Template Types Research Articles

Hard Magnetic FePt Nanoparticles within Nanostructured Silicon to Improve the Maximum Energy Product

In this work nanostructured silicon, silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) and porous silicon (PSi), with embedded hard magnetic FePt nanoparticles (NPs) is used as platform to create hard magnetic nanomagnet-arrays. The magnetic response of FePt-loaded composite materials is investigated, which have potential in high-performance magnets and as rare earth magnet alternatives. PSi/FePt demonstrates superior hard magnetic behavior with a higher coercivity and remanence compared to SiNTs/FePt. Varying the Fe:Pt molar ratio in deposits results in a small coercivity (HC) change. FePt-loaded samples consistently show increased coercivity and remanence compared to Co-loaded samples, with PSi exhibiting a stronger effect compared to SiNTs. Comparing FePt-loaded samples with Co-NP-loaded samples, in both template types an increase of the coercivity is observed for FePt. Also in the case of Co-loading the utilization of PSi offers higher coercivities compared to SiNTs. From the investigated composite systems the ones consisting of PSi and FePt offer the highest energy product.

Pt‐Fe loaded nanostructured silicon and improvement of the magnetic performance

AbstractThis work reports the pore‐filling of porous silicon (PSi) and the loading of silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) with Pt‐Fe nanoparticles (NPs) and the corresponding different magnetic behavior of the two composite systems. The fabrication of magnetic hard/soft nanostructures is in demand for the purpose of achieving both a high energy product as well as the replacement of rare earth permanent magnets. Pt‐Fe templated by PSi shows a higher coercivity and remanence than SiNTs/Pt‐Fe and thus a higher hard magnetic performance, the difference between coercivities being about 57%. Considering that the Pt‐Fe deposits employ different molar ratios of Pt to Fe the coercivities vary in a range of 5% in the case of both template types. Comparing Pt‐Fe loaded samples with Co‐loaded samples in all cases, an increase of the coercivity and the remanence is observed for Pt‐Fe, whereas in the case of PSi as template material the increase is significantly stronger (about twice as much) than in the case of SiNTs samples. Furthermore, the samples are investigated at high temperatures up to 950 K to determine the Curie temperature of the systems.

Porous Silicon and Silicon Nanotubes with Embedded FePt Nanoparticles Investigated by High Temperature Magnetic Measurements

Porous silicon (PSi) and silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) are presented as a platform for filling with FePt nanostructures. The difference of the magnetic characteristics between the two systems is figured out. Furthermore, the FePt filled templates are compared with the same template materials filled with Ni/Co by electrodeposition.The porous silicon is produced by anodization of a highly doped n-type silicon wafer in a 10 wt% HF solution. The produced morphology offers separated pores of about 50 nm and a mean distance between the pores of 50 nm. The SiNTs are fabricated in using an array of ZO wires as template, subsequent silicon deposition and finally etching off the ZO. The inner diameter of the tubes and also the wall thickness can be tuned by the fabrication process. In this work SiNTs with comparable inner diameter to the PSi structure and a wall of about 10 nm are used (1). FePt nanoparticles (NPs) are deposited electroless inside the pores and the tubes, respectively whereat the molar ratio of Fe is varied. For this purpose a 3 component solution consisting of H2PtCl6, Fe(NO3)3 and citric acid is used, whereas the ratio of the components is modified.The varying magnetic response of the different composite systems, porous silicon and silicon nanotubes is investigated. PSi/FePt shows a higher coercivity and remanence than SiNTs/FePt and thus a higher hard magnetic performance. The variation of the coercivities between SiNTs/FePt and PSi/FePt is about 57%.Considering the FePt deposits with different molar ratio of Fe the coercivities vary in a range of 5% in the case of both template types. Comparing FePt loaded samples with Co loaded samples in all cases an increase of the coercivity and of the remanence is observed for FePt, whereat in the case of PSi as template material the increase is significantly stronger than in the case of SiNTs samples. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the hysteresis of PSi and SiNTs filled with FePt NPs.The influence of high temperatures on the nanocomposite samples is of interest, as well as the high temperature magnetic behavior. Therefore, beside low temperature and room temperature magnetic measurements, the magnetic behavior of the samples is investigated at high temperatures up to 1273 K.(1) K. Rumpf, et.al, ECS Transactions 98 (2020) 37

