Temporal Elements Research Articles

Часові аспекти якості життя у дослідженнях міжнародної міграції

The article is devoted to revealing the scientifi c potential of temporal aspects in studying the quality of life of international migrants. Th e purpose of this paper is to initiate a scientifi c discussion on temporal indicators of population well-being and present empirical evidence of their importance in migration research. Th e scientifi c novelty lies in revealing the widespread use of temporal elements in the structure of systems for quality of life assessing, substantiation the need to use time indicators in studies of international migrants’ well-being. Th e article uses methods of system approach, analysis and synthesis, grouping, comparison. Th e study showed that contemporary approaches of the quality of life analysis abounds with time-dependent elements. However, conceptualization of temporality is absent there. Temporal indicators connected with duration and rhythm are most oft en used. Th e main empirical basis for studying the migrants’ quality of life in this article is the results of the European Social Survey (ESS). Th e reference group for comparing the migrants’ well-being in this study is local population. Th e integrated indicator of quality of life assessment, the average happiness score, is used. It shows almost identical overall values of this indicator for both population groups (the diff erence was 0.1 points on a 10-point scale). Th ere was a lack of territorial universality to identify a happier group because in half of the analyzed countries the locals were happier than newcomers whereas in the rest of the territories there was the opposite situation or the same values of the indicator. Th e average happiness scores and life satisfaction scores among migrants decrease in parallel with the increase in length of stay in the destination country. A separate eff ect of age and length of stay temporal characteristics on the quality of life of international migrants is established. The degree of freedom, the agency to infl uence their own lives is considered a separate temporal element of the migrants’ well-being. According to the ESS, the average value of this indicator for newcomers and locals coincides.

Temporal Elements in the Valuation of Environmental Damage: Reflections on the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Compensation Case before the International Court of Justice

Abstract In the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua judgment of 2 February 2018, the International Court of Justice (icj), for the first time in its jurisprudence, explicitly accepted the compensability of environmental damage. Nonetheless, the valuation of environmental damage is less easy. Since conditions concerning the environment and its natural resources may change with the passage of time, there is a need to take the dynamics and variability of the environment into account in the valuation of environmental damage. In this regard, considerations of temporal elements, including the time necessary for recovery of the environment and ecosystem, are key. Thus this article aims to consider the issues of the valuation of environmental damage in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Compensation case focusing particularly on temporal elements. In particular, this article critically analyses the icj’s methodology for the valuation of environmental damage. This article also examines the issues of climate change and use of experts in the valuation of environmental damage.

Temporary values in the paradigm of modernization of civil legislation.

The article contains a study of the place of temporal quantities in the concept of updating the Civil Code of Ukraine in view of their legal nature, place and importance in the structure of the mechanism of legal regulation of civil relations. It is emphasized that time values play a decisive role in the legal regulation of public relations, which is the subject of civil law, as an integral part of the mechanism of their legal regulation, which provides temporal boundaries of certain civil rights and relevant civil obligations. It is noted that the proposed model of updating civil legislation partially reproduces the ways and means to introduce temporal elements into the structure of the mechanism of legal regulation of civil relations in view of the relevant legal institution. In fact, considerations have been proposed to improve the provisions of this concept both in terms of general provisions on terms and deadlines under the Civil Code of Ukraine, and within individual legal institutions. In particular, it is proposed to: standardize the nature of the statute of limitations in accordance with international experience and the essence of this category; to determine the peculiarities of the course of this type of term (beginning, end, grounds for interruption and suspension); taking into account the experience of European legislation to single out the statute of limitations as a kind of socio-legal category of a complex nature in the field of application, where to normalize its varieties and the ratio of the latter; to streamline the normative basis of the acquisitive prescription, where, taking into account the experience of judicial practice and the legislation of other countries, to ensure the full realization of the purpose of its introduction into the domestic legal field. With regard to the special provisions of civil law in terms of temporal values, there are proposals that should ensure the implementation of the above purpose of time, as a socio-legal category that will be the subject of further research. In particular, attention is paid to the prospect of improving the place of time values in the mechanism of legal regulation of personal non-property rights of individuals and legal entities, hereditary relations, where these legal categories should ensure the stability of civil turnover and create an optimal model of legal protection of rights and legitimate interests of participants.

