Temperature Parameters Research Articles

Sea surface temperature and current-related parameters affecting local adaptation of scalloped spiny lobster population in Indonesia’s archipelagic system

The Scalloped Spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus, Linnaeus 1758) known as one of the commercially harvested Panilurid lobster. This species was distributed widely across continents. Indonesia, as one of the largest archipelagic systems in the world, was also distribution area of the Scalloped Spiny lobster. These facts have led to questions regarding spiny lobster harvest and culture management by considering population differentiation and habitat fragmentation on complex and distinct archipelagic islands. Our investigation was conducted using high-density SNPs datasets from several spiny lobsters harvested from five locations in Indonesia. We found strong differentiation among spiny lobster populations clustered into 3 sub-populations. Environment association analysis and Fst analysis revealed outlier loci significantly associated with Sea Surface Temperature variation and potentially correlated with Sea Current-related parameters. The evidence of a structured population of scalloped spiny lobsters in Indonesia can serve as a consideration in the management of spiny lobsters.

Wind-mediated Dispersal of Beet Leafhoppers and Pine Pollen in Southern Idaho

The management of beet leafhoppers (BLHs) is important for disease control since BLHs can vector important plant pathogens such as curly top viruses and phytoplasmas in southern Idaho. Historical data for southern Idaho suggests that BLH need approximately 130 growing degree days (GDDs; 12.8°C base) to initiate dispersal and around 382 GDDs until they reach peak dispersal. A recent study in southern Idaho identified large peak dispersal events of BLHs on May 19, 2020 and June 2, 2021 in Elmore Co. near Mt. Home, ID. Historically, BLH have been thought to originate from local areas. However, based on GDDs and dispersal numbers under optimal conditions for Mt. Home, the BLHs likely did not originate from local areas. Data for wind and pine pollen dispersal combined with GDDs for areas known to contain BLH suggest that the BLH could have originated outside the local area and possibly up to 142 to 515 km away. At least five conditions appear to be necessary for observation of BLH dispersal into southern Idaho: a wind event must occur (35 km/h avg. hourly wind speed), dispersal temperature threshold (16 to 18°C) must be met, >130 GDDs must be accumulated to initiate dispersal, daily peak temperatures should reach 24°C, and attractive BLH vegetation such as Russian thistle must be present. Combining wind event forecasts with temperature parameters in the future may make it possible to provide targeted timely insecticide sprays for BLH control.

Development of L‐Aspartic Acid Decorated Core/Shell Silica Particles for Adsorption of Hyaluronic Acid

AbstractIn this study, core/shell‐structured mesoporous hybrid silica gel particles were synthesized for the selective adsorption of hyaluronic acid. A non‐ionic amphiphilic polymer core consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol) blocks were coated with SiO2 using the Stöber method in the presence of non‐ionic and cationic surfactants to obtain mesoporous core‐shell silica particles. The surface of silica particles was functionalized through modification of L‐aspartic acid to improve their affinity against the targeted analyte, hyaluronic acid. Physico‐chemical methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, zeta‐size measurements, and transmission‐ and scanning‐electron microscopies were utilized to evaluate the properties of core‐silica particles. The surface functionalized core/shell particles have an average size of 254.7 (±33.1) nm as confirmed by TEM analysis. The hyaluronic acid adsorption performance of the modified core‐shell silica particles was optimized through varying pH, concentration, temperature, and contact time parameters. Thermodynamic parameters were estimated by applying adsorption isotherm and kinetics models to assess the favorability of the adsorption process. The models revealed that the hyaluronic acid adsorption processes follow monolayer adsorption (Langmuir model) and chemisorption (pseudo‐second‐order kinetics) processes.