Morphological design of PDVB‐based particles

AbstractPolymeric microspheres with complex architectures find application as stationary phases for size exclusion separation, solid supports for surface reactions, catalysis, and delivery systems. The microparticles are commonly made from divinylbenzene by precipitation polymerization or template swelling. Upon combining both methods and applying photopolymerization, we discovered new morphological features that are not solely explicable by the individual processes. Firstly, three types of templates were synthesized by precipitation polymerization: noncrosslinked, slightly crosslinked, and slightly crosslinked with noncrosslinked polystyrene fractions. All template types were swollen with divinylbenzene, which was polymerized by photoinitiation, followed by template extraction. Changes in particle size were tracked by light microscopy, while SEM revealed submicron features like hollow cores, toluene‐insoluble walls, and surface grooves from the collapse upon drying of the toluene‐swollen corona. Our investigations indicated that the corona results from chain transfer and crosslinking of the template during photoinitiation. Higher precrosslinking of the template reduced the core cavity volume of the extracted particle, while more mobile polystyrene chains led to larger cavities. These architectures are promising model systems for fundamental studies of particle interactions, aggregation, and structure formation in the field of colloidal physics.

Brief restriction endonuclease digestion of genomic DNA improves PCR amplifiability and reproducibility of SSR loci: Augmenting exploration of hidden genetic variability in an endemic carp of South-East Asia

Majority of the microsatellite primers developed through painstaking, resource intensive research often fail to amplify due to secondary structures in the repeat rich target. In the present work, we describe the use of restriction endonuclease digestion of genomic DNA prior to PCR to counter this issue. The methodology, Restriction Endonuclease Digestion of genomic DNA to improve PCR Amplifiability and Repeatability of SSR loci (REDDAR-SSR), was tested on 40 species-specific Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) loci in Osteobrama belangeri (F: Cyprinidae). Undigested and HpaII digested pooled genomic DNA samples were used as templates. Two primer concentrations (10 pM and 25 pM) and two annealing temperatures (56 °C uniformly and individual primer-specific annealing temperatures) were tested on both template types in sets of three, repeated thrice (360 reactions/condition). The digested templates exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) amplifiability (93.9 % against 24.16 % of undigested counterpart) as well as repeatability (94.47 % against 21.56 % of undigested counterpart). Primer concentration had no significant effect on outcomes (P > 0.05). The number of successfully amplified loci in our method was 38 compared to 18 by the conventional protocol. All 38 loci could also be reliably amplified in individual gDNA using the developed protocol out of which 9 loci were observed to be polymorphic. Notably, 4 of the polymorohic loci could be amplified only through REDDAR-SSR. Our protocol can potentially reduce expenses; resources & time vis-a-vis enhance the reach of SSR markers for genotyping species of commercial or conservational significance.

Assessing the implementation of COVID-19 structured reporting templates for chest radiography: a scoping review.

One of the common modalities used in imaging COVID-19 positive patients is chest radiography (CXR), and serves as a valuable imaging method to diagnose and monitor a patients' condition. Structured reporting templates are regularly used for the assessment of COVID-19 CXRs and are supported by international radiological societies. This review has investigated the use of structured templates for reporting COVID-19 CXRs. A scoping review was conducted on literature published between 2020 and 2022 using Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and manual searches. An essential criterion for the inclusion of the articles was the use of reporting methods employing either a structured quantitative or qualitative reporting method. Thematic analyses of both reporting designs were then undertaken to evaluate utility and implementation. Fifty articles were found with the quantitative reporting method used in 47 articles whilst 3 articles were found employing a qualitative design. Two quantitative reporting tools (Brixia and RALE) were used in 33 studies, with other studies using variations of these methods. Brixia and RALE both use a posteroanterior or supine CXR divided into sections, Brixia with six and RALE with four sections. Each section is scaled numerically depending on the level of infection. The qualitative templates relied on selecting the best descriptor of the presence of COVID-19 radiological appearances. Grey literature from 10 international professional radiology societies were also included in this review. The majority of the radiology societies recommend a qualitative template for reporting COVID-19 CXRs. Most studies employed quantitative reporting methods which contrasted with the structured qualitative reporting template advocated by most radiological societies. The reasons for this are not entirely clear. There is also a lack of research literature on both the implementation of the templates or comparing both template types, indicating that the use of structured radiology reporting types may be an underdeveloped clinical strategy and research methodology. This scoping review is unique in that it has undertaken an examination of the utility of the quantitative and qualitative structured reporting templates for COVID-19 CXRs. Moreover, through this review, the material examined has allowed a comparison of both instruments, clearly showing the favoured style of structured reporting by clinicians. At the time of the database interrogation, there were no studies found had undertaken such examinations of both reporting instruments. Moreover, due to the enduring influence of COVID-19 on global health, this scoping review is timely in examining the most innovative structured reporting tools that could be used in the reporting of COVID-19 CXRs. This report could assist clinicians in decision-making regarding templated COVID-19 reports.

