object detection approach that is used for cloud detection from RSI. Under the Bayesian theorem, the posterior distribution of a label field is decomposed into the label prior, the data likelihood, the temporal label likelihood, and the temporal data likelihood. To address the difficulties in modeling the complex spatial–temporal correlation effect in the temporal data likelihood, a stochastic sampling approach is presented. Based on the maximum a posteriori approach, the posterior distribution is seamlessly integrated into the graph-cut optimization framework, and, therefore, the model optimization can be efficiently solved. The proposed algorithm is tested for cloud detection on both simulated and real RSIs and the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively exploit the spatial–temporal information for achieving higher detection accuracy.

Multifocal Visual Evoked Potential in Eyes With Temporal Hemianopia From Chiasmal Compression: Correlation With Standard Automated Perimetry and OCT Findings.

To verify whether multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) can differentiate eyes with temporal hemianopia due to chiasmal compression from healthy controls. To assess the relationship between mfVEP, standard automated perimetry (SAP), and Fourier domain-optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements. Twenty-seven eyes with permanent temporal visual field (VF) defects from chiasmal compression on SAP and 43 eyes of healthy controls were submitted to mfVEP and FD-OCT scanning. Multifocal visual evoked potential was elicited using a stimulus pattern of 60 sectors and the responses were averaged for the four quadrants and two hemifields. Optical coherence tomography macular measurements were averaged in quadrants and halves, while peripapillary RNFL thickness was averaged in four sectors around the disc. Visual field loss was estimated in four quadrants and each half of the 24-2 strategy test points. Multifocal visual evoked potential measurements in the two groups were compared using generalized estimated equations, and the correlations between mfVEP, VF, and OCT findings were quantified. Multifocal visual evoked potential-measured temporal P1 and N2 amplitudes were significantly smaller in patients than in controls. No significant difference in amplitude was observed for nasal parameters. A significant correlation was found between mfVEP amplitudes and temporal VF loss, and between mfVEP amplitudes and the corresponding OCT-measured macular and RNFL thickness parameters. Multifocal visual evoked potential amplitude parameters were able to differentiate eyes with temporal hemianopia from controls and were significantly correlated with VF and OCT findings, suggesting mfVEP is a useful tool for the detection of visual abnormalities in patients with chiasmal compression.

Causes, Diagnosis and Therapy of Negative Dysphotopsia

Negative Dysphotopsia (ND) is a dark, sometimes rounded bar or shadow in the temporal visual field after uncomplicated cataract surgery that may lead to great patient discomfort. R. Olson called it "the number one troublesome complaint after uneventful cataract surgery". The origin of this phenomena remains uncertain and is discussed conversely in literature. We have found evidence that it may be caused by a slight difference in magnification caused by the new IOL compared to the old crystalline lens. This may lead to a minimal shift of the object space corresponding the blind spot and the larger central vessels so they become visible for a short time after surgery. Until now, no definitive criteria have been published for a proper diagnosis of ND. Based on our experience with 55 patients (77 eyes) with ND, out of 6,031 cataract procedures during the last two years, the following aspects seems to be important: ND is always 1) a disturbing dark shadow in the temporal visual field after cataract surgery and lens implantation. 2) No pathology of the eye can be found to explain this shadow. 3) In most cases, the following points exist in descending order of importance: The patients feel that the ND-shadow is far in the periphery of the visual field, mostly between 60° and 90°; using objective criteria, the shadow is, in reality, mostly between 10° and 25° in the temporal visual field; ND is variable; temporal illumination diminish ND in most patients; the correction of even the smallest refraction diminishes ND in most patients; if the hands of the examiner are placed alongside the patient's head-like blinders-ND will diminish in most cases; in monocular examination ND may diminish. Before surgery, each patient must be informed about dysphotopsia. Therapy is gradually phased in three steps: 1) ND should be explained by showing an image of the retina, saying, that the shadow is not the border of the IOL, but probably the border of the optic nerve and that all patients get used to that within a few weeks. This calms all patients. 2) If ND lasts too long from the point of view of patients, glasses should be tried, even with very moderate refraction, until ND disappears. 3) If patients do not wish to wear glasses, even for a little while, occlusion for some weeks causes ND to disappear. Only 2 of our 77 eyes with ND out of 6,031 cataract procedures required occlusion therapy, revision surgery was not necessary in any case.