Measurement of Temperature using Advanced Computing Device

The temperature parameter plays a vital role in various fields. The human body also has some amount of temperature in a specific range. In medical treatment, temperature should be maintained in the human body according to the age group. The present research article has tried to monitor the temperature of the baby incubator for better treatment of newborn babies than the old treatment. For such a study, we deployed the PSoC62 microcontroller. The results have been displayed with the help of a UART or TFT display. The displayed data is compared to an analog thermometer and a digital voltmeter. The LM35`s output is 10 mV/°C, as shown in the digital voltmeter. The water is used for the same experiment in the lab. The temperature of water is measured during heating and cooling. The measured temperature is between 81°C to 27°C. All the measured temperatures are shown in Table 1. The result of this study is that the temperature of the analog thermometer and the kit reading are the same.

Relationship between Circadian System Status, Child-Pugh Score, and Clinical Outcome in Cirrhotic Patients on Waiting Lists for Liver Transplantation.

Background/Objectives: Many patients suffering from liver cirrhosis are eventually added to waiting lists for liver transplantation whose priority is established based on scales such as the Child-Pugh score. However, two marker rhythms of the circadian system, motor activity and distal temperature, are not evaluated. Methods: To determine the relationship between the functional status of the circadian system and the Child-Pugh scale in patients awaiting liver transplantation, distal temperature, motor activity, and light exposure rhythms were monitored for a full week using a wrist device (Kronowise 6.0) in 63 patients (17 women, 46 men) aged between 20 and 76 years. Results: Circadian parameters (amplitude, regularity, and fragmentation) of motor activity rhythms, distal temperature, and light exposure worsen in close association with liver disease severity as assessed by using the Child-Pugh score. Likewise, the worsening of rhythmic parameters and liver disease is associated with a deterioration in the markers of the red series: count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Conclusions: These results indicate the utility of ambulatory monitoring of marker rhythms to complement the clinical information provided by the Child-Pugh scale and to help establish nutrition, physical exercise, and sleep guidelines that promote better survival and quality of life in these patients.

Comparison of Relationships Between the Number of Deaths Due to the 10 Leading Causes and Air Temperature in Hokkaido and Okinawa, Japan.

Background Some literature reports an association between air temperature and mortality in certain diseases. However, the relationships between air temperature parameters and all causes of death have not been thoroughly explored in Japan. Objective This study examined the relationships between the number of deaths from the 10 leading causes and air temperature parameters in Hokkaido (the northernmost region) and Okinawa (the southernmost region) prefectures in Japan. Methods We collected monthly data on the number of deaths from the 10 leading causes and air temperature parameters in Hokkaido and Okinawa prefectures from January 2008 to December 2022 using information from official sources. Annual population data for each prefecture were also obtained. The relationships between the number of deaths and air temperature parameters were assessed through an ecological study. Results The mean air temperature was 9.59 ± 9.23 °C in Hokkaido and 23.46 ± 4.37 °C in Okinawa, with all temperature parameters significantly lower in Hokkaido than in Okinawa. The number of deaths from the 10 leading causes, excluding aspiration pneumonia, was significantly higher in Hokkaido for both sexes compared to Okinawa. In Hokkaido, deaths due to heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia, accidents, and renal failure showed a significant correlation with all air temperature parameters for both sexes. In Okinawa, heart disease and cerebrovascular disease deaths were correlated with all air temperature parameters for both sexes. Conclusions The relationships between the number of deaths from the 10 leading causes and air temperature parameters differed between Hokkaido and Okinawa prefectures in Japan.