Characterizing a New Fluorescent Protein for a Low Limit of Detection Sensing in the Cell-Free System.

Cell-free protein synthesis-based biosensors have been developed as highly accurate, low-cost biosensors. However, since most biomarkers exist at low concentrations in various types of biopsies, the biosensor’s dynamic range must be increased in the system to achieve low limits of detection necessary while deciphering from higher background signals. Many attempts to increase the dynamic range have relied on amplifying the input signal from the analyte, which can lead to complications of false positives. In this study, we aimed to increase the protein synthesis capability of the cell-free protein synthesis system and the output signal of the reporter protein to achieve a lower limit of detection. We utilized a new fluorescent protein, mNeonGreen, which produces a higher output than those commonly used in cell-free biosensors. Optimizations of DNA sequence and the subsequent cell-free protein synthesis reaction conditions allowed characterizing protein expression variability by given DNA template types, reaction environment, and storage additives that cause the greatest time constraint on designing the cell-free biosensor. Finally, we characterized the fluorescence kinetics of mNeonGreen compared to the commonly used reporter protein, superfolder green fluorescent protein. We expect that this finely tuned cell-free protein synthesis platform with the new reporter protein can be used with sophisticated synthetic gene circuitry networks to increase the dynamic range of a cell-free biosensor to reach lower detection limits and reduce the false-positive proportion.

Assessment of Novel Magnetic/Semiconducting Composites - FePt Nanoparticles Grown within Porous Silicon and Silicon Nanotubes

Porous silicon (PSi) and silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) are presented as a platform for filling with FePt nanostructures offering a hard magnetic behavior and resulting in novel magnetic/semiconducting composite systems. The difference of the magnetic characteristics between the two systems is figured out. Furthermore the FePt filled templates are compared with the same template materials filled with Ni/Co by electrodeposition.The porous silicon is produced by anodization of a highly doped n-type silicon wafer in a 10 wt% HF solution [1]. The morphology of the porous structure is achieved by the doping density of the silicon wafer and the choice of the electrochemical parameters such as electrolyte concentration, applied current density and temperature. In this case the morphology offers separated pores of about 60 nm and a mean distance between the pores of 50 nm. The SiNTs are fabricated in using an array of ZO wires as template, subsequent silicon deposition and finally etching off the ZO. The inner diameter of the tubes and also the wall thickness can be tuned by the fabrication process. In this work SiNTs with comparable inner diameter to the PSi structure and a wall of about 10 nm are used [2]. FePt nanoparticles (NPs) are deposited electroless inside the pores and the tubes, respectively whereat the molar ratio of Fe is varied (Pt:Fe 1:1, 1:3 and 1:6). For this purpose a 3 component solution consisting of H2PtCl6, Fe(NO3)3 and citric acid is used, whereas the ratio of the components is modified.Ni and Co, both metals are electrodeposited within the nanostructured silicon. In the case of depositing Ni and Co from separate electrolytes, aqueous NiSO4 and CoSO4 solutions are used. The composition of the Ni-salt solution is 170g/l NiSO4 and 40 g/l H3BO3. For the Co deposition the electrolyte contains 120 g/l CoSO4 and 30 g/l H3BO3. An applied current density of 15 mA/cm2 and a frequency of 0.1 Hz are applied for 15 min. In the case of depositing Ni and Co from a single electrolyte, a solution in the ratio 1:1 of the Ni-salt to Co-salt is employed. Ni is deposited by applying a potential of 1.1 V and Co is deposited by changing to 1.8 V; the necessary deposition time of Co was three times longer than for Ni.Magnetic characterization of the samples is performed by VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometer), the structure is analyzed by SEM, TEM and EDX.The varying magnetic response of the different composite systems, porous silicon and silicon nanotubes is investigated. PSi/FePt shows a higher coercivity and remanence than SiNTs/FePt and thus a higher hard magnetic performance. The variation of the coercivities between SiNTs/FePt and PSi/FePt is about 57%.Considering the FePt deposits with different molar ratio of Fe the coercivities vary in a range of 5% in the case of both template types. Comparing FePt loaded samples with Co loaded samples in all cases an increase of the coercivity and of the remanence is observed for FePt, whereat in the case of PSi as template material the increase is significantly stronger than in the case of SiNTs samples. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the hysteresis of PSi and SiNTs filled with FePt NPs.Porous silicon loaded with Ni/Co offers a different magnetic behavior, especially in the case of stacked deposition from two separate electrolytes. The achieved composite shows a two-slope hysteresis, which will be discussed in contrast to the single electrolyte deposition.By enabling an accurate control of the size and of the volume ratio of different metal structures such materials are promising for the fabrication of three-dimensional arrays of permanent nanomagnets.[1] K. Rumpf, P. Granitzer, H. Michor, NRL 11, 398 (2016).[2] K. Rumpf, P. Granitzer, R. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J. Coffer, M. Reisser, Phys. Stat. Sol. A 217, 1901040 (2020). Figure 1

