Temperature Regimes Research Articles

Consolidated Description of Explosion Limits and Ignition Delays: Hydrogen and C1-C7 N-Alkanes

ABSTRACT This study computationally investigates the auto-ignition delay times and explosion limits of H2/O2 and C1-C7 n-alkanes/O2 mixtures based on detailed chemical kinetics. Comprehensive ignition responses are consolidated through three-dimensional response surfaces of the ignition delay time as function of the system temperature and pressure, yielding the essential kinetic characteristics governing ignition. The intersection curves of the ignition surface with the cross-section perpendicular to the three coordinate axes are the characteristic response curves of the ignition delay time and explosion limit. Therefore, the ignition delay time and explosion limit are the changing characteristics of the three-dimensional ignition surface observed from different perspectives. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that while the significant variations of the reaction pathways among different fuels are the primary reason of the wide spreading of the explosion limits curves for the various fuels in the low-temperature regime, their chain branching reactions tend to be similar in the intermediate temperature regime such that the explosion limit curves of different fuels are closely coalesced. Furthermore, in the high-temperature regime, the chain branching reactions of alkanes are primarily governed by small radicals, such as CH3, while it is still dominated by the H+O2=OH+O for H2.

Изучение потребности сортов плодовых культур в температурном режиме прохождения фаз их развития (на примере сортов груши)

Abstract. The ontogeny of fruit crops and varieties is composed of individual morphological cycles, each of which has its own requirements of the temperature regime. One of the most important cycles in the formation of flower buds is the development of archesporial tissue in their anthers during winter-spring development, which, in turn, consists of several stages (phases I, II, III). They require a certain amount of active temperatures for their passage. Their deficiency (or excess) can lead to a suspension of ontogeny or even death of flower buds.This paper presents a scientific approach to determining the boundaries of active temperatures necessary for the passage of ontogenesis phases in the buds of pear varieties in the winter-spring and summer periods. Until now, the calculation of the sums of average temperatures received by plants is usually carried out above +5 ºС (active) and above +10 ºС (effective), which does not meet modern requirements for studying the production process and needs to be adjusted. Objective indicators of active temperature limits for pear varieties in specific phases of winter-spring and summer development have been determined. For the Williams variety, the optimal temperature for going through the “budbreak” phase (reduction division) is +6 °C. For varieties Leven, Kieffer – +5 °С. For the Lyubimitsa Klappa variety – +7 °C. It turned out to have the highest active temperature limit. Consequently, this variety has increased thermophilicity compared to the other three varieties studied.The work reveals the possibility of a more correct study of the needs of specific varieties in the amount of temperatures required to pass through each phase of ontogenesis. Its results are important for revealing the mechanism of interaction “genotype-temperature environmental conditions” when controlling the production process of fruit crops and their varieties in various growing environmental conditions in order to increase yield and for further breeding. Key words: variety, pear, temperature regime, production process

Differential spatio-temporal responses of Red Sea coral reef benthic communities to a mass bleaching event

Understanding how coral reefs respond to disturbances is fundamental to assessing their resistance and resilience, particularly in the context of climate change. Due to the escalating frequency and intensity of coral bleaching events, it is essential to evaluate spatio-temporal responses of coral reef communities to disentangle the mechanisms underlying ecological changes. Here, we used benthic data collected from 59 reefs in the Red Sea over five years (2014–2019), a period that encompasses the 2015/2016 mass bleaching event. Reefs were located within three different geographic regions with different environmental settings: north (Duba; Al Wajh), central (Jeddah; Thuwal), and south (Al Lith; Farasan Banks; Farasan Islands). Coral community responses were region-specific, with communities in the south being more promptly affected than those in the northern and central regions, with hard and soft coral cover dropping drastically in several reefs from around > 40% to < 5% two years after bleaching. Coral bleaching effects were particularly evident in the decrease of cover in branching corals. Overall, we documented a shift towards a dominance of macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae (CCA). Using remote sensing data, we analyzed sea surface temperature (SST) regimes at the study sites to infer potential drivers of changes in benthic composition. Both SST and Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) only partially aligned with the responses of benthic communities, highlighting the need for more accurate predictors of coral bleaching in the Red Sea. In times of intense coastal development along Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea coast, our study provides crucial baseline information on developments in coral reef community composition, as well as to guide decision-making, namely restoration efforts.

