Temperature Variation Research Articles

Closed-Form Solutions of Injection-Driven Flow and Heat Transfer Inside an Inclined Horizontal Filter Chamber

Abstract The closed-form solutions of models provide operators and designers with a better understanding of how the systems perform practically, thus improving critical industrial production operations. Due to this importance, the case study at hand seeks to find closed-form solutions of the internal momentum and temperature variation during the filtration process to advance fluid purification. Lie group analysis is used to transform a system of equations representing the flow and heat transfer into a solvable system without changing the dynamics of the case study. The transformed solvable system is then integrated to find closed-form solutions of the internal velocity (momentum) and temperature variation. The obtained closed-form solutions are then used to analyze the effects of physical parameters arising from the process dynamics to find combinations of parameters that yield maximum permeates outflow. The analysis conveys that the internal fluid velocity increases when enhancing the permeation parameter and minimizing Reynolds number, wave speed parameter, and chamber height.

Interpreting summertime hourly variation of NO2 columns with implications for geostationary satellite applications

Abstract. Accurate representation of the hourly variation in the NO2-column-to-surface relationship is essential for interpreting geostationary observations of NO2 columns. Previous research indicated inconsistencies in this hourly variation. This study employs the high-performance configuration of the GEOS-Chem model (GCHP) to analyze daytime hourly NO2 total columns and surface concentrations during summer. We use measurements from globally distributed Pandora sun photometers and aircraft observations over the United States. We correct Pandora total NO2 vertical columns for (1) hourly variations in effective temperature driven by vertically resolved contributions to the total column and (2) changes in local solar time along the Pandora line of sight. These corrections increase the total NO2 columns by 5–6 × 1014 molec. cm−2 at 09:00 and 18:00 across all sites. Fine-scale simulations from GHCP (∼12 km) reduce the normalized bias (NB) against Pandora total NO2 columns from 19 % to 10 % and against aircraft measurements from 25 % to 13 % in Maryland, Texas, and Colorado. Similar reductions are observed in NO2 columns over the eastern US (17 % to 9 %), the western US (22 % to 14 %), Europe (24 % to 15 %), and Asia (29 % to 21 %) when compared to 55 km simulations. Our analysis attributes the weaker hourly variability in the total NO2 column to (1) hourly variations in column effective temperature, (2) local solar time changes along the Pandora line of sight, and (3) differences in hourly NO2 variability from different atmospheric layers, with the lowest 500 m exhibiting greater variability, while the dominant residual column above 500 m exhibits weaker variability.

Physiological, morphological and chemical changes in pea seeds under different storage conditions.

The loss of germination, viability, and vigor of seeds under storage conditions are the main causes of the need to multiply the seed material for leguminous crops. For crop establishment, seeds obtained in propagation fields are usually used, and the coating comes from the basic seed. In the case of leguminous species, the seeds quickly lose their viability, and in accordance with international regulations, for legumes, the number of seeds increases only in the first year of propagation. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the effects of variations in the storage period, temperature and humidity on the morphophysiological and chemical traits of two pea seed varieties (Gloriosa and Kelvedon Wonder). The pea seeds were harvested at the end of June 2017, 2018 and 2019 and stored for 32, 20 and 8months at T = 4°C and H = 8%; T = 4°C and H = 12%; T = 8°C and H = 8%; T = 8°C and H = 12%; and T = 22°C and H = 65%. The results of the morphological, chemical, and biochemical analyses showed that the highest germination rate; hypocotyl length; radicle length; lipid content; dietetic fiber content; caloric value; and Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe and Zn contents were detected in the Gloriosa and KW seeds stored for 8months at 4°C and 8% humidity. Analysis of the experimental data by statistical methods revealed that increasing the storage time had an individual significant negative influence only on the germination rate of both pea varieties and on the hypocotyl length and radicle length of the KW variety, while humidity and temperature variation had individual significant influences on the lipid content. The significant effects of humidity and temperature on the germination rate, hypocotyl length and root length of KW plants were also determined. For the remaining morphophysiological and chemical traits of pea seeds, the individual and combined effects of the factors were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the comparison of means using the Tukey test showed that storage conditions related to temperature and humidity generally used by farmers (T = 22°C × H = 65%) did not significantly affect the majority of the nutritional properties of the pea seeds. However, maintaining pea seeds under these conditions for a longer period of time significantly affects seed germination and vigor.

