Temporal Coordination Research Articles

Spatial–Temporal Load Balancing and Coordination of Multi-Robot Stations

Cycle time minimization in multi-robot manufacturing stations is computationally challenging. This is due to the many aspects that need to be accounted for, including assigning process tasks to robots, specifying robot configurations at tasks, sequencing, planning motions, and coordinating the robots to avoid collisions. Hence, to find good solutions, often some assumptions are made and/or the problem is divided into subproblems—often limiting the set of solutions with the risk of excluding the best ones. In this study, we generalize the completely disjoint solution method that challenges the so-called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">shortest path</i> assumption, i.e., to let each robot use its shortest collision-free motion between any two configurations, regardless of the other robots. We devise a generalized method called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">spatial–temporal load balancing and coordination</i> , which prevents robot–robot collisions by a sequence of disjoint solutions, guiding task assignments, sequences, and robot motions (path and velocity). We study both artificial and industrial instances. For some of them, our suggested method is superior to methods based on the shortest path assumption, with as much as a 28% reduction in cycle time. Moreover, for problem instances with no special structure, we establish that the shortest path assumption is often reasonable. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —This work is motivated by a particular industrial problem instance of a spot-welding station with two robots and where welds are placed along the edge of a workpiece. Due to the special geometry of the instance one robot can only perform welds in the middle of the edge and the other only at the ends. As a result, if the robots use their shortest motions between welds, then waiting times are required to prevent collisions. Moreover, the tasks are too close to each other to allow for a completely disjoint solution. Hence, we suggest a method based on sequence of disjoint solutions.

Extension of Maxwell’s Equations for Determination of Relativistic Electric and Magnetic Field

This paper presents the transformation of four Maxwell’s equation into relativistic electromagnetism via the partial differential equation of electric and magnetic field with respect to spatial and temporal coordinates. The relativistic form of magnetic field is developed based on Gauss’s law for magnetism and Ampere’s law while the relativistic form of electric field is developed based on Gauss’s law for electricity and Faraday’s law, where and are rest magnetic and electric field. We can easily explain theoretically about the various properties of electromagnetic waves (EM waves) with help of this relativistic formula such as; 1) Why EM waves are not deflected by electric and magnetic field as they have both oscillating electric and magnetic field? ;2) why can’t light travel faster than the speed of light? In this highly interesting topic, the particular purpose is not to enter into the merits of existing theory of relativistic electromagnetism, but rather to present a succinct and carefully reasoned account of new aspect of Maxwell’s equation which properly describe the relativistic nature of magnetic and electric Field.

The quality of avian vocal duets can be assessed independently of the spatial separation of signallers

Interactions among groups are often mediated through signals, including coordinated calls such as duets, and the degree of temporal coordination within a group can affect signal efficacy. However, in addition to intrinsic duet quality, the spatial arrangement of callers also affects the timing of calls. So, can listeners discriminate temporal effects caused by intrinsic duet quality compared to spatial arrangement? Such discrimination would allow assessment of quality of duets produced by a pair, as distinct from transient extrinsic spatial effects. To address this issue, we studied experimentally the influence of intrinsic duet quality and spatial arrangement on the efficacy of Australian magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) vocal duets. Breeding pairs duet at varying distances from each other and to multiple neighbours. Coordinated duets are more effective territorial signals than uncoordinated duets, but it remains unclear whether listeners can discriminate the effects of quality and spatial arrangement. Our playback experiment showed that any deviation from perfect regularity of partners’ notes reduced duet efficacy, but that lack of coordination due to spatial separation (slower tempo and offset of notes) had a lower effect on efficacy than effects due to intrinsic quality (irregularity). Our results therefore provide experimental evidence that the temporal organisation of group vocalisations could signal coalition quality independently of spatial effects.