Supervision in child protection: a space and place for reflection or an excruciating marathon of compliance?

ABSTRACT Supervision is promoted as an essential element of effective professional practice in social work. Its benefits include promoting reflective social work and assisting with the management of the emotions generated in challenging practice. This article reports on the observations of supervision in a 15-month ethnographic study of social work teams on two very different sites in England, one using hot-desking the other a small team design. Our findings show how supervision is constituted by temporal, spatial and relational elements and that some current organisational designs do not create the ideal environment for reflective supervision to flourish. Far from providing an opportunity for containment of challenging emotions, supervision was sometimes a source of stress. It was experienced as reflective and containing where managers were accessible and space was made for thinking in a context of openness that encouraged regular deep conversations about current work. By experiencing the atmospheres of supervisory encounters and organisational cultures, this study has enabled us to produce new insights into the embodied nature of supervision as it is lived.

The Interplay between Urban Densification and Place Change in Tehran; Implications for Place-Based Social Sustainability

Recent scholarship on urban social sustainability has redirected its attention to the role of place-based theories and practices in achieving and sustaining social outcomes. The notion of place and its centrality in everyday life of urban citizens could be used as an anchor point to study urbanisation processes and rapid urban changes. This paper employs a place-based framework of urban social sustainability in parallel to a framework of ‘place transformation’ to examine the consequences of soft densification on place attachment at the neighbourhood level in Tehran, Iran. Through analysing sixteen semi-structured interviews with residents, this paper argues that the temporal element of soft densification makes it a place undermining process, eradicating individual and collective place memory through resetting the time of the place. Moreover, the findings highlighted parallel trajectories in the meanings associated to place by residents which underscore the contradiction between ‘lived space’ and ‘conceived space’. Furthermore, it was found that loss of place attachment due to urban densification commonly leads to passive modes of response such changing lifestyle and daily routines, and voluntary relocating to adapt to the new socio-spatial order.

Playing marbles, playing music

Playing marbles, playing music

Migrant subjectivities and temporal flexibility of East‐Central European labour migration to the United Kingdom

AbstractThis paper seeks to broaden existing understandings of migrant worker flexibility drawing on the data from the two ethnographic studies of low‐wage employers and Eastern European migrants in Scotland. It focuses on the temporal aspects of flexibility production in employment discourse and temporal expectations about flexible migrant workers. Our findings reveal double movement of interruption and remaking of temporal flexibility, which challenges directional expectations about time and unsettles the assumed connectivity between flexibility's temporal elements. Uncertainty and instability of migration and employment frameworks undermine the attempts of employers and migrants to manage time, to develop continuous portfolio careers and coherent temporal horizons. Furthermore, contested temporal expectations about flexible migrant workers create fragmented and fractured “flexiworkers” that do not fit within the existing temporal frameworks of signs, routines, and rhythms. The paper suggests re‐orientation of flexibility debates beyond temporal measurement, outside familiar temporal structures, and towards redefinition of flexible worker identities.

Assessment of multi-energy inter-pixel coincidence counters for photon-counting detectors at the presence of charge sharing and pulse pileup: A simulation study.