Superelastic behavior of novel Ni-Ti-Co shape memory alloys for seismic applications

Abstract Ni-Ti-Co is a new shape memory alloy (SMA) that has higher strength and lower superelastic temperature range than traditional binary Ni-Ti SMA. In this paper, the superelastic properties of Ni-Ti-Co bars that are important for seismic applications were studied and compared with those of Ni-Ti bars. The superelastic behavior, strength, strain recovery, low-cycle fatigue characteristics, and fracture strains of Ni-Ti-Co and Ni-Ti SMA with different heat treatment strategies and testing temperatures from -40℃ to 50℃ were investigated with seismic applications in mind. The effect of low-cycle fatigue loading and temperature variation on the superelasticity degradation of Ni-Ti-Co SMA were evaluated. The results showed that the yield strength of Ni-Ti-Co SMA at room temperature was 1.41 ~ 1.74 times that of the Ni-Ti SMA. Ni-Ti-Co SMA exhibited 100% strain recovery when unloaded from 5% strain in a temperature range from -40℃ to room temperature; while at 50℃, a residual strain of 0.6% was observed when unloaded from 5% strain. For comparison, the Ni-Ti SMA lost superelasticity when the temperature was reduced to 0℃. When subjected to low-cycle fatigue loading, the stability of the superelasticity behavior (maintaining yield stress, energy dissipation and strain recovery) of Ni-Ti-Co SMA at -40℃ was better than that at room temperature and 50℃. In particular, the superelasticity of Ni-Ti-Co SMA at -40℃ was even superior to that of the Ni-Ti SMA at 0℃. At -40℃, the Ni-Ti-Co SMA showed no loss in yield stress, damping ratio and recovery strain during the first 100 cycles of fatigue loading. Moreover, from 100th to 471st cycle, at which fracture occurred, the strain recovery of Ni-Ti-Co SMA showed almost no degradation.

Sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere Warming Trend to Snowpack Variability

Abstract A marked decrease in land surface snow cover within the Northern Hemisphere under global warming will warm the atmosphere near the land surface. However, minimal information exists regarding the contribution of snowpack variation to interannual surface air temperature variability. The current study investigates the effects caused by snow water equivalent (SWE) change on surface air temperature (SAT). To this end, an SWE pacemaker experiment of land–atmosphere coupling (AMIP-type) is undertaken for the period 1901–2010, during which the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, version 6 (MIROC6), atmospheric general circulation model’s SWE is continuously nudged toward SWE derived from an land-only (LMIP-type) experiment. Compared to a reference MIROC6 simulation without SWE nudging, the spatial correlation of 1980–2010 interannual SWE trends in our experiment with those in GlobSnow observation data increased by 0.31 over the Northern Hemisphere. Similarly, the linear correlation of interannual SAT with reanalysis data is greater by 0.04, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.07 for autumn, winter, spring, and summer over the region from the reference experiment, respectively. It is shown that due to this SWE nudging, the modeled interannual SAT change in the Northern Hemisphere becomes more accurate. Through a surface energy budget analysis, changes in SAT are attributed to changes in surface albedo, soil evaporation, and soil temperature. Areas of greater contribution of SWE variability to SAT variability appear to shift from south to north areas as snow melts. These results highlight surface albedo, snow hydrological, and land heat storage effects through which the SWE interannual trend on the land surface significantly controls atmospheric air temperature variability near the land surface. Significance Statement This study investigates the contribution of land snowpack to surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere using a climate model updated with observation-based estimates of snow water equivalent. A marked decrease in snowpack under global warming is expected to warm the atmosphere near the land surface. Variations in surface albedo, soil evaporation, and soil temperature through the snow–soil–atmosphere processes during the early snow-melting season are crucial for accurately simulating surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, terrestrial snowpack is a significant factor in global warming rates.

Nonuniform Temperature Compensation in Ultrasonic Guided Wave Pipeline Health Monitoring Using Local Phase Matching

Faced with a complex working environment, pipelines are prone to nonuniform temperature variations, which cause nonuniform phase changes in the guided wave signals during structural health monitoring, thereby increasing the difficulty of monitoring. To address this, a simulation model is established in this paper to analyze the effects of temperature on material parameters and the variation patterns of guided wave signals. A nonuniform temperature compensation method based on local phase matching is proposed. The algorithm first uses cosine similarity to find the locally best-matched signal segments between the monitoring signal and the baseline signal. Then, an indicator is introduced to quantify the differences between these best-matched signal segments, with the maximum difference considered to be the damage index. Three heating experiments on pipelines with nonuniform temperature fields ranging from 24 °C to 80 °C demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively overcome the resulting phase deviations while achieving high detection accuracy and a reduction false positives. Additionally, the method shows high resolution in detecting defects in both temperature-varying and non-temperature-varying regions.