Exploring the coupling coordination of urban ecological resilience and new-type urbanization: The case of China’s Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle

Reviewing the coupling coordination between urban ecological resilience (UER) and new-type urbanization (NU) has gradually become a necessary condition for understanding the structure and service patterns of urban ecological systems. Discussion on the temporal and spatial coordination evolution in UER and NU in urban agglomerations with different characteristics is beneficial for understanding the operational mechanisms of urban ecosystems. This work constructs a novel evaluation framework for the coupling coordination process between UER and NU, and scientifically measures the performance of each indicator using the entropy method and CRITIC method. By using the coupling coordination degree (CCD) model, this paper explores the spatio-temporal effects of the relationship between UER and NU, which has narrowed the cognitive gap. Using the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle in China as an example, the validity and practicality of the framework are verified. The results show that the CCD between UER and NU generally shows a rapid growth trend with time and tends to be balanced; and the development patterns of CCD in urban agglomerations show significant spatial differences influenced by factors such as location advantage, natural resources, and human social activities. These results and findings can provide decision-making information reference for urban ecological system services, urban livability, and government planning.

Representation of a Perceptual Event in an Interview with an Artist

Introduction. The purpose of the research is to consider the linguistic actualization of the main characteristics of the artist's visual perception in the interview discourse. The relevance of the research is due to its inclusion in the context of modern anthropo-oriented study of cognition of the world by a creative person. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the process of perception of the world by an English-speaking artist is studied as an event within the framework of a complex linguistic and cognitive approach, which allows to analyze its specificity to the fullest extent.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the research was made up of the works of the linguists-cognitologists L.V. Laenko, I.Yu. Kolesov, psychologist V. A. Barabanshchikov who revealed distinctive characteristics of perceptual image and substantiated the expediency of perception as an event. The research material was interviews with English-speaking artists from the Internet versions of the newspapers devoted to the life and work of modern artists. The methods of lexico-semantic, frame, contextual and pragmalinguistic analysis were used.Results and discussion. The article reveals the peculiarities of visual perception of the world by contemporary English-speaking artists, which are reflected in the discourse of the interview. The author reveals the multidimensionality of a subject of perception, different ways of its representation on the verbal level: as an observer-actor and as a “offscreen” observer. The paper shows the specificity of visual perception of the world by the artist as a perceptual event that possesses spatial and temporal coordinates and such significant characteristics as dynamism, motivation, focus and emotionality. The denotative situation of perception is actualized in English by personal pronouns, active-action predicates, perceptual predicates, existential constructions, phase verbs, and state change predicates. The important feature of the artist's creative perception of the world is the forming of the necessity of representation in his consciousness perceptive image by means of painterly signs. As a result of such representation the given perceptive image receives the further development and becomes the basis for creating an artistic image to be embodied in an art work.Conclusion. In the interview with the artist there is a complex process of cognition of the world by the creative person, based on the perceptual event. Visual perception is represented by the artist as a directed activity, which is to learn and which requires certain efforts and motivation. As a result of the perceptual event that the artist experiences, an artistic image is formed that is actualized in the work of art.

Temporal and spatial reference frames in visual working memory are defined by ordinal and relational properties.

Natural environments provide a rich spatiotemporal context that allows for visual objects to be differentiated based on different types of information: their absolute or relative spatial or temporal coordinates, or their ordinal positions in a spatial or temporal sequence. Here, we investigated which spatial and temporal properties are incidentally encoded along with to-be-remembered features to provide reference frames in visual working memory (VWM). We tested the different possibilities in a spatiotemporal color change-detection task by transforming spatial and/or temporal structures of item presentation at retrieval relative to encoding. More precisely, spatial and/or temporal coordinates were (a) switched, changing the order of items in a spatial or temporal sequence (ordinal transformation); (b) multiplied by different factors, changing interitem distances (relational transformation); or (c) multiplied by a constant factor, expanding or shrinking the entire configuration (global transformation). Such transformations of the external reference frame at retrieval should only interfere with VWM if the internal reference frame relies on the spatial or temporal properties affected by the respective transformation. We found that ordinal and relational transformations of either the spatial or temporal structure impaired performance, whereas global transformations did not. Thus, reference frames appear to be primarily defined by interitem relations-including relative distances between items as well as their order-rather than absolute positions in space or time. These results corroborate and extend previous findings for the spatial domain, and highlight functional similarities of the spatial and temporal dimensions in VWM by revealing the same metrical properties for temporal reference frames. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Linking temporal coordination of hippocampal activity to memory function.