Simplified oxygen-limited thermal treatment without tube furnace and inert gas

The article introduces a cost-effective and user-friendly alternative to traditional pyrolysis techniques, obviating the necessity for intricate tube furnaces and inert gas environments. This novel approach employs materials capable of reacting with and sequestering oxygen to establish an oxygen-depleted atmosphere. The experimental setup entails positioning a crucible containing the sample inside a ceramic pot, enveloped by varying sizes of wood coal particles, and subsequently subjecting the ceramic pot to furnace conditions. Utilizing this oxygen-limited strategy, a biochar sample, derived via hydrothermal processing, underwent carbonization at 650°C for 6.5 hours, with outcomes compared against ambient condition carbonization under identical temperature and duration parameters. Gravimetric analysis revealed that wood coal effectively curtails oxygen availability, augmenting biochar yield from 1.53 % to 19.50 %. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicates diminished oxygen functional groups, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) affirmed a denser, compact carbon structure in biochar produced under oxygen-restricted conditions versus ambient conditions. The carbon content percentage in biochar samples treated at 650°C for 6.5 hours under both conditions was assessed via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data. The emergence of a novel carbon nanomaterial, derived from biomass waste through our oxygen-limiting method, may exhibits applications in energy storage and water purification. Our approach offers simplicity, cost-efficiency, and straightforward implementation while upholding the integrity of pyrolysis/thermal treatment within inert conditions, ensuring the robustness of the procedure.

Influence of engine oil-infused multi-walled carbon nanotubes and titania nanoparticles on a vertically inclined porous surface

This study analyses the flow of a hybrid nanofluid, combining engine oil with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and titania nanoparticles. The flow occurs over a vertically inclined, electrically conducting, heat-producing/absorbing surface that is both permeable and expanding/contracting. The analysis incorporates influential factors such as buoyancy forces, heat source/sink effects, and convective conditions with Cattaneo-Christov theory and Hamilton-Crosser model. The mathematical model is numerically solved using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. The expansion/contraction of the surface significantly impacts the boundary layer thickness, leading to changes in velocity, temperature, and various physical parameters. This study is significant due to the nanoparticles’ enhanced optical and mechanical properties, offering potential applications in diverse fields. A notable finding is the reduced fluid velocity and temperature within a porous medium with permeability. These findings present opportunities for enhancing heat and fluid transmission in various systems, including those related to energy storage.

Effects of traditional and dry bed baths on patients admitted in intensive units: A randomized crossover clinical trial.

The bed bath is an important part of nursing care. There are few studies evaluating the effects of traditional and dry bed baths on patients. This study was performed with the aim of investigating the effect of traditional and dry bed baths given to intensive care unit patients on the patients' hemodynamic parameters, the duration of the bathing procedure and the cost of consumable items. This was a randomized crossover clinical trial and a prospective study. The study was conducted in a General Surgery Intensive Care Unit with 22 intensive care patients aged 18 and over, who had a nursing diagnosis of bathing personal care deficiency. Each patient was given two types of bed baths at an interval of 24 h: a traditional bed bath and a dry bed bath performed with single-use tissues. Immediately before each bath, in the 5th, 10th and 15th minute of bathing, immediately after bathing and 30 min after bathing, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and peripheral oxygen saturation measurement changes over time were compared within the group using the Friedman test. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare the variables of bathing duration and bathing consumable item costs between the bathing procedures. It was found that at the completion of traditional and dry bed bathing, the participants' body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate parameters were statistically significantly lower than before bathing, whereas peripheral oxygen saturation values showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). It was found that the dry bed bath took a statistically significantly shorter time than the traditional bed bath and that the cost of consumable bathing materials was less (p < 0.05). It was concluded that traditional and dry bed baths given to intensive care patients affected their hemodynamic parameters and that the dry bed bath was superior to the traditional bed bath in that it took less time and that it cost less.

