Temporal Conflict Research Articles

Time and the Biological Consequences of Globalization

Discussions of globalization and time‐space compression have not acknowledged the implications of the relationship of time and place on a rotating globe where each locale has its own cycles of day and night. When these cycles are recognized, several contradictions in contemporary capitalism emerge, most notably temporal conflicts between locations on the globe, desynchronization of biological cycles, and lack of correspondence between those cycles and social life. These contradictions are increasingly being addressed but not resolved through the power of the media to determine the timing of social activity and pharmacological interventions to ameliorate the bodily suffering caused by desynchronization.

Time perspective and values: An exploratory study of their relations to environmental attitudes

This paper examines the relationship between time perspective (TP), values and environmental attitudes in a sample of 247 undergraduate students based on an expanded social dilemma framework. Zimbardo and Boyd's [(1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271–1288] five TP dimensions (i.e., past-negative, present-hedonistic, future, past-positive, and present-fatalistic), the extended Schwartz's [(1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19–45] value clusters (i.e., self-enhancement, openness to change, conservation-traditional, biospheric, and altruistic), and both environmental preservation and environmental utilization attitudes [Milfont & Duckitt, (2004). The structure of environmental attitudes: A first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 289–303] were considered. In line with predictions, environmental preservation and environmental utilization were weakly negatively correlated. Furthermore, environmental preservation was positively correlated with future, biospheric, and altruistic. Environmental utilization, on the other hand, was positively correlated with self-enhancement, and negatively correlated with future and biospheric. More notably, both TP and values accounted for significant nonoverlapping variance in environmental attitudes. The findings support the expanded social dilemma framework in which environmental issues represent a social conflict (individual vs. collective interests) as well as a temporal conflict (short- vs. long-term interests).

Experimental Investigation of Predictive Probabilistic and Temporal Conflict Avoidance Displays

Inferring the future intentions and courses of aircraft or ships at various points in time can be problematic for traffic controllers. In this paper, a new graphical display concept is presented, comprising predictive information about the times, locations, and probabilities of potential traffic conflicts. Twelve participants engaged in a ship control conflict avoidance task. Results indicate that during the first block of experimental trials participants used significantly fewer manoeuvres to resolve potential conflicts and did so with better overall scores when using the new graphical display, as compared to the conventional format. However, during the second and third blocks of trials, performance did not significantly differ as a function of display condition. Nevertheless, subjective ratings strongly indicated participants' preferences for the new graphical format, suggesting that the new display format offers potential performance benefits for controllers of air and ship traffic.

Auditory alerts for in-vehicle information systems: The effects of temporal conflict and sound parameters on driver attitudes and performance

In-vehicle information systems will soon confront drivers with an increasing number of warnings and alerts for situations ranging from imminent collisions to the arrival of e-mail messages. Coordinating these alerts can ensure that they enhance rather than degrade driving safety. Two experiments examined how temporal conflict and sound parameters affect driver performance and acceptance. The temporal conflict of an e-mail alert occurring 300 ms before a collision warning interfered with the response to the collision warning, but an e-mail alert occurring 1000 ms before the collision warning had the opposite effect and enhanced the response to the collision warning. These results emphasize the need to consider how in-vehicle devices influence drivers' strategic anticipation of high-demand situations. Regarding sound parameters, results showed that highly urgent sounds tended to speed drivers' accelerator release, but the annoyance associated with highly urgent sounds increased workload. In fact, there was a strong positive association between ratings of annoyance and subjective workload. Consistent with the urgency mapping principle, there was a slight negative association between the differences in the rated urgency of collision warnings and e-mail alerts and subjective workload. The results suggest that warning and alert design should consider an annoyance trade-off in addition to urgency mapping.