Hard Magnetic Composite: FePt Nanoparticles Grown within Nanostructured Silicon

In this work porous silicon (PSi) and silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) are presented as a platform for filling with FePt nanostructures which offer a hard magnetic behavior. The difference of the magnetic characteristics between the two systems is figured out.The porous silicon is produced by anodization of a highly doped n-type silicon wafer in a 10 wt% HF solution [1]. The morphology offers separated pores of about 60 nm and a mean distance between the pores of 50 nm. The SiNTs are fabricated in using an array of ZO wires as template, subsequent silicon deposition and finally etching off the ZO [2]. The inner diameter of the tubes and also the wall thickness can be tuned by the fabrication process. In this work SiNTs with comparable inner diameter to the PSi structure are used. FePt nanoparticles (NPs) are chemically grown inside the pores and the tubes, respectively whereat the molar ratio of Fe is varied (Pt:Fe 1:1, 1:3 and 1:6). For this purpose a 3 component solution consisting of H2PtCl6, Fe(NO3)3 and citric acid is used, whereas the ratio of the components is modified.Magnetic characterization of the samples is performed by VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometer), the structure is analyzed by SEM, TEM and EDX.The magnetic response of the two different composite systems is investigated. PSi/FePt shows a higher coercivity and remanence than SiNTs/FePt and thus a higher hard magnetic performance. The variation of the coercivities between SiNTs/FePt and PSi/FePt is about 57%.Considering the FePt deposits with different molar ratio of Fe the coercivities vary in a range of 5% in the case of both template types. Comparing FePt loaded samples with Co loaded samples in all cases an increase of the coercivity and of the remanence is observed for FePt, whereat in the case of PSi as template material the increase is significantly stronger than in the case of SiNTs samples. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the hysteresis of PSi and SiNTs filled with FePt NPs.Hard magnetic materials within nanostructured silicon give rise for on-chip applications using 3 dimensional arrays of nanomagnets.Figure 1: Field dependent magnetization measurements of PSi and SiNTs filled with FePt NPs, respectively showing a higher coercivity in the case of PSi.[1] K. Rumpf, P. Granitzer, H. Michor, NRL 11, 398 (2016).[2] X. Huang, R. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, R. Rich, Z. Gryczynski, J.L. Coffer, Chem. Comm. 49, 5760 (2013). Figure 1

Unconventional inorganic precursors determine the growth of metal-organic frameworks