Egg shape in an obligate brood parasite stabilizes temperature variation during incubation

Egg shape in an obligate brood parasite stabilizes temperature variation during incubation

Characterizing Long-term Astroclimate Parameters at the Muztagh-Ata Site in the Pamir Plateau with ERA5 and MERRA-2 Data

Abstract The Muztagh-Ata site, an excellent high-altitude ground-based astronomical observing site was discovered and monitored in the eastern part of the Pamir Plateau in the southwestern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. This site has been systematically monitored using various observational parameters since the spring of 2017. Yet, the site lacks long-term monitoring and statistical characterization of key variables such as: precipitable water vapour (PWV) and air temperature. These factors directly influence whether a site is suitable for hosting large ground-based telescopes across optical, infrared, submillimeter, and millimeter wavelengths in later stages. In this study, we utilized atmospheric reanalysis datasets from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) and ERA5, the fifth edition of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). These datasets were combined with local observations from the weather station at the Muztagh-Ata site. Following the validation of ground-based and satellite data, we conducted a comparative analysis of PWV and temperature trends at the Muztagh-Ata site over a period of 24 years. The weighted annual mean nighttime temperature and PWV increase at rates of 0.18 ∼ 0.38 ○C decade−1 and 0.02 ∼ 0.15 mm decade−1, respectively. The nighttime PWV slightly decrease during the winter with rates of −0.01 ∼ −0.03 mm decade−1. This findings reveal that the PWV and temperature variation patterns at the Muztagh-Ata site are consistently stable, particularly in the results derived from the ERA5 dataset. The comprehensive conditions at this site are highly suitable and advantageous for hosting large optical, infrared, submillimeter, and millimeter wavelengths telescope installations.

Projected increase in the frequency of extremely active Atlantic hurricane seasons.

Future changes to the year-to-year swings between active and inactive North Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) seasons have received little attention, yet may have great societal implications in areas prone to hurricane landfalls. This work investigates past and future changes in North Atlantic TC activity, focusing on interannual variability and evaluating the contributions from anthropogenic forcing. We show that interannual variability of Atlantic TC activity has already increased, evidenced by an increase in the occurrence of both extremely active and inactive TC seasons. TC-resolving general circulation models project a 36% increase in the variance of North Atlantic TC activity, measured by accumulated cyclone energy, by the middle of the 21st century. These changes are the result of increased variability in vertical wind shear and atmospheric stability, in response to enhanced Pacific-to-Atlantic interbasin sea surface temperature variations. Robust anthropogenic-forced intensification in the variability of Atlantic TC activity will continue in the future, with important implications for emergency planning and societal preparedness.

Contributions to Incorporation of Non-Recyclable Plastics in Bituminous Mixtures

Over the past 50 years, global plastic production has surged exponentially. Around 40% of this plastic is used for packaging, most of which is single-use, while 20% is used in construction. Despite the vast quantities produced, only about 6% of discarded plastics are properly recycled, 10% are incinerated, and the majority are disposed of without proper management. With low recycling rates and some plastics being non-recyclable or with limited recycling cycles, it is important to explore new ways of reusing this waste as secondary raw materials. This study explores the potential of incorporating non-recyclable plastic waste into bituminous mixtures. The objective is to develop a sustainable solution for surface courses with similar or better performance than traditional bituminous mixtures by incorporating plastic waste using the dry method. A bituminous mixture containing 10% non-recyclable plastic was formulated and tested for water sensitivity, wheel tracking, and stiffness modulus. Additionally, environmental and economic comparisons were performed with a standard surface mixture. Results showed increased water resistance, high resistance to permanent deformation, reduced stiffness, lower susceptibility to frequency and temperature variations, and greater flexibility. These findings suggest that adding plastic not only enhances mechanical properties but also reduces costs, offering a sustainable alternative for non-recyclable plastics in road construction.

Emerging and re-emerging viral exanthems among children: what a physician should know.