Revolutionizing Agriculture: Innovative Techniques, Applications, and Future Prospects in Precision Farming

Precision agriculture (PA) represents a transformative approach to farming, employing advanced technologies to enhance productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. This review article provides an in depth analysis of the latest innovations in PA techniques, their diverse applications, and future directions. Precision agriculture is revolutionizing the agricultural landscape by integrating sophisticated tools such as GPS, remote sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics. These technologies enable farmers to monitor and manage variability in crop production meticulously, optimize the use of inputs, and enhance overall farm management practices. The key innovations in PA include the development and application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS), which facilitate accurate mapping and variable rate technology (VRT) for site specific input management. Remote sensing technologies, encompassing both satellite imagery and UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), provide critical insights into crop health, soil conditions, and weather patterns, allowing for proactive and informed decision making. The integration of IoT in agriculture involves deploying sensors and connected devices to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and other environmental parameters in real time. This integration supports precision irrigation, climate monitoring, and efficient resource utilization. Big data analytics further enhances PA by processing vast amounts of data to generate actionable insights, enabling predictive analytics and decision support systems (DSS) that aid in optimizing farming operations. The article explores the applications of these advanced techniques in crop management, resource use optimization, and environmental stewardship. Examples include variable rate application of fertilizers, precision irrigation systems, and automated machinery such as drones and robotic harvesters. These innovations lead to significant improvements in crop yields, resource efficiency, and sustainability. Moreover, the review addresses the challenges associated with the adoption and implementation of PA technologies. These challenges include data management complexities, high initial costs, limited accessibility, and the need for technical expertise. The article discusses potential solutions such as cloud computing, machine learning algorithms, government subsidies, collaborative models, and comprehensive training programs to mitigate these barriers, the review highlights the integration of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and enhanced connectivity through 5G networks as pivotal developments that will further revolutionize precision agriculture. AI and machine learning will enhance predictive modeling and automated decision making, while blockchain will ensure transparency and traceability in supply chains. Enhanced connectivity will facilitate real time monitoring and collaborative platforms, driving efficiency and innovation in farming practices.

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We explore the supercritical phase of the vertex-reinforced jump process (VRJP) and the H2|2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb {H}^{2|2}$$\\end{document}-model on rooted regular trees. The VRJP is a random walk, which is more likely to jump to vertices on which it has previously spent a lot of time. The H2|2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb {H}^{2|2}$$\\end{document}-model is a supersymmetric lattice spin model, originally introduced as a toy model for the Anderson transition. On infinite rooted regular trees, the VRJP undergoes a recurrence/transience transition controlled by an inverse temperature parameter β>0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta > 0$$\\end{document}. Approaching the critical point from the transient regime, β↘βc\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta \\searrow \\beta _{\ extrm{c}}$$\\end{document}, we show that the expected total time spent at the starting vertex diverges as ∼exp(c/β-βc)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim \\exp (c/\\sqrt{\\beta - \\beta _{\ extrm{c}}})$$\\end{document}. Moreover, on large finite trees we show that the VRJP exhibits an additional intermediate regime for parameter values βc<β<βcerg\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta _{\ extrm{c}}< \\beta < \\beta _{\ extrm{c}}^{\ extrm{erg}}$$\\end{document}. In this regime, despite being transient in infinite volume, the VRJP on finite trees spends an unusually long time at the starting vertex with high probability. We provide analogous results for correlation functions of the H2|2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb {H}^{2|2}$$\\end{document}-model. Our proofs rely on the application of branching random walk methods to a horospherical marginal of the H2|2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb {H}^{2|2}$$\\end{document}-model.

Thermovisiographic Study of Epicutaneous Testing with Dental Haptens in Different Concentrations

Dental haptens are used to study sensitization to their respective dental materials. The concentration of haptens is important for the diagnostic process, as different concentrations lead to different severity of skin reactions. The aim of the study was to examine the dermal reactivity to 15 dental haptens in two different concentrations after the Patch test, by thermal imaging and calculating the temperature parameters of the respective reactions. The present study included 15 haptens from five different categories of dental materials, each with two different concentrations, with the objective to examine the results ensuring the Patch test. Thirty-three patients were included in the study. A total of 990 skin reactions were observed. They were subject to standard and thermal imaging evaluation. Approximately 5% of reactions were positive. The thermovisiographic indicator `dT' confirms the results of the standard readings, as its values vary from 0 to 0.8 ⁰C in the case of positive reactions. The study observed no significant differences in the results based on gender, both in the standard and in the thermal imaging examination. The study also confirms that it is necessary to apply certain concentrations of each hapten depending on its nature.