AlGaAs waveguide microresonators for efficient generation of quadratic frequency combs

We propose a flexible design for directional quasi-phase-matching in AlGaAs waveguide resonators implementing the recently demonstrated optical frequency combs in cavity-enhanced second-harmonic generation. We numerically study the onset of internally pumped optical parametric oscillations that trigger the subsequent comb formation. We also perform a coherence analysis of a particular class of numerically simulated optical frequency combs, corresponding to stable temporal cavity field patterns, revealing the high degree of coherence associated with such stable solutions, a key feature for many refined applications of optical frequency combs. Our analysis shows that efficient generation of coherent frequency combs is possible with threshold powers in the microwatt range and path lengths up to several millimeters, thus enabling the practical realization of new on-chip frequency comb synthesizers, fully integrable in more complex photonic circuits.

Multiplexing Prisms for Field Expansion.

Prisms used for field expansion are limited by the optical scotoma at a prism apex (apical scotoma). For a patient with two functioning eyes, fitting prisms unilaterally allows the other eye to compensate for the apical scotoma. A monocular patient's field loss cannot be expanded with a conventional or Fresnel prism because of the apical scotoma. A newly invented optical device, the multiplexing prism (MxP), was developed to overcome the apical scotoma limitation in monocular field expansion. A Fresnel-prism-like device with alternating prism and flat elements superimposes shifted and see-through views, thus creating the (monocular) visual confusion required for field expansion and eliminating the apical scotoma. Several implementations are demonstrated and preliminarily evaluated for different monocular conditions with visual field loss. The field expansion of the MxP is compared with the effect of conventional prisms using calculated and measured perimetry. Field expansion without apical scotomas is shown to be effective for monocular patients with hemianopia or constricted peripheral field. The MxPs are shown to increase the nasal field for a patient with only one eye and for patients with bitemporal hemianopia. The MxPs placed at the far temporal field are shown to expand the normal visual field. The ability to control the contrast ratio between the two images is verified. A novel optical device is demonstrated to have the potential for field expansion technology in a variety of conditions. The devices may be inexpensive and can be constructed in a cosmetically acceptable format.

Evaluating MODIS-vegetation continuous field products to assess tree cover change and forest fragmentation in India – A multi-scale satellite remote sensing approach

Monitoring the changes in forest-cover and understanding the dynamics of the forest is becoming increasingly important for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. This paper uses temporal MODIS Vegetation Continuous Field (MODIS-VCF) to monitor the tree cover change in the Indian region over a period of 6years (2000–2005). Pixel-based linear regression model is developed to identify rate of deforestation and fragmentation at landscape level. The regression parameters viz., slope, offset and variance are used to identify threshold between forest and non-forest classes. The classification algorithm resulted into change area, no change area, positive change and negative changes. MODIS-VCF raw product of 2005 was validated using the field data and showed a coefficient of determination (R2=0.85) between percent tree cover and individual plot wise canopy cover information. The results were overlaid with UNEP protected area boundary. On a long-term basis, the forest cover change was monitored using medium spatial resolution (Landsat and IRS) satellite data to identify the rate of deforestation and fragmentation at landscape level. The developed approach is efficient and effective for regional monitoring of forest cover change. It could be automated for regular usage and monitoring.

Baryon number fluctuations in chiral effective models and their phenomenological implications

We study the critical properties of net-baryon-number fluctuations at the chiral restoration transition in a medium at finite temperature and net baryon density. The chiral dynamics of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is modeled by the Polykov-loop extended Quark-Meson Lagrangian, that includes the coupling of quarks to vector meson and temporal gauge fields. The Functional Renormalization Group is employed to properly account for the $O(4)$ criticality at the phase boundary. We focus on the properties and systematics of ratios of the net-baryon-number cumulants $\chi_B^n$, for ${1\leq n\leq 6}$, near the phase boundary. The results are presented in the context of the recent experimental data of the STAR Collaboration on fluctuations of the net proton number in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. We show that the model results for the energy dependence of the cumulant ratios are in good overall agreement with the data, with one exception. At center-of-mass energies below ${19.6\;\mathrm{GeV}}$, we find that the measured fourth-order cumulant deviates considerably from the model results, which incorporate the expected $O(4)$ and $Z(2)$ criticality. We assess the influence of model assumptions and in particular of repulsive vector-interactions, which are used to modify the location of the critical endpoint in the model, on the cumulants ratios. Finally, we discuss a possibility to test to what extent the fluctuations are affected by nonequilibrium dynamics by comparing certain ratios of cumulants.