Abstract Crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging type of the hybrid materials with multifunctional inorganic and organic building blocks, which have been applied in a wide range of energy-related and environment-related applications. In this context, a remaining challenge in the systematical syntheses of hierarchically porous MOFs composites is existing to alter supermolecular structure, chemical composition, and versatile functionality. It is generally accepted that the regulation of MOF preparation is of great significance, which is related to the solubility of those starting inorganic components. We learn that there are several possible drawbacks induced by conventional soluble metal precursors in homogeneous reaction conditions, so the increasing research interest in the facile synthesis of MOFs and their derivatives from insoluble metal templates and/or precursors has been ignited in the past decade. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the facile preparation and usage of MOF materials by using the unconventional inorganic precursors in heterogeneous synthetic conditions, including template types, preparation methods, extension strategies, advantages, limitations and related applications.

New templates interfere with existing templates depending on their respective priority in visual working memory.

Attentional templates are stored representations of target features that guide visual search. While transiently active templates are as efficient as templates held in a sustained fashion, their simultaneous activation generates costs for the sustained template. Here, we investigated whether the quality of the memory representation determines these costs. Two possible target colors were cued before search display onset. In blocked conditions, the 2 colors either changed on every trial or were fixed throughout. In the mixed condition, 1 color was fixed, while the other varied from trial to trial. In Experiment 1, participants also reproduced 1 of the 2 target colors on a memory wheel after each search episode. The analysis of search performance replicated longer reaction times (RTs) to sustained than transient targets when template types were mixed, but no difference when they were blocked. Critically, analysis of memory judgments showed that random guesses for sustained templates increased from the blocked to the mixed condition, mirroring RTs. This suggests that newly activated transient templates retroactively interfered with already activated sustained templates, impairing their efficiency to guide attention and their stability in memory. Increasing the priority of sustained templates through maintenance constraints (Experiments 1 vs. 2) or retro-cueing (Experiment 3) reduced the associated costs. Finally, these costs were unaffected by different retention intervals (Experiment 4). We argue that retroactive interference affects the control of visual search and memory maintenance alike, but critically depends on the respective priority of representations in visual working memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

(Invited) Nanostructured Silicon with Incorporated Bi-Metallic Nanostructures

Silicon/bi-metal nanocomposites are fabricated in using porous silicon and silicon nanotubes as templates which are filled with magnetic bi-metal nanostructures (NiCo, FePt) and the magnetic response of the different systems is investigated. The morphology such as pore diameter and inner tube diameter of the two systems are comparable. The different metals (NiCo and FePt) offer drastic differences of the magnetic properties for both, porous silicon and silicon nanotubes.The porous silicon (PSi) is fabricated by anodizing a highly n-doped silicon wafer in aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution. By applying a current density of 90 mA/cm2 pore diameters of 60 nm in average are achieved.The silicon nanotube (SiNTs) formation is performed by silicon deposition on a ZO wire array and finally etching off the ZO [1]. The inner diameter and the wall thickness of the tubes are dependent on the chosen fabrication parameters. For comparison the inner diameters of the SiNTs are chosen comparable to the porous silicon structure. Co as well as FePt nanoparticles are chemically grown inside the pores and the tubes, respectively. In the case of FePt the molar ratio of Fe is varied (Pt:Fe 1:1, 1:3 and 1:6).The magnetic properties of the different composite systems are investigated. PSi and SiNTs with deposited NiCo, Co and FePt nanoparticles show significant differences whereat the FePt filled samples offer higher coercivities and higher remanence and thus a high resulting energy product. The variation of the molar ratio of the FePt deposits shows a small impact in the magnetic response for both template types. Furthermore the differences between the two template materials are figured out. Such systems consisting of hard magnetic materials within nanostructured silicon are promising for on-chip applications using three dimensional arrays of nanomagnets.[1] X. Huang, R. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, R. Rich, Z. Gryczynski, J.L. Coffer, Chem. Comm. 49, 5760 (2013).