Viral exanthems can present with diverse morphologies of rash, including macular, maculopapular, papular, urticarial and vesicular, or sometimes a combination of these. There has been an increasing trend towards emerging and re-emerging viral exanthems in recent years, the cause of which is multifactorial, including changing environmental conditions and altered host-vector-agent interaction. The significant temperature variations brought on by climate change and ever-increasing international travel has modified the host-agent interactions, and many re-emerging viral illnesses are now presenting with atypical presentations, including an increased frequency of affliction across broader age groups and heightened manifestations often posing as 'great imitators' mimicking a myriad of other dermatoses. Although final diagnosis often relies on serological and molecular tests, certain cutaneous clues can help arrive at a probable clinical diagnosis and help the clinicians order specific and relevant investigations, especially in resource-poor settings where access to laboratory diagnostic tests is likely to be limited. In this review we explore the changing disease dynamics of common viral infections, especially in resource-poor settings, including coronavirus disease 2019, chikungunya, hand-foot-and-mouth disease and some newly emerging ones like mpox (previously referred to as monkeypox), and highlight recent developments in our understanding of the clinical variations seen in their presentations.

A new MPPT mechanism based on multi-verse optimization algorithm tuned FLC for photovoltaic systems.

Tracking the Maximum Power Point (MPP) in solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems is a difficult task under changing environmental weather conditions. Furthermore, the tracking method gets more complex under changing irradiance conditions because of the nonlinearity in power voltage characteristics. The Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique (MPPT) under changeable irradiance and temperature-varying conditions is presented in this study. Using a swarm algorithm known as Multi-Verse Optimization (MVO), this technique combines a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). In this work, the MVO algorithm is used to generate the optimized scaling factors of FLC to track the accurate MPP. A MATLAB/Simulink environment is used to model the PV system and the proposed MPPT method. The simulated system was assessed under uniform, abruptly changing, ramp with abruptly changing irradiance and temperature variation circumstances. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach is efficient in tracking the MPP and has a quick response time when compared to FLC-based MPPT and conventional P&O.

Assessing Drought Patterns in Al-Baha: Implications for Water Resources and Climate Adaptation

Due to growing water demands and changing hydro-meteorological variables brought on by climate change, drought is becoming an increasingly serious climate concern. The Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia is the subject of this study because it is susceptible to both agricultural and meteorological droughts. This study investigates how climate change affects patterns of drought in Al-Baha by analyzing four drought indices (Agricultural Standardized Precipitation Index (aSPI), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Rainfall Deficiency Index (RDI), and the Effective Reconnaissance Drought Index (eRDI)) for the years 1991–2022. Analysis of rainfall data was carried out to classify drought events according to their duration, frequency, and severity. Results showed that severe droughts occurred in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2022, with 2010 being the worst year. Results also indicated a notable decrease in precipitation, which has resulted in extended dry spells. Several indices indicate that this tendency has significant ramifications for agriculture, particularly in areas where farming is a major economic activity. In addition, the possible occurrence of hydrological drought was also observed based on the negative values for the Reservoir Storage Index (RSI) in Al-Baha. Projections for the future under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) showed notable variations in temperature and precipitation. Both the RCP4.5 (low emission) and the RCP8.5 (high emission) projection scenarios indicate that drought conditions will likely worsen further. Depending on the emission scenario, it is projected to show a temperature increase of 1–2 °C, whereas the variability in precipitation projections indicates significant uncertainty, with a reduction change in the range of 1.2–27% between 2050 and 2100. The findings highlight the urgent need for proactive adaptation strategies, effective water resource management, and the development of sophisticated drought prediction tools. Addressing these challenges is crucial for sustaining agriculture and managing water scarcity in Saudi Arabia in the face of increasing drought risk.

Wavelength Locking and Calibration of Fiber-Optic Ultrasonic Sensors Using Single-Sideband-Modulated Laser

Implementation of edge-filter detection for interrogating optical interferometric ultrasonic sensors is often hindered by the lack of cost-effective laser sources with agile wavelength tunability and good noise performance. The detected signal can also be affected by optical power variations and locking-point drift, negatively affecting the sensor accuracy. Here, we report the use of laser single-sideband generation with a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder interferometer (DP-MZI) for laser wavelength tuning and locking in edge-filter detection of fiber-optic ultrasonic sensors. We also demonstrate real-time in situ calibration of the sensor response to ultrasound-induced wavelength shift tuning. The DP-MZI is employed to generate a known wavelength modulation of the laser, whose response is used to gauge the sensor response to the ultrasound-induced wavelength shifts in real time and in situ. Experiments were performed on a fiber-optic ultrasonic sensor based on a high-finesse Fabry–Perot interferometer formed by two fiber Bragg gratings. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the laser locking against laser wavelength drift and temperature variations and the effectiveness of the calibration method against optical power variations and locking-point drift. These techniques can enhance the operational robustness and increase the measurement accuracy of optical ultrasonic sensors.

