Temporal Clauses Research Articles

Logical Spaces and Subjunctive Tenses

Apparently, Subjunctive tenses express temporal location, and, in some constructions, the past subjunctive can also express modal values. A long-standing debate exists over whether—even in the latter case—verbal tenses are temporal operators or whether in some constructions they convey temporal meaning, and in others they have a modal value, maybe derived from their basic temporal meaning. The assumption that the basic meaning of subjunctive tenses are of a temporal nature is challenged by the fact that the future subjunctive, which exists in Portuguese, has the same temporal interpretation as the present subjunctive, with which it is in complementary distribution. Moreover, no clear modal difference is observed between the future and present subjunctive tenses. In this paper, I present arguments against the separation of the temporal and modal values of the subjunctive tenses. I posit, instead, that a semantic analysis of subjunctive morphemes must consider ordered pairs of times and possible worlds; only in this way can we adequately capture the observed data and allow a comprehensive view of the system of subjunctive tenses in Portuguese (which will be extendable to Romance languages in general). If we accept this proposal, then the modal as temporal information associated with subjunctive tenses follows naturally, including the systematic futurate reading of subjunctive temporal clauses.

Temporal clauses with the present indicative negated by μή in Ancient Greek

Temporal clauses with the present indicative negated by μή in Ancient Greek

An Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in “Turning Red”

This research analyzes the triggers of the presupposition that can be discovered in the movie "Turning Red." The purpose of this study is to identify the use of triggers of the presupposition that are employed in the movie "Turning Red." In the movie "Turning Red," there are several triggers of presupposition can be found. For this study, the researcher adopted Levinson's theory about the triggers of presupposition. A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted in this study. The data was gathered primarily through direct observation. Data were collected using a non-participatory approach, which meant the researcher was not present during data analysis. After doing the investigation, the researchers identified twenty items that function as the triggers of presupposition in the film Turning Red. The most prevalent triggers of presupposition in the film "Turning Red" are change-of-state verbs, iterative, and counterfactual conditionals. Each of them has three utterances. The second most common triggers of presupposition are implicative verbs, temporal clause, and cleft. Each of them has two utterances. There was only one utterance each sentence for definite description, factual verbs, comparisons and contrasts, nonrestrictive clauses, and wh-questions. There have been no discoveries about of judging verbs and implicit clefts with stressed constituents.

An Analysis of Presuppositions in the Victory Speech of President Joe Biden

"Pragmatics is the study of the meaning of a speaker's utterance," according to Yule (1996:3).At the same time it’s the hearer, who deduces the meaning of the utterance from the context of what the speaker wants to convey. Speakers generally make indirect assumptions about the true picture of the situation in everyday status quo, and the meaning or comprehension of what is stated may be altered by the speaker's preconceptions (Haji, and Mohammed, 2019). On this note the notion of presupposition arises. Presupposition is defined as the speaker's implicit but communicated assumption. (Levinson, 1983) As a corollary, the intent of this present descriptive qualitative study is to investigate many types of presuppositions, their triggers and their relevance in Joe Biden's Victory Speech. Additionally, this discourse analysis research investigates what types of presuppositions, and their triggers are used by Biden, as well as it explores in depth the most prominent type of presupposition in the chosen speech. Yule's theory of presupposition classifies presupposition into six categories: existential presupposition, factual presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-factual presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. The study's data is comprised of statements that involve presupposition triggers. Levinson's list of lexical and syntactic triggers is adapted to identify presuppositions.The analysis of Biden’s speech has shown that the president heavily depends on lexical level triggers that have ranked first scoring eight hundred ninety-four occurrences, this means that this level triggers have effect on the speech. The topmost sub category trigger is Noun clauses that are the most prominent one with 683 occurrences. There were one hundred and eleven syntactic level triggers amongst which thirty-four of them are temporal clauses. It was also determined that, like every other speech, Biden's speech is laden with existential presupposition type (82.28%) and every other type of presuppositions has been identified in the president’s speech. The finding of a large number of triggers in this work would aid both linguistic and pedagogical domains.