Optical coherence tomography detection of characteristic retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in nasal hypoplasia of the optic disc.

PurposeTo determine the clinical usefulness of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detecting thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in eyes with nasal hypoplasia of the optic discs (NHOD).Patients and methodsThe medical records of five patients (eight eyes) with NHOD were reviewed. The ratio of the disc-macula distance to the disc diameter (DM/DD) and the disc ovality ratio of the minimal to maximal DD were assessed using fundus photographs. The RNFL thicknesses of the temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants were evaluated using OCT quadrant maps.ResultsAll eight eyes had temporal visual field defects that respected the vertical meridians that needed to be differentiated from those related to chiasmal compression. The mean DM/DD ratio was 3.1 and the mean disc ovality ratio was 0.81. The mean RNFL thicknesses of the temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants were 90.3, 103.1, 34.8, and 112.8 microns, respectively.ConclusionSmall optic discs and tilted discs might be associated with NHOD. Measurement of the RNFL thickness around the optic disc using OCT scans clearly visualized the characteristic RNFL thinning of the nasal quadrants corresponding to the temporal sector visual field defects in eyes with NHOD. OCT confirmed the presence of NHOD and might differentiate eyes with NHOD from those with chiasmal compression.

Impact of ADC parameters on linear optical sampling systems

Linear optical sampling (LOS), based on the coherent photodetection of an optical signal under test with a low repetition-rate signal originating from a pulsed local oscillator (LO), enables the characterization of the temporal electric field of optical sources. Thanks to this technique, low-speed photodetectors and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) can be integrated in the LOS system providing a cost-effective tool for characterizing high-speed signals. However, the impact of photodetector and ADC parameters on such LOS systems has not been explored in detail so far. These parameters, including the integration time of the track-and-hold function, the effective number of bits (ENOB) of the ADC, as well as the combined limited bandwidth of the photodetector and ADC are experimentally and numerically investigated in a LOS system for the first time. More specifically, by reconstructing 10-Gbit/s non-return-to-zero on–off keying (NRZ-OOK) and 10-Gbaud NRZ-quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) signals, it is shown that a short integration time provides a better recovered signal fidelity. Furthermore, an ENOB of 6 bits and an ADC bandwidth normalized to the sampling rate of 2.8 are found to be sufficient in order to reliably monitor the considered signals.

Non-potential Field Formation in the X-shaped Quadrupole Magnetic Field Configuration

Abstract Some types of solar flares are observed in X-shaped quadrupolar field configuration. To understand the magnetic energy storage in such a region, we studied non-potential field formation in an X-shaped quadrupolar field region formed in the active region NOAA 11967, which produced three X-shaped M-class flares on 2014 February 2. Nonlinear force-free field modeling was applied to a time series of vector magnetic field maps from the Solar Optical Telescope on board Hinode and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Our analysis of the temporal three-dimensional magnetic field evolution shows that the sufficient free energy had already been stored more than 10 hr before the occurrence of the first M-class flare and that the storage was observed in a localized region. In this localized region, quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) started to develop gradually from 9 hr before the first M-class flare. One of the flare ribbons that appeared in the first M-class flare was co-spatial with the location of the QSLs, suggesting that the formation of the QSLs is important in the process of energy release. These QSLs do not appear in the potential field calculation, indicating that they were created by the non-potential field. The formation of the QSLs was associated with the transverse photospheric motion of the pre-emerged flux and the emergence of a new flux. This observation indicates that the occurrence of the flares requires the formation of QSLs in the non-potential field in which free magnetic energy is stored in advance.