Oscillations in neural activity are widespread throughout the brain and can be observed at the population level through the local field potential. These rhythmic patterns are associated with cycles of excitability and are thought to coordinate networks of neurons, in turn facilitating effective communication both within local circuits and across brain regions. In the hippocampus, theta rhythms (4-12 Hz) could contribute to several key physiological mechanisms including long-range synchrony, plasticity, and at the behavioral scale, support memory encoding and retrieval. While neurons in the hippocampus appear to be temporally coordinated by theta oscillations, they also tend to fire in sequences that are developmentally preconfigured. Although loss of theta rhythmicity impairs memory, these sequences of spatiotemporal representations persist in conditions of altered hippocampal oscillations. The focus of this review is to disentangle the relative contribution of hippocampal oscillations from single-neuron activity in learning and memory. We first review cellular, anatomical, and physiological mechanisms underlying the generation and maintenance of hippocampal rhythms and how they contribute to memory function. We propose candidate hypotheses for how septohippocampal oscillations could support memory function while not contributing directly to hippocampal sequences. In particular, we explore how theta rhythms could coordinate the integration of upstream signals in the hippocampus to form future decisions, the relevance of such integration to downstream regions, as well as setting the stage for behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity. Finally, we leverage stimulation-based treatment in Alzheimer's disease conditions as an opportunity to assess the sufficiency of hippocampal oscillations for memory function.

Integrating Biobehavioral and Environmental Components of Developmental Psychopathology via Interpersonal Dynamics: An RDoC-Advancing Model

Although the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDoC) framework proposes biological and environmental mechanisms intersect in the etiology of psychopathology, there is no guidance on how to define or measure experiences in the environment within the RDoC matrix. Interpersonal dynamics during caregiver–child interactions involve temporal coordination of interacting partners’ biobehavioral functioning; repeated experiences of signaling to caregivers and responding to caregivers’ signals shape children’s subsequent socioemotional and brain development. We begin with a review of the extant literature on caregiver-child dynamics, which reveals that RDoC’s units of analysis (brain circuits, physiology, behavior, and self-report) are inextricably linked with moment-to-moment changes in the caregiving environment. We then offer a proof-of-concept for integrating biobehavioral RDoC units and environmental components via caregiver-child dynamics. Our approach uses dynamic structural equation models to estimate within-dyad dynamics involving arousal, social, cognitive, and negative or positive affective processes based on second-by-second changes in parasympathetic activity (RSA) during a conflict discussion and a positive event-planning task. Our results illustrate variation in parent–child RSA synchrony, suggesting differences depending on the driver (i.e., child- or parent-led) and on the unique and intersecting domains involved (e.g., positive or negative affect valence systems). We conclude with recommendations for conducting robust, methodologically rigorous studies of interpersonal dynamics that advance the RDoC framework and provide a summary of the clinical implications of this research. Examining caregiver-child dynamics during and across multiple dyadic interaction paradigms that differentially elicit key domains of functioning can deepen understanding of how caregiver- and child-led interpersonal dynamics contribute to child psychopathology risk.

Time-optimal path planning and tracking based on nonlinear model predictive control and its application on automatic berthing

Autonomous shipping has been identified as the way forward in maritime transport. There are numerous technologies being developed over the past decades for maritime autonomous surface ships, including advanced automatic manoeuvring control. As one of the essential indices to evaluate ships’ manoeuvrability, the time-optimal problem remains a challenging issue in the process of path planning and path tracking, which has not been properly addressed for the maritime autonomous surface ships. To fill this knowledge gap, we propose a novel time-optimal path planning and tracking control method based on nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) and spatial reformulation. The proposed time-optimal controller is designed as a two-level hierarchical controller to plan the time-optimal path in spatial coordinates and track it in temporal coordinates when considering the low-speed manoeuvring model. At the high level, the nonlinear MPC based on a spatial formulation is used to generate a planned path of minimum manoeuvring time for a manoeuvring ship. At the low level, the optimal planning trajectory is interpolated by a constant time iteration and the vessel tracks the time-optimal planning trajectory by implementing the nonlinear MPC based on a temporal formulation. As an advanced predictive controller, the nonlinear MPC optimises the berthing path to a minimum time mathematically at the planning stage and compensates for the uncertain disturbance during the tracking process. To validate the time-optimal control method, a typical scenario of low-speed berthing operation is analysed. The results of the case study show that the proposed control method can be successfully applied to time-optimal manoeuvring problems.