Improving National and Homeland Security Through a Proposed Laboratory for Information Globalization and Harmonization Technologies (LIGHT)

A recent National Research Council study found that: there are many private and public databases that contain potentially relevant to counter terrorism programs, they lack the necessary context definitions (i.e., metadata) and access tools to enable interoperation with other databases and the extraction of meaningful and timely information [NRC02, p.304, emphasis added] That sentence succinctly describes the objectives of this project. Improved access and use of are essential to better identify and anticipate threats, protect against and respond to threats, and enhance national and homeland security (NHS), as well as other national priority areas, such as Economic Prosperity and a Vibrant Civil Society (ECS) and Advances in Science and Engineering (ASE). This project focuses on the creation and contributions of a Laboratory for Information Globalization and Harmonization Technologies (LIGHT) with two interrelated goals: (1) Theory and Technologies: To research, design, develop, test, and implement theory and technologies for improving the reliability, quality, and responsiveness of automated mechanisms for reasoning and resolving semantic differences that hinder the rapid and effective integration (int) of systems and data (dmc) across multiple autonomous sources, and the use of that by public and private agencies involved in national and homeland security and the other national priority areas involving complex and interdependent social systems (soc). This work builds on our research on the COntext INterchange (COIN) project, which focused on the integration of diverse distributed heterogeneous sources using ontologies, databases, context mediation algorithms, and wrapper technologies to overcome representational conflicts. The COIN approach makes it substantially easier and more transparent for individual receivers (e.g., applications, users) to access and exploit distributed sources. Receivers specify their desired context to reduce ambiguities in the interpretation of coming from heterogeneous sources. This approach significantly reduces the overhead involved in the integration of multiple sources, improves data quality, increases the speed of integration, and simplifies maintenance in an environment of changing source and receiver context - which will lead to an effective and novel distributed grid infrastructure. This research also builds on our Global System for Sustainable Development (GSSD), an Internet platform for generation, provision, and integration of multiple domains, regions, languages, and epistemologies relevant to international relations and national security. (2) National Priority Studies: To experiment with and test the developed theory and technologies on practical problems of data integration in national priority areas. Particular focus will be on national and homeland security, including data sources about conflict and war, modes of instability and threat, international and regional demographic, economic, and military statistics, money flows, and contextualizing terrorism defense and response. Although LIGHT will leverage the results of our successful prior research projects, this will be the first research effort to simultaneously and effectively address ontological and temporal conflicts as well as dramatically enhance quality. Addressing problems of national priorities in such rapidly changing complex environments requires extraction of observations from disparate sources, using different interpretations, at different points in times, for different purposes, with different biases, and for a wide range of different uses and users. This research will focus on integrating both over individual domains and across multiple domains. Another innovation is the concept and implementation of Collaborative Domain Spaces (CDS), within which applications in a common domain can share, analyze, modify, and develop information. Applications also can span multiple domains via Linked CDSs. The PIs have considerable experience with these research areas and the organization and management of such large scale international and diverse research projects. The PIs come from three different Schools at MIT: Management, Engineering, and Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences. The faculty and graduate students come from about a dozen nationalities and diverse ethnic, racial, and religious backgrounds. The currently identified external collaborators come from over 20 different organizations and many different countries, industrial as well as developing. Specific efforts are proposed to engage even more women, underrepresented minorities, and persons with disabilities. The anticipated results apply to any complex domain that relies on heterogeneous distributed data to address and resolve compelling problems. This initiative is supported by international collaborators from (a) scientific and research institutions, (b) business and industry, and (c) national and international agencies. Research products include: a System for Harmonized Information Processing (SHIP), a software platform, and diverse applications in research and education which are anticipated to significantly impact the way complex organizations, and society in general, understand and manage critical challenges in NHS, ECS, and ASE.

Experimental Investigation of Predictive Probabilistic and Temporal Conflict Avoidance Displays

Numerous automated systems are currently in use to assist controllers during air and naval traffic management. However, inferring the future intentions and courses of numerous aircraft or ships at various points in time remains problematic due to a variety of control disturbances. In this paper, a new graphical display concept was evaluated. This display concept provides predictive information about the time, location, and probability of potential traffic conflicts in the form of topological contour displays that were superimposed onto conventional traffic information. Performances on two formats of the new graphical display were compared to a conventional display that does not present predictive traffic information. Participants in the study engaged in a ship control collision avoidance task by performing a series of ship manoeuvres to minimize the danger levels of potential collisions. Although the results of the study are pending, it is hypothesized that the new graphical displays will assist participants in making improved manoeuvring decisions to avoid potential conflicts compared to the conventional display.