Temperature Effects on Seed Germination and Seedling Biochemical Profile of Cannabis Landraces

This study investigated the effect of temperature on the germination and seedling biochemical profiles of eight cannabis landraces, namely Ladysmith Ugwayi wesiZulu (L1) and Iswazi (L2), Durban Poison (H1), Bergville Ugwayi wesiZulu (B1), Natal (B2), and Iswazi (B3), and Msinga Ugwayi wesiZulu (M1) and Iswazi (M2). Seed viability, germination rate, and germination percentage were evaluated along with seedling amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) under day/night temperature regimes of 20/15 °C, 30/25 °C, and 40/35 °C. Results showed a significant effect (p &lt; 0.001) of temperature on germination percentage, rate, and biochemical profiles of cannabis landraces. Landraces L1, B1, H1, B2, and M1 had higher germination at 20/15 °C, while B3, M2, and L2 performed better at 30/25 °C. Biochemical profiles varied with temperature and landraces. Amino acid content increased with temperature but did not correlate with germination indexes. Carbohydrates and FAMEs decreased with rising temperature, peaking at 30/25 °C. FAMEs strongly correlated with germination indexes, linking lipid composition to seed performance. Sorbitol positively correlated with germination, while glucose and fructose showed indirect correlations. This study underscores the impact of temperature on germination and the biochemical profiles of cannabis landraces, highlighting the importance of considering genotype-specific responses in varietal selection.

Identifying climate‐smart tropical Key Biodiversity Areas for protection in response to widespread temperature novelty

AbstractKey Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) are a cornerstone of 21st‐century area‐based conservation targets. In tropical KBAs, biodiversity is potentially at high risk from climate change, because most species reside within or beneath the canopy, where small increases in temperature can lead to novel climate regimes. We quantify novelty in temperature regimes by modeling hourly temperatures below the forest canopy across tropical KBAs between 1990 and 2019. We find that up to 66% of KBAs with tropical forests have recently transitioned to novel temperature regimes. Nevertheless, 34% of KBAs are providing refuge from novelty, 58% of which are not protected. By conducting the first pan‐tropical analyses of changes in below‐canopy temperature conditions in KBAs, we identify KBAs that are acting as climate refugia and should be considered for expansion of the conservation network in response to the post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework target to conserve 30% of land area by 2030.

Raman Analysis of Polyvinyl Chloride Degraded under Different Temperature Conditions

In this work, the Raman spectroscopy method was used to study changes in the composition of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) during its degradation. Traditionally, such changes are analyzed optically due to the fact that during degradation, polyene sequences of different lengths are formed in the PVC structure, which change many properties of the material, including optical ones. The Raman spectroscopy method chosen in this work is characterized by high accuracy and speed of analysis, as well as the ability to diagnose the presence of polyenes in extremely low concentrations. Undegraded PVC films and films degraded in various temperature regimes are used as study samples. It is shown that the Raman spectra of the samples can be used to analyze both the length of the formed polyenes and their length distribution. It is found that the length distribution of polyenes depends on the conditions of thermal degradation of the samples.

Model Predictive Control and Service Life Monitoring for Molten Salt Solar Power Towers

A two-component system for control and monitoring of solar power towers with molten salt receivers is proposed. The control component consists of a model predictive control application (MPC) with a flexible objective function and on-line tunable weights, which runs on a Industrial PC and uses a reduced order dynamic model of the receiver’s thermal and flow dynamics. The second component consists of a service-life monitoring unit, which estimates the service-life consumption of the absorber tubes depending on the current mode of operation based on thermal stresses and creep fatigue in the high temperature regime. The calculation of stresses is done based on a detailed finite element study, in which a digital twin of the receiver was developed. By parallelising the model solver, the estimation of service-life consumption became capable of real-time operation. The system has been implemented at a test facility in Jülich, Germany, and awaits field experiments. In this paper, the modeling and architecture are presented along simulation results, which were validated on a hardware-in-the-loop test bench. The MPC showed good disturbance rejection while respecting process variable constraints during the simulation studies.