Decoupling electroplasticity by temporal coordination design of pulse current loading and straining

Multi-mechanism coupled electroplasticity (EP) has not been fully elucidated yet due to the difficulty in eliminating thermal effect, although isothermal, air-cooled, and cryogenic methods are usually used, there are different heating histories from electrically-assisted deformation. The 0–7% pre-strained Ti–6Al–4V alloy is taken as the case material. Based on the two different characteristics of the time-accumulation of thermal effect and the instantaneous nature of the athermal effect, a comparative study is conducted by designing two temporal coordination methods of pulse current and straining, viz., asynchronous loading with high-energy current (ALHC) and synchronous loading with low-energy current (SLLC), where the thermal and athermal effects are highlighted by different loading times, loading and unloading moments of pulse current of different magnitudes. Under ALHC condition, the decreasing yield strength and increasing elongation of the 7% pre-deformed material are observed with increasing current density and loading times, and stress reduction up to 20.7% for yield strength and ductility recovery of maximal 99.1% for elongation are obtained for 14.0 A/mm2 and loading three times. Moreover, stage B of the work hardening rate related to dislocation de-pinning disappears, and the TEM shows an annealing effect that the tangled dislocations are annihilated and rearranged by climbing. Thus, the Joule heat-based thermal effect dominates this condition. Under SLLC condition, the loading and unloading of pulse current of 2.81 A/mm2 in the plastic stage result in an instantaneous drop and rebound in flow stress and work hardening rate (stage B exists), respectively, and are accompanied by the negligible instantaneous temperature rise, while loading at the elastic stage, the overall flow stress and work hardening rate is decreased. It is concluded that the athermal effect can lower the dislocation phonon drag effect and the deformation activation energy, and change the athermal atomic state and dislocation slip mode, which dominates the varied flow stress and elongation. A dislocation dynamics-based physical model is developed by taking into account phonon drag, diffusion activation energy, and deformation activation energy to account for the thermal and athermal effects on dislocations, providing a self-consistent explanation of the above behaviors and mechanisms of the flow stress and ductility under ALHC and SLLC conditions.

“Spiders […] stringing webs through her head”: Representations of memory in Anthony Doerr's “Memory Wall” and Meredith Westgate's The Shimmering State

AbstractAlthough science has demonstrated that memories are flexible mental constructions, rather than a stable record of the past preserved in an internal archive, fiction keeps fantasizing about technologies that will locate memories in the brain and edit or download them into an external medium. Anthony Doerr's short story “Memory Wall” (2010) and Meredith Westgate's novel The Shimmering State (2021) continue this preoccupation. They portray treatments for memory‐related diseases that involve downloading memories into a portable medium so that they could be reexperienced, which makes them susceptible to commodification as prosthetic memories. To represent memory, the two texts blend neuroscientific explanations with the traditional conceptualizations of an archive and computer, subverting them in the process. The protagonists' experiences suggest the impossibility of the past's total preservation as a linear archive and explode the neuroscientific view of the self and memory as cerebral properties, highlighting instead the complex interchanges between body, mind, brain, and emotion, involved in the production of memory. A new model of memory informed by prosthetic memories violates privatized interiority and dislodges the temporal coordinates of the past, which leads to the ungrounding of subjectivity. This results in an ontological shift whereby memory is increasingly severed from personal identity.