Spectral distortion due to charge sharing (CS) and pulse pileup (PP) in photon-counting detectors (PCDs) degrades the quality of PCD data. We recently proposed multi-energy inter-pixel coincidence counters (MEICC) that provided spectral cross-talk information related to CS. When PP was absent, the normalized Cramér-Rao lower bounds (nCRLBs) of 225-µm pixel PCDs with MEICC was comparable to those of 450-µm pixel PCD without MEICC. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of PCDs with MEICC in the presence of both CS and PP using computer simulations. An in-house Monte Carlo program was modified to incorporate the following four temporal elements: (1) A pulse shape with a pulse duration of 20ns, (2) delays of up to 10ns in anode arrival times when photons were incident on pixel boundaries, (3) offsets proportional to a vertical separation between the primary and secondary charge clouds at the rate of ±4ns per ±100µm, and (4) a stochastic fluctuation of anode arrival times for all of the charge clouds with a standard deviation of 2ns. We assessed the performance of five PCDs, (a)-(f), for three spectral tasks, (A)-(C): (a) The conventional PCD, (b) a PCD with MEICC, (c) a PCD with one coincidence counter (1CC), (d) a PCD with a 3×3 analog charge summing scheme (ACS), and (e) a PCD with a 3×3 digital count summing scheme (DCS); (A) conventional CT imaging with water (i.e., linear attenuation coefficient maps), (B) water-bone material decomposition, and (C) K-edge imaging with tungsten. The tube current was changed from 1mA to 1000mA and the nCRLB was assessed. The recorded count rate curves were fitted by the non-paralyzable detection model with the effective deadtime parameter. The best fit was achieved by 25.8ns for the conventional PCD, 18.6ns for MEICC and 1CC, 140.5ns for ACS, and 209.0ns for DCS. The nCRLBs were strongly dependent on count rates. MEICC provided the best nCRLBs for all of the imaging tasks over the count rate range investigated except for a few conditions such as K-edge imaging at 1mA. PP decreased the merit of MEICC over the conventional PCD in addressing CS. Nonetheless, MEICC consistently provided better nCRLBs than the conventional PCD did. The nCRLBs of MEICC were in the range of 49-58% of those of the conventional PCD for K-edge imaging, 45-76% for water-bone material decomposition, and 81-88% for the conventional CT imaging (i.e., linear attenuation coefficient maps). ACS provided better nCRLBs than the conventional PCD did only when the effect of PP was minor (e.g., when the counting efficiency of the conventional PCD was higher than 0.95 with the tube current of up to 100mA). Besides a few cases, MEICC provides the best nCRLBs for all of the tasks at all of the count rates. ACS and DCS provide better nCRLBs than the conventional PCD does only when count rates are very low.

Caring for Patients without Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Material Conditions as Multidimensional Cascading Triggers for Resilience Processes

ABSTRACT Guided by communication theory of resilience (CTR), we analyze 453 narrative accounts by Reddit user healthcare workers (HCWs) of their experiences with COVID-19-related personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages between March and May 2020. Via thematic analysis and sensitized by CTR concepts, we examine PPE shortages as a disruptive trigger event that catalyzes the enactment of resilience processes. Findings problematize PPE shortages as material, discursive, and symbolic triggers and explore how HCWs communicatively construct resilience given PPE shortages. This study extends CTR by: (a) underscoring the multidimensional nature of disruptive trigger events, (b) distinguishing the temporal element in cascading trigger events during periods of sustained disruption, and (c) attending to the transformational processes within the adaptation-transformation dialectic with the inclusion of a sixth resilience process, critiquing and resisting the status quo. Critiquing and resisting the status quo interrelates to other resilience processes of maintaining and using communication networks, employing alternative logics, and affirming identity anchors. Practical implications are offered.

High-resolution temporal metallic elements in PM2.5 in Chengdu, Southwest China: variations, extreme events, and effects of meteorological parameters

High-resolution temporal metallic elements in PM2.5 in Chengdu, Southwest China: variations, extreme events, and effects of meteorological parameters

Exploring Co-Construction of Learning Environments at the Boundary of School and Work Through the Lens of Vocational Practice

Educational institutions and vocational practices need to collaborate to design learning environments that meet current-day societal demands and support the development of learners’ vocational competence. Integration of learning experiences across contexts can be facilitated by intentionally structured learning environments at the boundary of school and work. Such learning environments are co-constructed by educational institutions and vocational practices. However, co-construction is challenged by differences between the practices of school and work, which can lead to discontinuities across the school–work boundary. More understanding is needed about the nature of these discontinuities and about design considerations to counterbalance these discontinuities. Studies on the co-construction of learning environments are scarce, especially studies from the perspective of representatives of work practice. Therefore, the present study explores design considerations for co-construction through the lens of vocational practice. The study reveals a variety of discontinuities related to the designable elements of learning environments (i.e. epistemic, spatial, instrumental, temporal, and social elements). The findings help to improve understanding of design strategies for counterbalancing discontinuities at the interpersonal and institutional levels of the learning environment. The findings confirm that work practice has a different orientation than school practice since there is a stronger focus on productivity and on the quality of the services provided. However, various strategies for co-construction also seem to take into account the mutually beneficial learning potential of the school–work boundary.