Свідомість, жадання влади і відчуження в філософії Ніцше

The article examines the problem of alienation as a result of the conflict between consciousness and instincts, which includes aspects of 1) temporal conflict and 2) attempts to self-destruct the individual. Through this conflict, the imperfection of the individual makes it possible for him to develop. The authors also correlate the concepts of alienation and consciousness, which opens up space for criticism of Nietzsche's concepts of herd mentality and the possibility of human cognition of the external world.

Temporal factors in resource dilemmas

The conflict between present and future consumption lies at the heart of resource dilemmas (RDs), yet the role of time has received little attention in this research area. Emphasis was on factors related to the social rather than the temporal conflict inherent in an RD. We propose a model that deals explicitly with the temporal distribution of outcomes. The model combines three basic elements: a simple algebraic model, representing the RD's payoff structure; a growth function, reflecting the autonomous growth of the resource pool; and a discount function, describing how the temporal distance of outcomes affects their perceived value. The model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the role of temporal factors in RD situations. It enables us to identify four relevant temporal RD characteristics (people's discount rates, their time horizon, the inter-trial delay, and the pool's growth rate) and to describe how these would be expected to affect people's tendency to cooperate. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications of the work are briefly discussed.

Processes of clinical change and resistance. A theoretical synthesis.

Evidence from both experimental laboratory studies and clinical observation supports the behavioral principle that immediate (compared with delayed) consequences are most influential in shaping future actions. This presents the theoretical possibility of conflicts of consequences (e.g., short-term positive vs. long-term negative). As one example, resistance to completing therapeutic homework assignments that instruct clients to approach feared situations may result in short-term positive outcomes, such as freedom from negative emotional experience (emotional avoidance), but is dysfunctional over time. Thus, temporal conflicts of consequences is one theoretic source of resistance in clinical treatment. In this article, the authors articulate how the activation of the metacognitive level theoretically mediates conflicts between short-term (immediate) and long-term (delayed) consequences, thereby facilitating therapeutic change and reducing resistance. This synthesis unifies principles of behaviorism and contemporary clinical cognitive theory.

Intergenerational equity and governance in sustainable development policy

With ecological globalization, environmental degradation has become a phenomenon capable of accentuating not only the sources of spatial and temporal conflicts, but also inter-and intragenerational inequities. In this context, it seems important, first of all, to explain the ways in which the taking into account of inter-generational equity in our societies' decisions constitutes a new challenge posing unresolved questions for decisionmakers. Secondly, we see that the implementation of effective policies for sustainable development (that is, taking real account of the long-term and of equity concerns), requires the development of new perspectives and practices in science and of new governance institutions capable of responding to these new challenges. Thirdly, we show that these changes imply, for economic analysis and the advice that can be offered by economists, a shift from a substantive rationality perspective towards a procedural rationality. This latter encourages the development of new analysis and decision support tools based on a wider sharing of information and efforts at reconciling different perspectives in the assessment of risks and equity concerns. This new rationality will be expressed as a process of debate and dialogue taking place continuously in all phases of the policy process.

Temporal interdependence in fuzzy MCDM problems

Contemporaneous MCDM methodology is based on the simplifying assumption of independent objectives. This restriction was partly relaxed through the concept of (static) interdependent objectives introduced by C. Carlsson and R. Fuller. Most real world managerial decision problems involve interdependent objectives, yet in a temporal setting. In the paper we generalize the static concept to temporal fuzzy multiobjective programming problem. We introduce the concepts temporal support and temporal conflict in the objective set within both infinite and finite planning horizons. We also formulate dynamic versions of membership functions for interdependent objectives in crisp and fuzzy multiobjective programming problems. The new concepts are used to describe and model temporal goal conflicts in numerical illustrations.