Adaptive timing in a dynamic field architecture for natural human–robot interactions

A close temporal coordination of actions and goals is crucial for natural and fluent human–robot interactions in collaborative tasks. How to endow an autonomous robot with a basic temporal cognition capacity is an open question. In this paper, we present a neurodynamics approach based on the theoretical framework of dynamic neural fields (DNF) which assumes that timing processes are closely integrated with other cognitive computations. The continuous evolution of neural population activity towards an attractor state provides an implicit sensation of the passage of time. Highly flexible sensorimotor timing can be achieved through manipulations of inputs or initial conditions that affect the speed with which the neural trajectory evolves. We test a DNF-based control architecture in an assembly paradigm in which an assistant hands over a series of pieces which the operator uses among others in the assembly process. By watching two experts, the robot first learns the serial order and relative timing of object transfers to subsequently substitute the assistant in the collaborative task. A dynamic adaptation rule exploiting a perceived temporal mismatch between the expected and the realized transfer timing allows the robot to quickly adapt its proactive motor timing to the pace of the operator even when an additional assembly step delays a handover. Moreover, the self-stabilizing properties of the population dynamics support the fast internal simulation of acquired task knowledge allowing the robot to anticipate serial order errors.

The View from the Future: Aurobindo Ghose’s Anticolonial Darwinism

Darwinism and evolutionary theory have a bad track record in political theory, given their entanglements with fin-de-siècle militarist imperialisms, racialized hierarchies, and eugenic reformism. In colonial contexts, however, Darwinism had an entirely different afterlife as anticolonialists marshaled evolutionist frameworks to contest the parameters of colonial rule. This article exhumes just such an evolutionary anticolonialism in the political thought of Aurobindo Ghose, radical firebrand of the early Indian independence movement. I argue that Ghose drew on a nuanced reform Darwinism to criticize British imperialism and advance an alternative grounded in the Indian polity’s mutualism. Evolutionism formed a conceptual ecosystem framing his understanding of progress—national, civilizational, and spiritual—and reformulating the temporal and conceptual coordinates of the liberal empire he resisted. The article thus exposes the constructiveness of anticolonial politics, the hybridity of South Asian intellectual history, and the surprising critical potential of Darwinism in colonial settings.

An analytical technique to obtain traveling wave solutions to nonlinear models of fractional order

The (3, 3, 3) time-fractional Zakharov–Kuznetsov (TFZK) equation demonstrates the characteristic of traffic flows, the viscoelasticity waves, the material science, sound waves, signal processing, the financial mathematics, optical fibers, the electromagnetic field, water wave mechanics, ion acoustic waves in plasmas, the chemical physics and so many. The (3, 3, 3) TFZK equation is the specific event of the general (a,b,c) TFZK equation, where a,b denote the space coordinates and c denotes the temporal coordinate. The object of this investigation is to consider determining the (3, 3, 3) TFZK equation by the modified (G′/G)-expansion scheme (MGD/GES). The derivatives are in the beta-derivative sense. The fractional transformation equation is utilized to convert the proposed nonlinear models of fractional order (NLMFO) into non-linear models of integer order. Additionally, numerous new wave solutions (WSs) are formed. The attractive and easy technique of the MGD/GES recommends that this technique can be applied to WSs of other NLMFOs straightforwardly.

Early-life seizures alter habit behavior formation and fronto-striatal circuit dynamics

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can occur comorbidly with epilepsy; both are complex, disruptive disorders that lower quality of life. Both OCD and epilepsy are disorders of hyperexcitable circuits, but it is unclear whether common circuit pathology may underlie the co-occurrence of these two neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we induced early-life seizures (ELS) in rats to examine habit formation as a model for compulsive behaviors. Compulsive, repetitive behaviors in OCD utilize the same circuitry as habit formation. We hypothesized that rats with ELS could be more susceptible to habit formation than littermate controls, and that altered behavior would correspond to altered signaling in fronto-striatal circuits that underlie decision-making and action initiation. Here, we show instead that rats with ELS were significantly less likely to form habit behaviors compared with control rats. This behavioral difference corresponded with significant alterations to temporal coordination within and between brain regions that underpin the action to habit transition: 1) phase coherence between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and 2) theta-gamma coupling within DMS. Finally, we used cortical electrical stimulation as a model of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to show that temporal coordination of fronto-striatal circuits in control and ELS rats are differentially susceptible to potentiating and suppressive stimulation, suggesting that altered underlying circuit physiology may lead to altered response to therapeutic interventions such as TMS.