Shock and awe: Loudness and unpredictability in Twitter messages and crowdfunding campaign success

Although recent evidence has found support for the importance of social media in communicating specific messages between venture founders and their target audience, there remains a relative paucity of research regarding how specific temporal elements of social media activity are related to key venture development outcomes. In this context, the current study draws on the conceptual framework of shock advertising to understand how louder (i.e., an increasing number of tweets) and unpredictable (i.e., tweets at non-standard times) Twitter activity can improve the odds of crowdfunding success. Using a sample of Kickstarter projects between 2009 and 2018 and cross-sectional regressions (ordinary least squares and the logit model), we find that the odds of meeting goals increase 1.24 times with each percentage increase in tweets, relative to tweets in the project-category-year. The odds of success increase further with an increase in the unpredictability and number of project-category-year adjusted tweets. In an era when standing out in the social media is increasingly challenging, our findings have implications for managing social media messages during crowdfunding campaigns.

Utilization and Classification of Ceramic Animation through Ceramic Material in Stop-motion Animation

본고는 스톱모션 애니메이션에서 도자기 재료를 통한 도자기 애니메이션의 활용과 분류에 관해 연구하였다. 애니메이션은 다양한 제작 기법과 재료들을 사용하므로 종류와 분류에서도 다양성이 나타나지만, 종이, 클레이, 인형, 오브제, 유리 등의 재료를 통한 분류에 비하면 도자기 애니메이션은 존재하지 않고 있는 실정이었다. 비록 도자기 애니메이션 제작의 기술적 전문성과 제작의 어려움에도 불구하고 희소성과 작품성을 지닌 애니메이션 작품이 존재하므로 도자기 재료를 활용성과 분류에 관한 연구의 필요성이 제기되었다. 문헌 연구에서 애니메이션학과 도자학에 기반하여 애니메이션에서 도자기의 재료적 특성과 스톱모션 애니메이션을 파악하였다. 그러므로 도자기 애니메이션의 구현을 위한 변별적 요소를 네 가지를 추출하였다. 즉 재질적 요소인 도기(Pottery)와 자기(Porcelain), 공간적 요소인 실재적인 입체(3 Dimension), 시간적 요소인 리미티드(Limited) 기법, 제작적 요소인 스트레이트 어헤드(Straight Ahead) 기법이었다. 사례 분석으로 1980년대 이후의 총 4편의 도자기를 활용한 스톱모션 애니메이션 ‘도자기 인형’(1982), ‘분쟁(1982)’, ‘생선 쟁반(1988)’, ‘바다 공자(2014)’를 선정하여 도자기 애니메이션의 구현을 위한 네 가지 요소를 적용함으로써 네 가지의 요소에 대한 존재를 파악하였고 따라서 애니메이션의 분류적 타당성을 확인하였다. 연구 결과는 스톱모션 기법을 활용한 도자기 애니메이션의 활용은 도자기 애니메이션의 구현 요소 네 가지를 통해 파악되어 도자기의 재료적 변별적 자질을 통해 애니메이션 분류적 타당성이 확인되었다. 이를 통해 애니메이션에서 도자기 애니메이션의 분류적 제안을 위한 기본적인 이론적 근거를 제시하였다.This paper studied the application and classification of ceramic animation through ceramic materials in stop motion animation. Because animation uses various production techniques and materials, there is variety in types and classifications, but compared to classification through materials such as paper, clay, dolls, objects, and glass, ceramic animation does not exist. Although there are animation works with rarity and workability despite the technical expertise and difficulty of producing ceramic animation, the need for a study on the applicability and classification of ceramic materials has been raised. Based on animation and ceramics studies in literature study, the material properties of ceramics and stop motion animation were identified in animation. Therefore, four distinct elements for the implementation of ceramic animation were extracted. In other words, the material element for pottery and porcelain, the spatial element for 3 Dimension, the temporal element for the Limited technique, and the production element for the Straight Ahead technique. As a case study, Porcelain Dolls (1982), Dispute (1982) , Fish Tray (1988) , and Sir Sea (2014) were selected as a case study using a total of four ceramics since the 1980s. By applying the four elements for the realization of ceramic animation, the existence of the four elements was identified, and the classification validity of the animation was thus confirmed. As a result of the study, the utilization of ceramic animation using stop motion technique was identified through the four realization elements of stop motion animation, and the classification versatility of animation was confirmed through the material distinctive qualities of ceramics. Through this, a rationale for the taxonomic proposal of porcelain animation in animation was presented.