Germination of soybean seeds after low-temperature storage and its dependence on weather and climate conditions in the places of reproduction of accessions

Background. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a microbiotic whose seeds quickly lose germination in uncontrolled conditions at room temperatures. This determines the need to preserve accessions in special conditions. Low temperature storage (LTS) allows to maintain high seed germination ability, but not for all accessions. Therefore, it is relevant to assess the results of LTS at the VIR Genebank and to make an attempt to determine the best geographical conditions for growing plants and harvesting seeds that will be subjected to LTS. Materials and methods. The work was carried out on 312 soybean accessions from the VIR collection, originating from almost the entire area of soybean cultivation. The accessions used in the research were reproduced at three VIR experiment stations (ES), namely Adler ES, Kuban ES (Krasnodar Territory) and the Far East ES (Primorsky Territory). The seeds were harvested in 1999 to 2017 and stored in sealed foil laminated bags at –10°C from 2002 to 2021. The accessions were removed from LTS and germination assessed in 2022. Results. At the beginning of LTS, seed germination (Gi) ranged from 12 to 100% (averaging 79.1%), while that after LTS (Gr) ranged from 1 to 97% (57.8% on average). The retention of germination ability was expressed as the germination index (GI = Gr / Gi), which ranged from 0.02 to 1.73 (an average of 0.72). All the indicators of germination in the range of up to 20 years of LTS were not associated with the duration of LTS and with the number of years before LTS (0.5-4 years in our research). The climatic conditions characteristic of the place of reproduction had a significant impact on Gi and Gr, but not on GI. The average Gi of seeds obtained at the Adler ES and Kuban ES did not differ significantly (77.4% and 75.7%), while that of seeds harvested at the Far East ES was significantly higher (84.0%). Gr of the accessions from the Far East ES (64.3%) was also greater than that of accessions from the Kuban ES (52.2%) and Adler ES (57.2%). The excessively high sum of temperatures above 10°C (recorded in some years at all stations) reduced Gi, Gr but had little effect on GI. The highest values of Gi, Gr, and GI were demonstrated by the accessions maturing in 101-120 days. Additionally drying of the most late-ripening accessions (later than 140 days) in sheaves under an awning yielded seeds with high germination ability and good LTS tolerance. Conclusion. The seeds from different places of reproduction of accessions differed in germination before and after LTS, and, on an average, the highest values were demonstrated by the seeds harvested at the Far East ES, where the temperature regime is closer to the optimal one for soybeans. The seed germination index showed relative independence from the conditions of reproduction of accessions, including the climate and weather conditions, as well as the initial germination ability and LTS duration.

Hatch timing of largemouth bass: implications for recruitment at the Northern edge of their native range

Climate-related shifts in hatch timing could mean that age-0 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in north temperate lakes reach larger sizes and experience higher survival, which may contribute to increased prevalence of this species in many lakes. However, information on age-0 largemouth bass life history is lacking for these lakes. We estimated hatch dates, daily growth rates (DGR), and length-based probability of piscivory of age-0 largemouth bass in Wisconsin lakes to: (1) provide baseline data on early life history; (2) compare hatch timing between years with different spring temperature regimes, and (3) project how shifts in hatch timing might influence total length (TL) distributions of age-0 bass if mean DGR remained constant. Most age-0 largemouth bass (>90%) collected from ten Wisconsin lakes (N = 746) hatched between 23 May and 24 June during 2012 and 2013 and did not switch to piscivory during their first summer. Prevalence of positive correlations (16 of 24 lake-year pairings) between TL in and age indicates hatch timing may influence TLs attained by age-0 largemouth bass in August in some lake-years. Mean daily water temperatures in May 2012 were 3.1 °C warmer than in May 2013 for the five of the six lakes where hatch dates were estimated in both years. On average, earliest and median hatch dates for age-0 largemouth bass in these six lakes were 10–11 d earlier in 2012 than in 2013 and hatch duration was approximately 8 d longer in 2012. Despite differences in hatch timing, mean DGR was relatively consistent (range = 0.61–0.74 mm/d) between lakes and years. Simple simulations suggest that earlier hatch dates could result in more age-0 largemouth bass reaching TLs associated with piscivory and overwinter survival by the end of their first summer if growth rates did not change, which could translate to higher recruitment.