Evaluation of radioactive 125I seed implantation for the treatment of refractory malignant tumours based on a CT-guided 3D template-assisted technique: efficacy and safety

BackgroundTo observe the medium- and long-term clinical efficacy and safety of radioactive 125I seed implantation for refractory malignant tumours based on CT-guided 3D template-assisted technique.MethodsTwenty-five patients with refractory malignant tumours who underwent radioactive 125I seed implantation based on CT-guided 3D template-assisted technique were selected. The post-operative adverse reactions were recorded. The number of puncture needles and particles used in the operation, dosimetric parameters, post-operative physical strength scores, and tumour response were statistically analysed. The overall survival time and survival rate were calculated, and the effect and prognosis were assessed.Results125I seed implantation was successful in all patients without serious complications. The average number of implanted puncture needles was 17 (19.12 ± 13.00), and the median number of particles was 52 (55.12 ± 32.97). D90 in the post-operative clinical target volume (CTV) (93.24 ± 15.70 Gy) was slightly lower than that in the pre-operative CTV (93.92 ± 17.60 Gy; P > 0.05). The D90 in the post-operative planning target volume (PTV) (142.16 ± 22.25 Gy) was lower than the pre-operative PTV (145.32 ± 23.48 Gy; P > 0.05). The tumour responses at 6 months post-operatively: complete remission (CR), 20% (5/25); partial remission (PR), 48% (12/25); stable disease (SD), 24% (6/25); progressive disease (PD), 8% (2/25); CR + PR, 68% (17/25); and local control rate, 92% (23/25). The 6-, 12-, and 24-month survival rates were 100, 88, and 52%, respectively. The post-operative physical strength score (Karnofsky performance score, KPS) exhibited a gradual trend towards recovery, which rose to the highest value 12 months after implantation and then decreased slightly, but the average score was still > 90 points. There was one intra-operative pneumothorax, and two patients with superficial malignant tumours developed skin ulcerations. Multivariate analysis of prognosis showed that tumour sites and types were independent risk factors affecting survival. The number of needles and particles and template types were not the factors.Conclusions3D template combined with CT-guided radioactive 125I seed implantation can improve the rational distribution of radiation dose in the tumour target area because accurate radioactive 125I particle implantation was achieved. This technique has fewer complications and can further extend the overall survival and improve the quality of life.Trial registrationRegistration number: ChiCTR2000034566 2020/7/10 0:00:00Retrospectively registered.

Hard Magnetic Composite: FePt Nanoparticles Grown within Nanostructured Silicon

In this work porous silicon (PSi) and silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) are presented as a platform for filling with FePt nanostructures which offer a hard magnetic behavior. The difference of the magnetic characteristics between the two systems is figured out.The porous silicon is produced by anodization of a highly doped n-type silicon wafer in a 10 wt% HF solution [1]. The morphology offers separated pores of about 60 nm and a mean distance between the pores of 50 nm. The SiNTs are fabricated in using an array of ZO wires as template, subsequent silicon deposition and finally etching off the ZO [2]. The inner diameter of the tubes and also the wall thickness can be tuned by the fabrication process. In this work SiNTs with comparable inner diameter to the PSi structure are used. FePt nanoparticles (NPs) are chemically grown inside the pores and the tubes, respectively whereat the molar ratio of Fe is varied (Pt:Fe 1:1, 1:3 and 1:6). For this purpose a 3 component solution consisting of H2PtCl6, Fe(NO3)3 and citric acid is used, whereas the ratio of the components is modified.Magnetic characterization of the samples is performed by VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometer), the structure is analyzed by SEM, TEM and EDX.The magnetic response of the two different composite systems is investigated. PSi/FePt shows a higher coercivity and remanence than SiNTs/FePt and thus a higher hard magnetic performance. The variation of the coercivities between SiNTs/FePt and PSi/FePt is about 57%.Considering the FePt deposits with different molar ratio of Fe the coercivities vary in a range of 5% in the case of both template types. Comparing FePt loaded samples with Co loaded samples in all cases an increase of the coercivity and of the remanence is observed for FePt, whereat in the case of PSi as template material the increase is significantly stronger than in the case of SiNTs samples. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the hysteresis of PSi and SiNTs filled with FePt NPs.Hard magnetic materials within nanostructured silicon give rise for on-chip applications using 3 dimensional arrays of nanomagnets.[1] K. Rumpf, P. Granitzer, H. Michor, NRL 11, 398 (2016).[2] X. Huang, R. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, R. Rich, Z. Gryczynski, J.L. Coffer, Chem. Comm. 49, 5760 (2013). Figure 1