Growth and Development of Air and Space Law

The article provides a brief background on the development of air and space law from the historical perspective. It concludes that the scientific discipline of air law can be dissected from several elements, namely geographical elements, temporal elements, personal elements, material elements, and functional elements. With regard to space law, the article provides its scientific development and its ramification to other disciplines, most importantly telecommunication law.

Getting Time Right: Using Cox Models and Probabilities to Interpret Binary Panel Data

AbstractLogit and probit (L/P) models are a mainstay of binary time-series cross-sectional (BTSCS) analyses. Researchers include cubic splines or time polynomials to acknowledge the temporal element inherent in these data. However, L/P models cannot easily accommodate three other aspects of the data’s temporality: whether covariate effects are conditional on time, whether the process of interest is causally complex, and whether our functional form assumption regarding time’s effect is correct. Failing to account for any of these issues amounts to misspecification bias, threatening our inferences’ validity. We argue scholars should consider using Cox duration models when analyzing BTSCS data, as they create fewer opportunities for such misspecification bias, while also having the ability to assess the same hypotheses as L/P. We use Monte Carlo simulations to bring new evidence to light showing Cox models perform just as well—and sometimes better—than logit models in a basic BTSCS setting, and perform considerably better in more complex BTSCS situations. In addition, we highlight a new interpretation technique for Cox models—transition probabilities—to make Cox model results more readily interpretable. We use an application from interstate conflict to demonstrate our points.

A weak form temporal quadrature element formulation for linear structural dynamics

PurposeVarious time integration methods and time finite element methods have been developed to obtain the responses of structural dynamic problems, but the accuracy and computational efficiency of them are sometimes not satisfactory. The purpose of this paper is to present a more accurate and efficient formulation on the basis of the weak form quadrature element method to solve linear structural dynamic problems.Design/methodology/approachA variational principle for linear structural dynamics, which is inspired by Noble's work, is proposed to develop the weak form temporal quadrature element formulation. With Lobatto quadrature rule and the differential quadrature analog, a system of linear equations is obtained to solve the responses at sampling time points simultaneously. Computation for multi-elements can be carried out by a time-marching technique, using the end point results of the last element as the initial conditions for the next.FindingsThe weak form temporal quadrature element formulation is conditionally stable. The relation between the normalized length of element and the suggested number of integration points in one element is given by a simple formula. Results show that the present formulation is much more accurate than other time integration methods and its dissipative property is also illustrated.Originality/valueThe weak form temporal quadrature element formulation provides a choice with high accuracy and efficiency for solution of linear structural dynamic problems.