How do reactive aluminum and iron phases control soil organic carbon and phosphate adsorption capacity in agricultural topsoils across Japan?

ABSTRACT The growing number of studies suggests that the prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and persistence can be improved by accounting for variations in soil reactive metal phases. Nevertheless, the dataset on reactive metals is often limited at a national scale. In Japan, the phosphate adsorption coefficient (PAC) has been measured for agricultural soils nationwide. PAC is known to be strongly controlled by reactive metals, and hence, it can be used as a surrogate for reactive metal content. However, the relationships between SOC, reactive metals and PAC across a wide range of agricultural soils remain unclear. We thus examined these relationships using agricultural topsoils taken from 115 sites across Japan, covering two major soil great groups, Andosols and Lowland soils, as well as various land uses and soil temperature regimes (7.2–19.1°C). For the whole dataset, PAC was strongly correlated with oxalate-extractable metals (Alox + 0.5Feox: Metalox, r = 0.83) and moderately with pyrophosphate-extractable metals (Alp + 0.5Fep: Metalp, r = 0.68). These results suggest a stronger contribution of short-range-order (SRO) minerals to PAC as the former parameter reflects the content of both SRO minerals and organically complexed metals, while the latter reflects only that of organo-metal complexes. Moreover, Metalp was the best predictor of SOC contents in both Andosols (r = 0.79) and Lowland soils (r = 0.65). When only soils at near neutral soil pH range were considered, the exchangeable Ca content also co-varied with SOC in Lowland soils (n = 17). Of the two metallic elements, reactive Al phases better explained the variation of SOC and PAC in Andosols, whereas reactive Fe phases also showed similar explanatory power for PAC in Lowland soils. Our analyses also suggested that soil group (esp. erosion intensity) and land use likely impacted the SOC-Metalox relationship in Andosols, whereas environmental factors such as soil temperature and soil redox regime affected those relationships in Lowland soils. Overall, we showed that PAC is a useful surrogate for SRO minerals and organo-metal complexes and, with careful considerations of the environmental and pedogenic factors, it is potentially useful to estimate the amounts of SOC stabilized by reactive metal phases in agricultural soils across Japan.

АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОМІРОК LiFePO4 НА ПАРАМЕТРИ РОБОТИ АКУМУЛЯТОРНИХ ЗБІРОК

The article analyzes the influence of the individual characteristics of lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO4) cells on the overall efficiency, stability and duration of operation of battery assemblies. The influence of such parameters as internal resistance, polarization resistance and capacity on the operation of battery assemblies under different load regimes and changes in temperature conditions was studied. It was found that these parameters can vary significantly between cells within the same assembly, which leads to an imbalance during the operation of the battery system. Such an imbalance causes an uneven distribution of charge between the cells, which reduces the overall performance of the system, accelerates the degradation of the cells and shortens their service life. To overcome these problems, the use of active balancing methods based on Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) algorithms was proposed. The application of UKF allows for dynamic evaluation of the state of charge (SOC) of each cell and adjustment of system parameters in real time, which provides more accurate management of battery assemblies in conditions of variable external factors such as temperature and current loads. Special attention is paid to online identification of battery parameters, such as polarization resistance and capacity, which change over time due to cell aging. The conducted studies confirmed that constant monitoring of temperature regimes is critically important for maintaining stable operation of battery cells, preventing overheating and ensuring uniform load distribution. The performed simulation confirmed the effectiveness of the application of adaptive methods of balancing and temperature control, which allows to increase the reliability and overall performance of battery assemblies.

HYDROLOGICAL REGIME AND WATER RESOURCES OF RIVERS OF THE ZERAFSHAN BASIN UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

The work assessed the impact of climate change on the hydrological regime - long-term fluctuations, intra-annual distributions, maximum flow rates and, in general, on the water resources of the rivers of the Zeravshan basin. Calculations to assess changes in meteorological parameters were performed for two climatic periods. Some changes in the regime of air temperature and precipitation were revealed. Their influence on the hydrological regime of rivers is assessed. Particular attention is paid to the issues of quantitative assessment of water resources of the rivers of the studied basin.