Computation of floating mode delay in combinational circuits: practice and implementation

Delay computation in combinational logic circuits is complicated by the existence of unsensitizable (false) paths and this problem is arising with increasing frequency in circuits produced by high-level synthesis procedures. Various sensitization conditions have been proposed in the past to eliminate false paths in logic circuits, but the authors use a recently developed single-vector condition, that is known to be necessary and sufficient for a path to be responsible for the delay of a circuit (i.e., true) in the floating delay model. They build on this theory and develop an efficient and correct delay computation algorithm, for the floating mode delay. The algorithm uses a technique called timed-test generation and can be incorporated into any stuck-at fault test generation framework. The authors describe in detail an implementation of the timed-test generation algorithm that uses both logical and timed forward/backward implication and backtrace procedures to simultaneously prove the truth or falsity of sets of paths in the circuit. Logical and temporal conflict detection during implication and backtrace are used to speed up the algorithm. Unlike previous techniques, the algorithm remains highly efficient: even when a large number of distinct gate and path delays exist in the given circuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Asynchrony within estrous synchrony among ringtailed lemurs (Primates: Lemuridae)

Data from wild and semifree-ranging groups of ringtailed lemurs ( Lemur catta) were combined to evaluate the hypothesis that female ringtailed lemurs exhibit asynchrony of estrus within seasonal synchrony of estrous cycles. Photoperiodic and probably social entrainments lead all females within social groups of ringtailed lemurs to experience estrus annually within periods of 7 to 20 days. Among an average of five adult females in each of 11 group-years, however, only 2 separate instances of dyadic estrous overlap were observed. Computer simulations of estrus occurring independently among group-living females revealed that this was unlikely to have occurred by chance. Recent research on social enhancement and suppression of ovarian cycles in mammals suggests that a single pheromone-based signal-response system could mediate both ringtailed lemurs' remarkable annual estrous synchrony and the subsidiary asnchrony reported here. Asynchrony of estrus probably functions to maximize each female's ability to exercise mate choice by circumventing temporal conflict among females. Asynchrony of estrus and female mate choice cause current models to explain male membership in primate groups to fail for ringtailed lemurs. Such results highlight the need for detailed information on behavioral and physiological reproductive tactics before generally applicable models of reproductive strategies can be developed.

The Tyranny of Small Decisions, Temporal Conflict, and the Necessity For Politicization of the Market Place

The Tyranny of Small Decisions, Temporal Conflict, and the Necessity For Politicization of the Market Place

The Past as Future:PfadandBahnas Images of Temporal Conflict in Hölderlin

The Past as Future:PfadandBahnas Images of Temporal Conflict in Hölderlin

Conflict Resolution and the Process of Temporal Integration

Four experiments using rats as Ss are reported. First, delay of reward and delay of punishment gradients were determined empirically for a similar right-left position-discrimination response, using the same apparatus. Second, this empirical information was used to describe how a double approach-avoidance conflict would be resolved when the rewards and punishments for both the right- and left-choice were unevenly distributed in time. The purposes of the experiments were: (a) to demonstrate that the process of resolving such temporal conflicts requires S to integrate over a delay interval the relative value of both the reward and the punishment for each of the two choices, and (b) to show that this value was, in turn, jointly determined by the separate delay of reward and delay of punishment gradients. Further, it was shown that the height and duration of these two types of delay of reinforcement gradients were determined by other variables, and when the height or duration of one of the gradients was altered, so was the underlying value of the reinforcement and the resolution of a temporal conflict. The relation of this process, and of delay of reinforcement in general, to neurotic or self-defeating behavior was noted.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE GRADIENTS OF RESPONSE STRENGTH IN A TEMPORAL CONFLICT SITUATION.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE GRADIENTS OF RESPONSE STRENGTH IN A TEMPORAL CONFLICT SITUATION.