Temporal and spatial-domain DFT-based spectral element model for the dynamic analysis of a rectangular Mindlin plate

A temporal and spatial-domain spectral element model for the dynamics of a rectangular Mindlin plate based on the discrete Fourier transform was developed as an extension of the authors’ previous work. The following procedure was implemented to derive the spectral element model. First, the general solutions of a rectangular Mindlin plate element were derived in spectral forms in both the temporal and spatial domains. Second, the boundary functions that describe the boundary conditions were then expressed in spectral forms. Third, using the orthogonality properties of the trigonometric functions, the relationships between the spectral components of the general solutions and boundary functions were derived in the square-matrix-equation form. Finally, the spectral matrix was formulated for the entire plate element using the force-displacement relationships. The proposed spectral element method could provide accurate dynamic responses and waves in a plate structure using the fast Fourier transform algorithm owing to the spectral form representations of the general solutions and boundary functions in both the temporal and spatial domains. The high accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed SEM were investigated by comparing the results with those of the exact theory, modal analysis method, Rayleigh-Ritz method, dynamic stiffness method, and commercial finite element analysis software ANSYS.

Advances in microanalysis: Magnifying the social microscope on mother-infant interactions

Microanalysis is a method for recording and coding interactional behavior. It has been often compared to a social microscope, for its power in detailing the second-by-second dynamics of social interaction. Microanalysis has deep multidisciplinary foundations, that privilege the description of interactions as they naturally occur, with the purpose of understanding the relations between multiple and simultaneous streams of behaviors. In developmental science, microanalysis has uncovered structural and temporal elements in mother-infant interactions, improving our understanding of the effects of mother-infant interpersonal adaptation in the infant’s cognitive and social-emotional development.Detailed manual coding is time intensive and resource demanding, imposing restrictions to sample size, and the ability to analyze multiple behavioral modalities. Moreover, recent increases in the density of multivariate data require different tools. We review present-day techniques that tackle those challenges: (1) sensing techniques for motion tracking and physiological recording; (2) exploratory techniques for detecting patterns from high-density data; and (3) inferential and modeling techniques for understanding contingencies between interactional time series.Two illustrations, from recent developmental research, reveal the power of bringing new lenses to our social microscope: (1) egocentric vision, the use of head mounted cameras and eye-trackers in capturing the infant’s first-person perspective of a social exchange; and (2) daily activity sensing, wearable multimodal sensing that brought mother-infant interaction research to the environments where it naturally unfolds.

Discrete Heart Rate Values or Continuous Streams? Representation, Variability, and Meaningful Use of Vital Sign Data.

Documentation and review of patient heart rate are a fundamental process across a myriad of clinical settings. While historically recorded manually, bedside monitors now provide for the automated collection of such data. Despite the availability of continuous streaming data, patients' charts continue to reflect only a subset of this information as snapshots recorded throughout a hospitalization. Over the past decade, prominent works have explored the implications of such practices and established fundamental differences in the alignment of discrete charted vitals and steaming data captured by monitoring systems. Limited work has examined the temporal properties of these differences, how they manifest, and their relation to clinical applications. The work presented in this article addresses this disparity, providing evidence that differences between charting techniques extend to measures of variability. Our results demonstrate how variability manifests with respect to temporal elements of charting timing and how it can facilitate personalized care by contextualizing deviations in magnitude. This work also highlights the utility of variability metrics with relation to clinical measures including associations to severity scores and a case study utilizing complex variability metrics derived from the complete set of monitor data.

Multilevel design considerations for vocational curricula at the boundary of school and work

This study focuses on the school–work connection from the perspective of curriculum design. The aim was to uncover considerations underpinning the design of learning environments in vocational education. The research took place in the Netherlands. A focus group methodology was chosen to elicit designers’ considerations, which generally remain largely implicit. These considerations concern the designable elements of learning environments: epistemic, spatial, temporal, and social elements. Design considerations were uncovered at each of the aggregation levels of a curriculum. At the macro-level, considerations referred to the connectivity between the contexts of school and work. Based on these considerations, different designs were chosen along the school–work continuum. At the meso-level, another continuum was found: the complexity in terms of practices involved in the learning environment. At the micro-level, concrete design considerations were revealed that designers take into account to strengthen the school–work connection. Thus, design considerations at three levels were made explicit. Moreover, the need for alignment between the designable elements and the curriculum levels became more apparent, leading to a deeper understanding of curriculum design for vocational education. This paper adds understanding of ways to strengthen the school–work connection and design future-proof vocational curricula.