Conditions for reproduction of juvenile salmon fish in Sakhalin fish hatcheries: oxygen, temperature regimes and sanitary state of factory water sources

Conditions for reproduction of juvenile salmon fish in Sakhalin fish hatcheries: oxygen, temperature regimes and sanitary state of factory water sources

XRD Studies on Metamorphic Changes of the Dissimilarly Graphitized Carbonaceous Materials

One of the unique yet functional properties of the carbonaceous materials is an irregular change in their internal heterogeneity and graphene layouts upon graphitizing themselves. The precise investigations of such type phase transitions inclusive of reshuffling/restructuring of the sporadically arranged graphene C–atoms, and thereby acquiring crystallite growths &amp; contractions, crystallinity, graphitization degree, extent of structural orders, dissimilar range pores &amp; porosity networks, etc., are indispensable for understanding the actual transformation aptitudes of the low temperature amorphous carbons into the crystalline semi-graphite and graphite like functional materials. In this report, the XRD spectroscopy is applied to the variably carbonized and graphitized carbon materials (activated carbons (AC1─AC3) &amp; carbon blacks (CB1─CB4)), and the progressive internal improvisations in their graphene layouts caused by the dissimilar metamorphic temperature regimes are sought out. For this, the XRD diffractograms linked descriptors (diffraction angles (\(2\theta\)), intergraphene layer gap (d), &amp; crystallite sizes (Lc)), and the correlations between many descriptive subordinates (% crystallinity (%C), graphitization degree (%DOG), metamorphic temperature (Tmet), BET surface area (SBET), and specific capacitance (CSP)) are taken into account. The former set speculates the existence of lower amorphicity and higher graphitic homogeneity in CBs than in the ACs, and elucidates their contrasting inbound graphene configurations. And, the latter set quantifies the extent to which the founding graphitic units of them undergo significant improvements owing to acquire better functional domains. The applicative propensities for them are forecasted as CB4 (C = 1.3%, DOG = 98%, Tmet = 595⁰C, SBET = 5348 m2/g, CSP = 600 F/g) &gt; CB3 (C = 5.1%, DOG = 96%, Tmet = 588⁰C, SBET = 3735 m2/g, CSP = 419 F/g) &gt; CB2 (C = 5.8%, DOG = 93%, Tmet = 576⁰C, SBET =1508 m2/g, CSP = 169 F/g) &gt; CB1 (C = 19.7%, DOG = 64%, Tmet = 486⁰C, SBET = 1186 m2/g, CSP = 133 F/g). The author believes these datasets as quite useful while specifying their compressibility &amp; reinforcement, binding &amp; lubricity, catalysts &amp; catalysis, electrochemical &amp; electro-adsorption, etc., and can be referred time to time while identifying distinctive functionalities of one over the others.

Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Metabolism Varies with Growth Temperatures among Tea Genotypes with Different Leaf Colors in Camellia sinensis

The phenotype of albino tea plants (ATPs) is significantly influenced by temperature regimes and light conditions, which alter certain components of the tea leaves leading to corresponding phenotypic changes. However, the regulatory mechanism of temperature-dependent changes in photosynthetic pigment contents and the resultant leaf colors remain unclear. Here, we examined the chloroplast microstructure, shoot phenotype, photosynthetic pigment content, and the expression of pigment synthesis-related genes in three tea genotypes with different leaf colors under different temperature conditions. The electron microscopy results revealed that all varieties experienced the most severe chloroplast damage at 15 °C, particularly in albino cultivar Baiye 1 (BY), where chloroplast basal lamellae were loosely arranged, and some chloroplasts were even empty. In contrast, the chloroplast basal lamellae at 35 °C and 25 °C were neatly arranged and well-developed, outperforming those observed at 20 °C and 15 °C. Chlorophyll and carotenoid measurements revealed a significant reduction in chlorophyll content under low temperature treatment, peaking at ambient temperature followed by high temperatures. Interestingly, BY showed remarkable tolerance to high temperatures, maintaining relatively high chlorophyll content, indicating its sensitivity primarily to low temperatures. Furthermore, the trends in gene expression related to chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism were largely consistent with the pigment content. Correlation analysis identified key genes responsible for temperature-induced changes in these pigments, suggesting that changes in their expression likely contribute to temperature-dependent leaf color variations.