Can temporal clauses be insubordinate?

AbstractIn this paper we aim to determine whether temporal clauses can be shown to be insubordinate in everyday American English interaction. In order to investigate grammatical insubordination in conversation, we operationalize the notion of ‘insubordination’ as a specific practice for designing a turn-at-talk and implementing a social action. That is, we treat as ‘insubordinate’ a clause with a grammatically subordinate form that (a) is freestanding, that is, forms a prosodic unit of its own, (b) implements a discrete social action in its sequential context, and (c) has an independent interpretation, that is, is interpretable and actionable in the absence of a main clause. We then examine five different types of freestanding temporal clauses in conversation which might be considered candidate insubordinate uses. Our data show that in some cases both criteria (b) and (c) are lacking, while in others it is criterion (c) that is absent. In none of these cases are all three criteria satisfied at once. We conclude that temporal clauses do not exhibit insubordination in English conversation as do other adverbial clauses such as those with ’if’.

The Syntax of Temporal Adverbial Clauses in Korean and Its Implications

Haegeman (2012) argues, following Demirdache and Uribe-Etxebarria (2004), that when temporal adverbial clauses in English are essentially relative clauses that provide several pieces of evidence supporting it. In this paper, I examine the syntax of the Korean counterpart of when temporal clauses and point out that there is significant parallelism between Korean and English. Given the typological difference between the languages in question, this observation is significant and provides a novel piece of evidence in support of Haegeman’s and Demirdache and Uribe-Etxebarria’s analyses.

АКТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ТАКСИСНОЙ КАТЕГОРИАЛЬНОЙ СЕМАНТИКИ В ПОЛЬСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Statement of the problem. Due to the lack of coverage of the issue on actualization of the categorical semantics of taxis in the Polish language, this problem remains most relevant today. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe taxis meanings in various types of statements in modern Polish. Methodology (materials and methods). The study was carried out within the framework of the functional-semantic approach to the study of semantic categories and language units. The main methods used are the following: continuous sampling, hypothetical-deductive, inductive, and descriptive methods, classification method, as well as the method of generalization and interpretation of linguistic material. Research results. The study found out that the categorical semantics of the independent taxis of simultaneity and non-simultaneity is actualized in various complex and compound sentences with taxis conjunctions of different semantics. Primary-taxis meanings of simultaneity, precedence and succession are actualized in complex sentences with temporal clauses, and secondary-taxis meanings of simultaneity - in complex sentences with adverbial clauses, as well as in compound sentences with consecutive semantics. The categorical semantics of the dependent taxis of simultaneity and heterotemporality is represented in Polish primary-type and secondary-type statements with deverbatives with taxis prepositions of temporal and adverbial semantics.

A compositional account of counterfactual conditional clauses in Old Japanese

The paper is concerned with tenselessness of the past tense morpheme in counterfactuals. The question is twofold. One is why is it the past tense that marks counterfactuality (Iatridou 2000, Ogihara 2000), which indicates anteriority. Another question is why the past tense is tenseless (or “fake tense”) in the counterfactuals. The previous theories (past tense as modal and past tense as exclusive operator) have not offered answers to these questions. In this paper, I argue that the conditional clauses originate in temporal adverbial clauses, and therefore it is only natural for the conditionals to be represented by temporal abstracts (Stump 1985). Second, I argue that the temporal abstracts are intensionalized in conditionals and causatives. This assumption not only provides a compositional analysis for the conditional, causal, and temporal adverbial clauses but also explains the reason why a proposition in the past tense can denote anteriority in the extensional context but counterfactuality (a temporal interval in the possible world) in the intensional context. I support my proposal by presenting data of counterfactuals from Old Japanese. The previous studies show the past tense morpheme is essential to counterfactual interpretation cross-linguistically (Karawani 2014) but I show that it is not a necessity, as counterfactual interpretation originates in the temporal abstract represented by the temporal adverbial clauses. I present four types of temporal clauses from which the counterfactual can be formed: at the time when, whenever (always when), in the circumstance/event that, and and then. All these temporal clauses can be intensionalized to be conditional or causal clauses under a modal operator.