Enhanced energy storage performance inBaZrxTi1-xO3 lead-free ferroelectrics near phase transitions.

The present study explores the energy storage properties of BaZrxTi1-xO3 through phase-field modeling, focusing on the impact of composition and temperature on energy storage performance. The obtained results reveal a variety of polarization phases and configurations based on Zr compositions and temperatures. A detailed phase diagram for temperature-composition of BaZrxTi1-xO3 is established, closely aligning with experimental measurements. Variations in Zr content and temperature have a significant impact on the polarization-electric field response, influencing the energy storage properties. Calculations of energy storage properties are derived from the polarization-electric field response. In addition, a thorough diagram is developed to illustrate the discharge energy density of BaZrxTi1-xO3 as a function of temperature and composition. Notably, high discharge energy density is achievable near the Curie temperature, corresponding to the transition from ferroelectric to paraelectric phase. Furthermore, the present study emphasizes the importance of the disparity between maximum and remanent polarization, as well as the electric field-dependent effective permittivity, in determining the discharge energy density.&#xD.

Role of the Europe–China Pattern Teleconnection in the Interdecadal Autumn Dry–Wet Fluctuations in Central China

Based on statistical analyses of long-term reanalysis data, we have investigated the interdecadal variations of autumn precipitation in central China (APC-d) and the associated atmospheric teleconnection. It reveals that the increased autumn rainfall in central China during the last decade is a portion of the APC-d, which exhibits a high correlation coefficient of 0.7 with the interdecadal variations of the Europe–China pattern (EC-d pattern) teleconnection. The EC-d pattern teleconnection presents in a “+-+” structure over Eurasia, putting central China into the periphery of a quasi-barotropic anticyclonic high-pressure anomaly. Driven by positive vorticity advection and the inflow of warmer and moist air from the south, central China experiences enhanced ascending motion and abundant water vapor supply, resulting in increased rainfall. Further analysis suggests that the EC-d pattern originates from the exit of the North Atlantic jet and propagates eastward. It is captured by the Asian westerly jet stream and proceeds towards East Asia through the wave–mean flow interaction. The wave train acquires effective potential energy from the mean flow by the baroclinic energy conversion and simultaneously obtains kinetic energy from the basic westerly jet zones across the North Atlantic and the East Asian coasts. The interdecadal variation of the mid-latitude North Atlantic sea surface temperature (MAT-d) exhibits a significant negative relationship with EC-d, serving as a modulating factor for the EC-d pattern teleconnection. Experiments with CMIP6 models predict that the interdecadal variations in APC-d, EC-d, and MAT-d will maintain stable high correlations for the rest of the 21st century. These findings may contribute to forecasting the interdecadal autumn dry–wet conditions in central China.

Deciphering supramolecular arrangements, micellization patterns, and antimicrobial potential of bacterial rhamnolipids under extreme treatments of temperature and electrolyte

The micellization properties of rhamnolipids (RLs) in extreme electrolyte concentrations and temperatures have gained considerable attention due to their broad industrial applications. In this study, the aggregation behavior, specifically the micellization pattern (critical micelle concentration (CMC)) of RLs produced from a newly isolated thermophilic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a harsh environment of an oil field, was investigated by a spectrophotometric method at various temperatures (293–393 K) and electrolyte concentrations (NaCl: 2–20%). The result indicated that the CMC values (0.267–0.140 mM⋅dm−3) were both electrolyte- and temperature-dependent exhibiting a U-shaped trend as temperature and NaCl concentration increased. Variations in NaCl concentration and temperature also affected the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔGomic), enthalpy (ΔHomic), and entropy (ΔSomic) of micellization. The molecule also showed stability at a broad range of temperatures, pH, and NaCl concentrations. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the similarity in composition between the crude extract and the commercial RL with Rf values of 0.72 for mono-rhamnolipids and 0.28 for di-rhamnolipids. FTIR analysis confirmed the chemical nature particularly key aliphatic functional groups present in the fatty acid tail of RLs and the -COC- bond in the structure of the rhamnose moiety. Additionally, LC-ESI-QTOF analysis confirmed corresponding ionic fragments of mono- and di-rhamnolipids congeners. Furthermore, the antimicrobial potential was determined against different human pathogens in the absence and presence of NaCl by measuring zones of inhibition. The result revealed enhanced inhibitory effects against Gram-positive pathogens (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and L. monocytogene), with zones of inhibition of 26, 30, and 20 mm in the presence of NaCl. These findings underline the role of NaCl in the micellization of RL molecules and highlight their importance in environmental applications, pharmaceuticals, and various life science sectors.