Learning soft domain constraints in a factor graph model for template-based information extraction

The ability to accurately extract key information from textual documents is necessary in several downstream applications e.g., automatic knowledge base population from text, semantic information retrieval, question answering, or text summarization. However, information extraction (IE) systems are far from being errorless and in some cases commit errors that seem obvious to a human expert as they violate common sense or domain knowledge.Towards improving the performance of IE systems, we focus on the question of how domain knowledge can be incorporated into IE models to reduce the number of spurious extractions. Starting from the assumption that such domain knowledge cannot be incorporated explicitly and manually by domain experts due to the amount of effort and technical complexities involved, we propose a machine learning approach in which domain constraints are acquired as a byproduct of learning a model that learns to extract key information in a supervised setting. We frame the task as a template-based information extraction problem in which several dependent slots need to be automatically filled and propose a factor graph based approach to model the joint distribution of slot assignments given a text. Beyond using standard textual features in factors that score the compatibility of slot fillers in relation to the text, we use additional features that are text-independent and capture soft domain constraints. During the training process, these constraints receive a weight as part of the parameter learning process indicating how strongly a constraint should be enforced. These domain constraints are thus ‘soft’ in the sense that they can be violated, but the system learns to penalize solutions that violate them. The soft constraints we introduce come in two flavors: on the one hand we incorporate information about the mean of numerical attributes and use features that indicate how far a certain value is from the mean. We call these features single slot soft constraints. On the other hand, we model the pairwise compatibility between slot filler assignments independent of the textual context, thus modeling the (domain) compatibility of the slot assignments. We call the latter ones pairwise slot soft constraints. As main result of our work, we show that learning pairwise slot soft constraints improves the performance of our extraction model compared to single slot soft constraints by up to 6 points in F1, leading to an F1 score of 0.91 for individual template types. Further, the human readable output format of our model enables the extraction and interpretation of the learned soft constraints. Based on this, we show in an evaluation by domain experts that more than 68% of the learned soft constraints are regarded as plausible.

Temperature dependence of the magnetic properties of mono-dispersed Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 microtubes derived from different templates

In this work, the Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 microtube was prepared via a template-assembled sol–gel method, where three kinds of natural fiber worked as template. Effect of template types on morphology, specific area, and magnetic properties under different temperatures of ferrites microtube was investigated. XRD results confirm the formation of pure spinel Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4; SEM results proves that the CZF-microtubes is mono-dispersed and exactly copies the morphology of the corresponding template. It possesses excellent magnetic properties (Ms, 62.62 emu g−1) and higher specific area (51.11 m2 g−1), respectively, the former is mainly due to the net-liked microstructure and distribution of higher magnetic magneton cation in crystal cell, and the latter is attributed to not only the smaller grain size, but also the stack manner of nanoparticles. Below Curie temperature, coercivity of CZF-microtubes decreases with an increased temperatures in accordance with the ferromagnetism theory as the degree of atomic thermal vibration increases; Above Curie temperature, the unique variety of coercivity is attributable to not only the competition between the 2nd and 4th order crystal field terms derived from the d electrons of Fe3+ and Co2+ in crystal cell, but also the easy magnetized direction switches from basal plane to c axis via a preferred orientation of the magnetic moments in microtubes structure; The high Hc value of CZF-microtube above Blocking temperature TB (450.19 K) results from the existence of interparticle interaction as nanoparticles of it aggregate to produce a microtube structure, and resulting in a deviation from normal Kneller’s law.

The Impact of Template Types on Polyeugenol to the Adsorption Selectivity of Ionic Imprinted Polymer (IIP) Fe Metal Ion

The synthesis of IIP was carried out by variation of Fe(III) ion templates from Fe(NO3)3, K3[Fe(CN)6] and NH4Fe(SO4)2 compounds which then tested IIP selectivity to the Fe metal ions through adsorption process. Ionic Imprinted Polymer (IIP) is a method of printing metal ions bound in a polymer, subsequently released from the polymer matrix to produce a suitable imprint for the target ion. The purposes of this study were to produce IIP from Fe(NO3)3, K3[Fe(CN)6] and NH4Fe(SO4)2 templates, to know the effect of templates on adsorption selectivity of IIP involving imprint cavity, and to know the impact of metal competitor on the selectivity adsorption of IIP to the Fe metals. The results obtained showed that IIP synthesized by variations of Fe(NO3)3, K3[Fe(CN)6] and NH4Fe(SO4)2 templates were successfully synthesized. The adsorption selectivity of Fe (III) metal ion in the Fe(NO3)3 template was greater than that of in the K3[Fe(CN)6] and NH4Fe(SO4)2 templates. The adsorption selectivity of Fe was greater on Fe-Cr compared to on Fe-Cd and Fe-Pb.