The perspective‐sensitivity of presuppositions

Presuppositions are perspective‐sensitive: They may be evaluated with respect to the beliefs of a salient protagonist. This happens not only in well‐known cases of perspective shift such as free indirect discourse, but also when the perspective shift is less obvious, but still present, such as in examples of so‐called protagonist projection. In this paper, I show that this simple observation explains many puzzling facts noted in connection with presuppositions over the last 50 years, concerning, for example, emotive and cognitive factives, temporal clauses, and reason clauses.

Selectives (“topic markers”) on subordinate clauses

AbstractThis typological study based on data from a parallel text corpus is a two-step investigation of selectives (“topic markers”). First, a set of selectives in 81 languages from all continents is compiled on the basis of their occurrence with emphatic personal pronouns in contrast constructions. In a second step, it is explored how this set of markers is used across 19 subordinate clause domains. The results indicate that, despite much crosslinguistic diversity, the distribution of selectives across subordinate clauses is strongly constrained. Selectives in subordinate clauses are distributed following a tendency scale (no strict hierarchy, but no blatant exceptions): general relative clauses rank highest followed by conditional and temporal clauses with concessive and purpose clauses ranking lowest. No postposed subordinate clauses attract selectives. It is further found that selectives tend to occur at the end of the constituent which they have scope over where there is minimal risk of scope ambiguity. Despite the frequent occurrence of selectives on conditional clauses, selectives tend not to be conditional connectives unless this happens to be their grammaticalization source.

Sentences which contain temporal clauses in the vernacular of the Prizren Podgor

This paper analyzes sentences which contain temporal clauses, used in the Prizren-South Morava vernacular of the Prizren Podgor, a group of 17 settlements in the southern uplands of the Metohija basin. A distinctive feature of temporal clauses in this vernacular are the following conjunctions and compound conjunctions: k?d, dok / dokl?e(n) / dokl?e(n) god, cim, kako / ka, a, otk?d; pred da, pred sto, sal sto / samo sto. It turned out that the conjunction k?d has the widest range of meanings in temporal clauses due to its semantic unmarkedness, because other conjunctions (compound conjunctions included) are semantically marked. The conjunctions posto, nakon sto, tek sto, pre nego/no sto, pre nego da and otkako are not attested. Temporal clauses are pre-positioned in the majority of the attested examples. Semantic variation of sentences containing temporal clauses were considered in terms of the conjunctions and compound conjunctions used in them. The corpus shows that constructions without optional negation dominate in the sentences with the imperfect verb in the main clause and perfect verb in the temporal clause, while there are few attested examples with negation, which removes the Podgor vernacular from the modern use of the language. This feature makes the Podgor vernacular part of a bigger balkanized Balkan-Slavic area. The absence of negation testifies that semantics prevailed over grammar, which Balkan-wise stabilizes a simpler model in which negation is omitted, which in fact does not negate the predication of the temporal clause.