Temperature stability analysis of the all-fiber current sensor with a loop structure

Abstract All-fiber optical current sensor (AFOCS) is a perfect product formed by the combination of fiber-optic sensing technology and the Faraday effect. It boasts significant advantages such as resistance to electromagnetic interference, a high measurement dynamic range and precision, low power consumption, low cost, and insulation. Additionally, it enables long-distance transmission, making it one of the main devices for current monitoring in smart grids. However, the birefringence within the sensing fiber is highly susceptible to changes in temperature, causing the polarization state of light to be extremely sensitive to temperature variations. This sensitivity significantly impacts the accuracy of current measurements. A novel loop structure AFOCS with a coupled fiber polarization rotator (FPR) is introduced in this paper. The operating principle of this structure is theoretically analyzed, and the Jones matrix is used to analyze the output light intensity signal and derive the error formula. After comparing the measurement accuracy of the basic AFOCS and the loop structure AFOCS, it is demonstrated that this novel structure can improve current sensitivity by enhancing the temperature robustness of the system. Additionally, the error generated by the FPR is controlled below 1%, meeting the requirements for stable system operation. Therefore, this novel structure effectively improves the accuracy of current measurement and exhibits strong temperature stability.

Climate change and plant pathogens: Understanding dynamics, risks and mitigation strategies

AbstractClimate change is reshaping the interactions between plants and pathogens, exerting profound effects on global agricultural systems. Elevated tropospheric ozone levels due to climate change hinder plant photosynthesis and increase vulnerability to biotic invasion. The prevailing atmospheric conditions, including temperature and humidity, profoundly influence fungal pathogenesis, as each stage of a pathogen's life cycle is intricately linked to temperature variations. Likewise, climate change alters bacterial behaviour, fostering increased production of extracellular polysaccharides by plant‐pathogenic bacteria in warmer temperatures. Heat‐adapted bacteria, such as Burkholderia glumea and Ralstonia solanacearum, are emerging as significant global threats as temperature rise. Viruses, too, respond dynamically to climate shifts, with certain species favouring warmer climates for replication, resulting in expanded geographical ranges and modified transmission patterns. Nematodes, formidable constraints in crop production, exhibit temperature‐dependent life cycles and would have potentially accelerated proliferation and distribution as global warming progresses. Molecular‐level changes in pathogenesis, induced by temperature fluctuations, influence various pathogens, thereby impacting their virulence and interactions with host plants. Modelling studies predict changes in disease risks and distributions under future climate scenarios, highlighting the necessity of integrating climate data into crop disease models for accurate forecasts. Mechanistic and observational models illustrate pathogen behaviours amidst changing environmental conditions, providing crucial insights into future disease dynamics. In addition, controlled experiments study disease responses under simulated climate scenarios, underscoring the urgency for comprehensive research to devise effective resistance strategies against severe plant diseases.

Uji Analisis Nikel Ore/Ni (Sampel Cek) Menggunakan Metode Press Pellet Berdasarkan Variasi Suhu Pengeringan, Waktu Pengeringan, dan Berat Sampel Timbangan Press

The purpose of the study was to determine the changes in nickel levels as a result of the analysis on the variation in temperature and drying time as well as the weight of press pellet scale samples from one of the same sample types. This research method is in the form of an experiment with a factorial research design from analysis parameters in the form of MC percentage and nickel ore content of Ni element. The results of the analysis showed that drying at 105°C and 125°C achieved a constant MC during a heating time of 5 to 6 hours. Meanwhile, at a temperature of 145-185 degrees Celsius with an interval of 2-6 hours, the MC level has experienced a constant weight of 44.44%. At the same temperature treatment, which is 105oC, different constant times are obtained. This is influenced by the difference in weight between the two samples, namely in the AP/5 and AP/6 range of 0.360 grams, while AP ORI weighs 1.8 kg. The results of the Epsilon 4 reading showed that the variation in drying temperature at 105°C to 185°C and drying time of 3-6 hours affected the nickel ore content in the range of 1.50% to 1.53%, close to the standard value of nickel 1.50%. The lower the temperature and drying time, the humidity level of the sample increases, causing the nickel ore content to decrease, while the higher the temperature and drying time increases the risk of nickel decomposition. The optimum temperature and drying time is 165°C for 2-4 hours. The press sample weight is between 8-14 grams resulting in a stable nickel content at 1.47%-1.50%, with an optimum weight of 10-14 grams for optimal sample thickness and density.