Superconductor to metal quantum phase transition with magnetic field in Josephson coupled lead islands on Graphene

Abstract Superconductor-to-metal transition with magnetic field and gate-voltage is studied in a Josephson junction array comprising of randomly distributed lead islands on exfoliated single-layer graphene. The superconductivity onset temperature at low magnetic-fields is fitted to the Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg theory to model the temperature dependence of the upper critical field. The magnetoresistance in the intermediate temperature and field regime is described using thermally activated flux flow dictated by field dependent activation barrier. The barrier also depends on the gate voltage which dictates the inter-island Josephson coupling and disorder. The magnetoresistance near the upper critical field at low temperatures shows signatures of a gate dependent continuous quantum phase transition between superconductor and metal. The finite size scaling analysis shows that this transition belongs to the $(2+1)$D-XY universality class without disorder.&amp;#xD;

Temperature regimes of evaporator pipes at partial loading of power units

Temperature regimes of evaporator pipes at partial loading of power units

A high-resolution spectroscopic technique for the analysis of the external quantum efficiency of a multimode semiconductor laser

The high-resolution emission spectra of a GaN-based semiconductor laser were utilized to investigate the external differential quantum efficiency variation with temperature and stability over an extended period of continuous operation time. Moreover, the dynamics and evolution of the optical gain and longitudinal modes emitted both below and above threshold current were also reported. Upon studying the L-I curves over the full range of operating current and temperature, three distinct temperature regimes of the quantum efficiency were identified, with the regime of the temperature range 285–301 K yielding the highest stability. The thermal stability of the laser was also assessed by monitoring the variation of threshold current with temperature.

The effect of experimental warming on reproductive performance and parental care in the burying beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis.

Rising temperatures can adversely affect parental care and reproductive performance across a range of taxa. However, the warming impact is contingent upon understanding how temperature affects the spectrum of parental behaviours and their interplay. Here, we assessed how temperature affects parental care and reproductive success in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus nepalensis, which exhibits complex parental care behaviours. We exposed breeding pairs of N. nepalensis, to three temperature regimes (18°C, 20°C and 22°C) and assessed changes in parental care, and the subsequent development and growth of their offspring. Our findings show that 22°C disrupts carcass nest building by the parents and results in smaller clutches. Moreover, no eggs successfully hatched in the 22°C treatment. A milder increase to 20°C did not affect the hatching rate but resulted in smaller broods and lighter offspring, even when considering brood size, suggesting a change in post-hatching care quality. Our research suggests that warming may weakly affect parental care but has strong detrimental effects on offspring performance. These findings highlight the necessity of investigating the effect of ambient temperature across a diversity of traits and behaviours and across a range of life-history stages to fully assess species vulnerability in the face of future climate change.

Effects of salinity and temperature on growth performance, biochemical composition, and biosilification process of Cyclotella cryptica

Microalgae are valuable resources for producing high-value compounds, but large-scale cultivation in open raceway ponds (ORPs) faces challenges due to salinity and temperature fluctuations, which affect biomass yield and quality. Developing strains with high productivity and stable quality across varying salinity and temperature levels offers a promising approach to overcoming these challenges. Cyclotella cryptica, a marine diatom species, is known for its robustness under diverse salinity conditions, but its biochemical composition and frustule morphology in respond to salinity remains largely unknown. Moreover, the responses of C. cryptica to temperature fluctuations are largely unexplored, posing a barrier to its industrial application in ORPs. In this study, C. cryptica was cultivated under six salinity levels (19–34 ‰ at 3 ‰ intervals) and five temperature regimes (17–33 °C at 4 °C intervals) to investigate the effects of these environmental factors on growth performance, macronutrient composition, fatty acid (FA) profile, and carotenoid content. Additionally, we examined the biosilica content, frustule morphology, and the transcriptional levels of five frustule biogenesis related genes (CcSin1, CcSin2, and CcSAP1–3) to assess the impact of salinity and temperature on the biosilification process. Our findings revealed that salinity exerts minimal effects on growth, macronutrient composition, FA profile, and carotenoid content, whereas it induces significant variations in frustule morphology and biosilica deposition. In contrast, temperature markedly influences all evaluated parameters. These insights into the adaptive mechanisms of C. cryptica to salinity and temperature variations are crucial for optimizing the scale-up cultivation strategy of this species in ORPs.