TRANSFORMATION OF STATE MARKETING IN THE SYSTEMS OF COMMODITY MARKETS DURING THE WAR AND POST-WAR PERIODS

Topicality. State marketing is one of the adaptive tools for selective regulation of commodity market systems in conditions of instability. The basis of state marketing is the identification and realization of socio-economic interests of society, which is the ultimate goal of state policy. In wartime and post-war periods, the vector of state selective regulation should be endogenously oriented, primarily to meet domestic consumer needs by intensifying the activities of processing sectors, preserving the capacity of existing commodity markets and forming new markets for innovative value-added products. Public marketing tools adapted, on the one hand, to the specifics of the reproduction processes of the relevant markets, and, on the other hand, to security risks and environmental variability, can play an important role in the implementation of strategic tasks of selective regulation of commodity market systems.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical foundations of the transformation of state marketing in the system of commodity markets, and promising instruments of state marketing for selective regulation of strategic markets in the wartime and post-war periods. Objectives of the study: to define the theoretical essence of state marketing in the system of commodity markets; to carry out a comparative characterization of micromarketing (enterprise marketing) and state marketing of commodity markets by the main features; to substantiate the importance of social orientation of state marketing in wartime based on the analysis of factors influencing the economic availability of food for the population; to identify promising marketing tools for restoring domestic commodity markets and realizing the potential of the state.Materials and Methods. The results of the theoretical generalization of scientific works and methodological approaches in the field of state marketing, which are covered in publications of fundamental and applied nature, as well as analytical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the National Bank of Ukraine form the information and methodological basis of the study. To solve the tasks set, the methods of systematic, structural and logical, comparative, and statistical analysis were used.Research results. On the basis of a comparative analysis of state marketing and micromarketing, the leading characteristics and conditions for the transformation of state marketing instruments are determined, which should be based on the coordination of market goals of producers with the priority socio-economic tasks of resilient development of the state in the wartime and postwar periods. The author establishes a binary social and production goal of using the State marketing aimed at stimulating both rational consumer demand and social orientation of market participants. The immanent characteristics of the State marketing are defined, which in modern conditions of instability have an adaptive nature, aimed at the reproduction development of adjacent commodity markets, spatial and temporal coordination of supply and demand, and the strategic dimension of the implementation of marketing activities.It is substantiated that in the postwar period, public procurement and government orders, including green procurement, can become promising marketing tools for the restoration of domestic commodity markets and the implementation of the tasks of Project 8 "Development of Value-Added Economic Sectors" of the Postwar Recovery Plan of Ukraine. Also, state marketing tools can find practical application in the implementation of the strategic goals of the National Economic Strategy until 2030 in the market dimension.Conclusion. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of the theoretical foundations for the transformation of state marketing in commodity market systems, substantiation of the essential characteristics of state marketing, its adaptive and socially oriented nature, which allows targeted application of marketing tools for selective regulation of commodity markets in the context of security risks and internal transformations, solving strategic tasks of resilient development in the wartime and post-war periods. The practical significance of the results obtained is determined by the possibility of using the scientific and applied principles of state marketing in commodity market systems by authorities at various levels in the course of improving the mechanisms of selective regulation of strategic markets on the basis of an adaptive approach.

Using online learner trace data to understand the cohesion of teams in higher education

AbstractBackgroundMaintaining cohesion is critical for teams to achieve shared goals and performance outcomes within a work‐integrated learning (WIL) environment. Cohesion is an emergent state that develops over time, representing the synchrony of different behavioural interactions. Cohesive teams will exhibit such phenomena by their temporal coordination of micro‐level relations.ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study is to examine the cohesion of teams in learning environments using a learning analytics approach.MethodThis study examines teams from higher education who participate in a WIL environment platform working in teams to develop their collaborative problem‐solving skills. Here we show that temporal network motifs can be used as a proxy to measure cohesion.Results and ConclusionsWe illustrate three clusters represented by team learning behaviours and found that each cluster has distinctive interactions with learning resources, performance outcomes, temporal network motif group characteristics and emergence over time using learning analytics.ImplicationsApplying temporal motifs as an analytics‐based measure of cohesion is a starting point for understanding how cohesion develops over time without relying on surveys. We anticipate that the same approaches can be applied in most learning management systems containing trace data of teams and their interactions with learning resources to understand cohesion.