Question matrix method according to divided dimensions of infographics evaluation

The visual/image is very good expression in the cultural heritage domain. Visual archive is one of the recording techniques for cultural heritage along with the static image like a picture and the reports documenting contents in literature. One category of lively image is infographic which usually created and shared by using ICT. The infographics are widely used nowadays because the people need less time to summarize all the needed information. There is the massive amount of information flooding, especially on the internet. However, there is pretty of not so good designed infographic which has been published in the social media. So the evaluation approach is about how user distinct the bad infographics from the good infographics, also user can evaluate infographics and improve them before launch them through media. This research aims to draw the essential summary according to the important issue of infographic evaluation, for the audience can find the way to improve and create the better infographics. The paper introduces the communication theories and classifies the template types of infographics of the static and interactive infographic. The questions of evaluation dimensions bundle into the three core foundation of the infographic which are Visual, Content, and Knowledge.

Influence of primer & probe chemistry and amplification target on reverse transcription digital PCR quantification of viral RNA

Compared to other PCR technologies, digital PCR is a potentially highly accurate approach for the quantification of nucleic acid fragments. This study describes the impact of four experimental factors, namely primer and probe chemistry, PCR amplification target, duplexing, and template type, on the measurement results obtained by reverse transcription digital PCR (RT-dPCR) of viral RNA using influenza A virus as a model. Along conventional dual labelled probes (DLP), alternative primer and probe chemistries, including Zip Nucleic Acids (ZNAs), Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs), and Scorpions®, were compared with two RNA template types: i) total genomic RNA extracted from cell cultured influenza A and ii) a synthetically prepared RNA transcript (In vitro transcribed RNA).While apparently duplexing or a different PCR target choice did not have a significant influence on the estimated RNA copy numbers, the impact of the choice of primer and probe chemistry and template type differed significantly for some methods. The combined standard uncertainty of the dPCR analysis results has been assessed, taking into account both the repeatability and the intermediate precision of the procedure.Our data highlight the importance of dPCR method optimisation and the advantage of using a more sophisticated primer and probe chemistry, which turned out to be dependent on the template type. Considerations are provided with respect to the molecular diagnostics of viral RNA pathogens, and more specifically, for precise quantification of RNA, which is of tremendous importance for the development of RNA calibration materials and the qualification of these calibrants as certified reference materials.

Enhanced quantum efficiency of AlGaN photodetectors by patterned growth

Al0.45Ga0.55N metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors were grown by MOVPE on planar and on stripe patterned epitaxial laterally overgrown (ELO) AlN/sapphire templates. By comparing devices on different template types, the influence of the average dislocation density, the distribution of dislocations, and composition modulations due to inhomogeneous gallium incorporation on the external quantum efficiency (EQE) were evaluated. The reduction of the average dislocation density from 6 × 109 cm−2 on the planar template to about 2 × 109 cm−2 by ELO increases the EQE. For electron transport perpendicular to the ELO stripes, this increase is about 70%. Due to the stripe‐like dislocation distribution in the absorber layers on ELO templates, the EQE becomes up to a factor of 3 higher than for planar templates, when the electrodes are perpendicular to the ELO stripes and electron transport is along the stripes. Photoconductive gain was found at elevated bias for absorber layers on standard ELO templates with electrodes perpendicular to the ELO stripes. The gain can be attributed to carrier transport in zig‐zag shaped Ga‐rich channels caused by facetted growth on ELO templates. The gain only appears, if the aluminum mole fraction differences Δx are higher than 0.07. At 30 V bias, the EQE of such detectors is more than 3 orders of magnitude higher compared to planar device.