Damped Rabi oscillations produced by adiabatic pulses in atomic systems

Propagation of optical pulses in adiabatic conditions in two-level systems was reported to induce Rabi oscillations if the initial state has atomic coherence. This is a surprising result since in ordinary conditions the population dynamics follows the temporal field profile. In this paper we construct a simple two-level atom model and examine the role of Rabi oscillations in the presence of a damping γ term (decoherence). We have found that, depending on the time scale between 1∕γ and the pulse, Rabi oscillations are still present. However, if the atom decays faster than when the interaction takes place, Rabi oscillations are suppressed. Analytical solutions are also provided for this general case.

Silicone Oil in Optic Chiasm: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Purpose: To report a case of silicone oil migration into optic chiasm with resultant visual field defect in the fellow eye. We also summarize the risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the silicone oil migration and the subsequent neurological effects associated with it. Methods: A 36-year-old gentleman presented with a history of vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade in the left eye with sudden-onset temporal field defect in the right eye. Silicone oil was identified in left optic nerve and left half of optic chiasm. Intrachiasmatic and intraneural silicone oil was removed by left pterional craniotomy. Result: Prompt visual field recovery in the right eye after the neurosurgical intervention was noted. Conclusion: Intracranial migration of silicone oil is rare, with only a handful of cases reported in the literature. Intrachiasmal and intraneural silicone oil is associated with loss of nerve fibers and resultant vision and visual field loss. Prompt neurosurgical intervention results in the improvement of visual field defects. So early identification and neurosurgical intervention is warranted. Vitreoretinal surgeons should be aware of transneural migration of silicone oil, and a high degree of suspicion is warranted when patient develops visual symptoms in the fellow eye, particularly in cases with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and secondary elevated intraocular pressure or in any disc malformation.

A ST-CRF Map-Matching Method for Low-Frequency Floating Car Data

Integrating raw Global Position System (GPS) trajectories with a road network is often referred to as a map-matching problem. However, low-frequency trajectories (e.g., one GPS point for every 1–2 min) have raised many challenges to existing map-matching methods. In this paper, we propose a novel and global spatial–temporal map-matching method called spatial and temporal conditional random field (ST-CRF), which is based on insights relating to: 1) the spatial positioning accuracy of GPS points with the topological information of the underlying road network; 2) the spatial–temporal accessibility of a floating car; 3) the spatial distribution of the middle point between two consecutive GPS points; and 4) the consistency of the driving direction of a GPS trajectory. We construct a conditional random field model and identify the best matching path sequence from all candidate points. A series of experiments conducted for real environments using mass floating car data collected in Beijing and Shanghai shows that the ST-CRF method not only has better performance and robustness than other popular methods (e.g., point-line, ST-matching, and interactive voting-based map-matching methods) in low-frequency map matching but also solves the “label-bias” problem, which has long existed in the map matching of classical hidden Markov-based methods.

On the observability of epeirogenic movement in current and future gravity missions

Next generation gravity missions are expected to improve the accuracy of temporal gravity models significantly. The periodic signals and trends retrieved by these missions are induced by mass redistribution in the Earth system, carrying essential information on dynamic processes in the atmosphere, cryosphere, continental hydrosphere, the oceans and the solid Earth. While temporal gravity signals induced by deep Earth's processes are commonly thought to lie below the observational threshold of satellite gravity missions, as one assumes them to be small in amplitude and restricted to the longest spatial and temporal scales, there exists evidence from the geologic record for rapid uplift and subsidence events at regional scales, especially along passive continental margins, related to flow in the underlying mantle. Here we explore novel mantle flow retrodictions for geodynamically plausible, compressible, high resolution Earth models with ≈670 million finite elements. These time-dependent Earth models link to geologic observables in the late Paleogene that can be tested independently, while at the same time indicating mantle flow induced geoid rates on the order of 5μm/year, at spatial scales of 1000km. We assess the signal retrievability of the modeled rates in closed-loop numerical simulations, with different satellite gravity retrieval mission assumptions, including GRACE, GRACE-FO and a next generation gravity mission. We find the modeled deep Earth signal to be on the edge of detectability, but coming into the range of detectability in future temporal gravity field solutions, suggesting the use of satellite gravity data to validate geodynamic Earth models. Importantly, the application of forward modeled dynamic mantle signals seems to be essential for improved de-aliasing and signal separation in future gravity missions.