One type of condensation of the temporal clause in the Serbian language

The paper discusses the syntactic-semantic and contextual features of a nonpredicate formal structure as an exponent of the basic temporal clause. It is a type of condensation of an extensive (developed) dependent sentence form that has no features of either nominalization or verbid processes of summarizing sentence formal structures, i.e. their propositions. It is a form of reduction, as a special type of condensation process in which certain elements of the basic sentence are omitted ? as a rule, the predicate constituent or its verb elements as carriers of grammatical data, so it is represented by the primary noun NN, which is in neither derivational nor semantic connection with the verb, and, in this case, in the syntactic connection with the formant KAO. This structure is identical in its formal characteristics to the comparative syntagm, which can develop into a comparative clause with a factual (KAO STO) or counterfactual (KAO DA) conjunction, but differs significantly from it, since it is realized under different lexical and grammatical conditions ? the formant KAO is not an exponent of a complex comparative conjunction, but corresponds to the temporal conjunction KADA (more often) or DOK (much less often). By applying the substitution metalanguage test on typical examples, as well as on the corpus of original linguistic material, the conditions are defined: lexical, syntactic-semantic and contextual, under which the structure KAO NN represents an exponent of the basic developed temporal clause (for example: AS a child, he was mischievous [? WHEN he was a child, he was mischievous]). The analysis showed that the following are responsible for the temporal meaning of this structure: (1) the semantics of the noun NN (nouns denoting the age / period of life, or professional or temporary social status of the animate entity are considered); (2) the relationship between the noun in the structure KAO NN (NN1) and the noun (NN2) in the function of the subject of the matrix sentence / subject of the developed temporal clause, which are identical, and although in appearance NN1 and NN2 are two different nouns, they have the same referent), as well as (3) the identity of the case form of both nouns (most often it is the nominative case in the structure KAO NN1, i.e. as the part of the predicate of temporal clause, and as the subject NN2 in the sentence and in the clause); (4) temporal framework: in terms of relative time, only the relationship of simultaneity (complete or partial) is considered, and in terms of absolute time, the sphere of the past is dominant and rarely and only under certain lexical conditions, the sphere of the future, but the sphere of the present is excluded (both referential and non-referential); (5) positioning: although all three possible positions are available to this structure, preposition in relation to the matrix sentence predominates, and in certain cases it is obligatory.

Обстоятельство времени в нанайском и орокском языках: структурно-семантический аспект

In the Tungus-Manchu languages, the adverbial modifiers of time tend to be expressed by case forms of the noun, postposition constructions, by possessive constructions with active participles-nouns in case forms or verbal names of complex semantics (concessive, simulnanive), and by adverbs of time, reflexive-possessive adverbial participles. The semantics of adverbial modifiers of time: (duration (when) - a certain time interval, an indefinite-long time interval, the amount of time (how much time, how long), frequency, repetitiveness of actions (how many times), are expressed by case forms of nouns or adverbs of time. This semantics is determined by: 1) verb-predicate semantics; 2) aspectual characteristics of the verb-predicate defining the time boundaries, the time characteristics of the action; 3) structural and morphological characteristics of units expressing the adverbial modifiers of time. While being noted in Orok, the case forms of the accusative and directive-dative cases as a tense circumstance have no formal correspondences in the Tungus-Manchu languages. The functional features of using case forms are due to the differences in the structure of case systems (the Nanai language having 7 cases, the Orok language having 10, the languages of the northern group having up to 12 cases) and the discrepancy in the semantics of case word forms. Possessive constructions with a concessive and a simulnanive in the function of the adverbial modifiers of time in a simple sentence, semantically equivalent to the Russian temporal clauses, are special means of expressing temporal semantics in the Nanai and Orok languages, with no correspondences in the Russian language.

Penanda Klausa Adverbial Dalam Bahasa Angkola

An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that serves to provide information on the main clause. The presence of an adverbial clause is not a must, but it can help create coherence in a discourse. This study aims to describe the markers of adverbial clauses in Angkola language. The method used is descriptive qualitative markers. Data collections are conducted by speaking, listening, and taking notes. The data in this study are adverbial clauses in Angkola language obtained from native Angkola speakers and also written sources obtained from Angkola language books. Data analysis was carried out by matching the data with the theory contained in the study, namely adverbial clause markers in Angkola language sentences. The results showed that there were five types of adverbial clauses in Angkola language, namely temporal clauses marked by the word dung 'after' and dompak 'when', conditional clauses marked by the word molo 'if', causal clauses (causal clause) which is marked by the word harana 'because', the purpose clause (purposal clause) which is marked by the word anso 'so that/so', and the concession clause (consessive clause) which is marked by the words bope 'although' and aha pe 'what ever'. The use of adverbial clauses can be found at the initial or final position in a sentence.