Understanding Chromosome Replication and Segregation Unit of Mycobacterium and Its Comparative Analysis with Model Organisms: From Drug Targets to Drug Identification

Bacterium maintains its pathogenicity in the host by continuing replication and adopting temporal and spatial coordination of cell division steps such as cell wall synthesis, DNA replication, chromosome segregation, Z ring assembly, septum formation and finally cytokinesis. This multistep process requires spatiotemporal assembly of macromolecular complexes and is probably regulated by redundant and multifunctional activities of cell replication and division proteins. Two macromolecular assemblies of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, known as elongasome and divisome are known to drive the division of mother cell into two daughter cells and are characterized by the presence of signature protein complexes. Though the exact composition of macromolecular complexes is yet to be defined in Mycobacterium, the presence of some conserved proteins demonstrates the preservation of elementary units. Along with elongasome and divisome complexes, chromosome replication and segregation proteins are very important to understand as these proteins are very essential for bacilli survival, sustenance, and pathogenesis. In this review, along with presenting the differential features of Mycobacterium cell division process, we are comparing chromosome replication and segregation proteins of Mycobacterium with other bacterial species as we aim to identify structural and functional differences between these proteins in different species. In this review, we have also listed the potential drugs that can be tested to target Mycobacterium chromosome replication and segregation proteins. We expect that based on these differences identified, researchers would be able to direct their research in the characterization of Mycobacterium specific drug.

Coupling Coordination between Fintech and Digital Villages: Mechanism, Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Factors—An Empirical Study Based on China

Based on Chinese provincial data from 2013 to 2020, this research constructed a fintech index and a digital index and analyzed the temporal and spatial coupling coordination status and driving factors of the two using a coupled coordination model. The results of the study were as follows. (1) In general, the comprehensive index of fintech and digital villages increased year by year in the time sequence and fell into fintech-dominated coupling. The divergence in space was significant, showing an overall decreasing trend from the eastern coastal areas to the central areas and western areas. (2) In terms of sequential characteristics, the coupling coordination between fintech and digital villages shifted into the stage of primary coordination, which was phased and rising and continued to grow during the examination period. (3) In terms of spatial characteristics, the degree of coupling coordination between fintech and digital villages was different and agglomerative, with a trend of “strong in the east, mediocre in the middle and poor in the west”; seven provinces and cities entered the intermediate coordination stage. (4) In terms of drivers, the levels of economic development, regional industrial structure, regional population density, and digital infrastructure had a positive influence on coupling coordination. (5) Conditional convergence existed in eastern, central and western China from the convergence test; also, the speed was faster than absolute convergence.

Temporal Coordination and Markedness in Moenat Ladin Consonant Clusters

In this paper we examine the phonotactics of consonant clusters in Moenat Ladin in terms of their markedness and temporal coordination. Moenat Ladin word-initial clusters include sibilant-stop (SC), stop-/r/ (Cr), stop-/l/ (Cl), and sibilant-stop-/r/ (SCr). However, despite SC and Cl sequences being well-formed in Moenat, sibilant-stop-/l/ (SCl) clusters are almost entirely unattested. We hypothesize that the rarity of SCl clusters owes to a cumulative markedness effect that arises from the combination of marked structures involved in SC and Cl sequences. Our investigation centers chiefly on the status of word-initial SC sequences in Moenat Ladin, for which we hypothesize that the sibilant is organized external to the syllable onset. This hypothesis is supported by an acoustic study of temporal coordination of Moenat, employing the methodology of Ruthan et al. (2019) and Durvasula et al. (2021). We propose a formal account in Harmonic Grammar (Legendre et al. 1990) such that SCl clusters exceed a markedness threshold in contrast to permissible clusters. In this account we employ a model of phonotactics in which a phonotactically non-permissible cluster is modeled as selection of the null parse (e.g. Albright 2008, 2012, Breiss &amp; Albright 2022).