ІНФІНІТИВИ У ФУНКЦІЇ ВТОРИННОГО ПРЕДИКАТА У ТЕКСТІ БІОГРАФІЇ АРТАКСЕРКСА ПЛУТАРХА: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВІДТВОРЕННЯ У ПЕРЕКЛАДІ НОВОГРЕЦЬКОЮ МОВОЮ

In the article, infi nitives in the function of the secondary predicate, in particular, in the syntactic constructions Accusativus cum infi nitivo, Nominativus cum infi nitivo and in subordinate clauses with the conjunctions ὥστε and πρίν in the text of the biography of Artaxerxes by Plutarch are considered. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the descriptive method (for inventory, classifi cation and grammatical interpretation of infi nitives) and comparative analysis (for identifi cation of grammatical transformations of the ancient Greek infi nitive in New Greek translation and for assessment of their compliance with the original forms) were used. Elements of quantitative analysis have also been involved (to determine the main transformational means of translating infi nitives). The analysis has shown that the infi nitive as an non-fi nite form of the verb is rendered as a fi nite one, the most typical variant of translating the infi nitive in the construction Accusativus cum infi nitivo, in subordinate temporal clauses with the conjunction πρίν, and in the majority of clauses of result with the conjunction ώστε being conditional mood with the particle να (60 %). Infi nitives in the construction Nominativus cum infi nitivо and partly in subordinate clauses with the conjunction ώστε are usually translated by indicatives (35 %); in some cases the infi nitive is reproduced by descriptive expressions (5 %). Grammatical transformations are combined with lexical ones. In the translation, the same verb (15 %) as in Old Greek can be used, or it can be replaced by a synonymous verb (85 %) of New Greek due to the limited use of the corresponding Old Greek words in New Greek or their disappearance. Therefore, the absence of infi nitives in New Greek is represented in translation by other means and techniques, which have an equivalent semantic load and can adequately reproduce the meaning of a sentence with an infi nitive construction, and thus to render Plutarch’s literary passion for multifaceted action and information capacity of the text. Key words: Accusativus cum infi nitivo, Nominativus cum infi nitivo, subordinate clauses with conjunctions ὥστε and πρίν, translation, conditional mood with particle να, indicative mood, descriptive expression.

On the syntax of ἄν in Ancient Greek temporal clauses

Eξeτάζeται ο ρόλος της σύνταξης στην έκφραση της τροπικότητας, ιδιαίτeρα η eκφορά του αοριστολογικού ἄν μe υποτακτική στις χρονικές προτάσeις που eισάγονται μe ὅτe / ὅταν και δηλώνουν το eνδeχόμeνο (ή προσδοκώμeνο). Η έρeυνα στηρίζeται σe σώμα κeιμένων από τρeις πeριόδους της Eλληνικής: ομηρική ποίηση, K λασσική E λληνική, E λληνιστική K οινή της Καινής Διαθήκης. Προτeίνeται μια νέα πeριγραφή του ἄν μe βάση τις συνταγματικές και παραδeιγματικές ιδιότητές του. Η πeριγραφή λαμβάνeι ιδιαίτeρα υπόψη τα κeιμeνικά συμφραζόμeνα που καθορίζουν τη συντακτική λeιτουργία του μορίου και eπισημαίνeι τα βασικά στάδια της eξέλιξής του πριν τη νeοeλληνική eκφορά ὅταν +οριστική /+αοριστικό θέμα.

The Use of the Future Subjunctive in Colonial Spanish Texts: Evidence of Vitality or Demise?

This article examines the use of the future subjunctive in two corpora of colonial Mexican texts. The first corpus consists of 255 documents dated 1561–1646 pertaining primarily to the historical area of New Galicia and dealing with matters of the Real Audiencia of Guadalajara. The second consists of 191 documents dated 1681–1816 written in the altiplano central of Mexico, which covers a large geographical area from Mexico City to Zacatecas. After describing the syntactic distribution of the future subjunctive in Medieval Spanish, we examine the evidence of its patterns of usage in Peninsular Spanish in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. From there, we analyze the quantitative and qualitative data related to the 428 tokens of -re forms found in our corpora and the syntactic structures in which they appear. The data support findings that the future subjunctive first fell out of use in temporal adverbial clauses, while exhibiting the most apparent productivity in relative clauses. However, the corpora examined provide no evidence that the paradigm survived longer in Latin American Spanish than in Peninsular Spanish, as has been argued. Rather, this study suggests that by the eighteenth century, the future subjunctive was a highly stylized marker of formality or politeness in written Spanish.

PRESUPPOSITION IN JOE BIDEN’S INAUGURATION SPEECH

This study aims to find the types of presupposition used by Joe Biden in his inauguration speech. The meanings of the utterances are based on the context of the speech used theory of context proposed by Huang (2014). This study used a qualitative descriptive method because the researcher describes presupposition and meaning in speech. The data is taken from BBC News. The results of this study found 32 utterances that indicated presupposition. These utterances were classified into nine types of presupposition were used by Joe Biden in his inauguration speech. They are thirteen utterances of definite description, three utterances of factive predicates, two utterances of aspectual of state predicates, three utterances of iteratives, one utterance of implicative predicates, three utterances of quantifiers, one utterance of temporal clause, three utterances of cleft sentences, and three utterances of counterfactual conditional presupposition. The study did the analysis based on two types of context they are linguistic context and non-linguistic context. Besides, the study found that the utterances of Joe Biden in his inauguration speech have implied meanings that were not conveyed directly.

Object Sharing in Mbya Guarani: A Case of Asymmetrical Verbal Serialization?

In this paper, we intend to describe and discuss the grammatical status of the V1-V2 (Cy/vy) constructions found in Mbya Guarani which can express simultaneous events, among other meanings, and which involve a single clause. We suggest here that this verbal complex can be treated as a case of asymmetrical verbal serialization because it contains verbs from a major lexical class, occupying the V1 slot, followed by a more restricted intransitive verbal class, such as movement, postural, or stative verbs, which stands in the V2 position. The curious property of these constructions is that V2 can be transitivized through the attachment of applicative or causative morphemes and “share” its object with transitive V1. “Object sharing” is another property attributed to serialization, as suggested by Baker and Baker and Stewart, which may be seen as a strong argument in favor of the present hypothesis. We will also provide evidence to distinguish Mbya Guarani V1-V2 (Cy/vy) complex from other constructions, such as temporal and purpose subordinate clauses, involving the particle vy.

When-clauses and temporal meanings across languages

Abstract Typological studies have tended to take for granted the default interpretation for English and imposed ‘simultaneity’ as the basic meaning of when-clauses for all languages. This in opposition to the approach taken in reference grammars, which generally report temporal linkage markers like when as encoding one or several meanings. Data from languages other than English show that comparative studies should also be open to the possibility that when-clauses do not always, or only, denote simultaneity. To support this claim and argue against the default interpretation of simultaneity, in this study I explore the range of temporal meanings of when-clauses across languages and provide evidence from Spanish and Yaqui corpora. Unlike English, corpus-based studies show that Spanish equivalent cuando-clauses equally introduce simultaneous and sequential readings, while Yaqui o-/kai-clauses predominantly express sequential meanings. Furthermore, a convenience sample of 28 unrelated languages reveals that, if there is a when-clause in a language, it can locate the event of the adverbial clause earlier, later, or around the same time as the main clause. The analysis of the semantic side of when-clauses demonstrates that there are language-specific tendencies regarding their temporal meanings. On these grounds, I propose that a better understanding of when-clauses can be arrived at by classifying them as ‘unspecific’ temporal clauses. This categorization would motivate a richer analysis of new data and a systematic comparison between unspecific, simultaneous and sequential clauses. Finally, I advance a four-way classification regarding general versus specific markers, and the temporal relations they encode, two of which account for most languages analyzed.