Mathematical modeling of the flat ingot casting process or solving automation problems

Aluminum alloys are widely used in the production of aircraft due to their strength, lightness, corrosion resistance, and necessary electrical conductivity. At the same time, aluminum ingots used in further processing of the space industry must be of high quality. Technological problems and defects arise when temperature, speed, and other technological parameters of casting are not observed, or when modes change. At the same time, foundry processes are partially automated; the human factor significantly affects product quality and work safety. Therefore, automation of these complex processes using mathematical models to predict casting parameters is an urgent task. The goal of the work is to create mathematical models available for use in automated process control systems (APCS), as well as for the development of a digital twin. The work presents simplified formulas for modeling the temperature distribution of an aluminum ingot during the casting process, cooling the metal when moving along a metal path, and test calculations of the temperature distribution inside the ingot when the ingot reaches a fixed length. The results of this work can be used to improve the efficiency and accuracy of controlling the process of casting aluminum ingots, to eliminate emergency situations.

Calcium carbonate crystallization process analysis on a heat transfer surface

This paper explores the growth process of calcium carbonate crystallization fouling on a heat surface using finite element methods to solve physical equations such as momentum, energy, and concentration diffusion, incorporating the impact of bulk crystallization on the concentration of scaling ions. The simulation uses deformation geometry, moving grids, and automatic re-meshing methods to study the dynamic growth of fouling layers and the spatiotemporal changes in fluid velocity, temperature, and concentration field-related parameters caused by it. Results indicate that the deposition interface temperature increases along the flow direction under constant heat flux conditions, leading to an increase in deposition rate. When the interface temperature exceeds 340 K, the fouling deposition rate becomes highly sensitive to temperature changes. The fouling thickness also increases along the flow direction, causing the heat transfer surface near the outlet to face a more severe heat transfer deterioration caused by scaling. Under constant temperature conditions, the deposition rate increases rapidly near the inlet and varies less along the flow direction. When the wall temperature remains constant, scaling is more likely to occur at the fluid inlet as the fluid temperature increases. This model also examines the effects of changes in the porosity of the fouling layer and ion interactions in composite salt solutions on the growth characteristics of the fouling layer.

Influence of temperature dependent short-term storage on thermal runaway characteristics in lithium-ion batteries

In practical applications, lithium-ion batteries inevitably encounter short-term exposure to high or low temperatures due to geographical climate variations and specific usage scenarios. This study explored the impact of short-term storage at temperatures ranging from −40 to 60 °C on the thermal stability of batteries. Combustion behavior, onset time (tTR) and onset temperature (TTR) of thermal runaway (TR), flame heat flux and mass loss were measured. It demonstrates that following short-term high/low temperature storage, the amount of gas in the exhaust phase increased significantly, and the intensity of the flame jet was enhanced. The experimental results showed that the tTR and TTR initially increased and then decreased with the storage temperature decreased from 20 °C to −40 °C. High temperature storage led to earlier TR and lower TTR. Interestingly, storage at 0 °C caused a delay in the occurrence of TR. Furthermore, an analysis of the heat transfer process, spanning from the safety valve opening to the onset of TR, was performed by leveraging the characteristic time and temperature parameters observed during the TR process. The findings of this research contribute to enhancing the safety and reliability of battery applications, particularly in scenarios involving temperature variations and potential thermal risks.

Spatiotemporal geographically weighted regression analysis for runoff variations in the Weihe River Basin

In order to investigate the effects of vegetation changes on runoff and to obtain recommendations for improving runoff in the Weihe River Basin (. In this study, a spatiotemporal geographic autocorrelation weighted regression analysis (SGAWRA) approach was newly developed based on previous studies. This approach investigates spatial non-stationarity of the dynamic response from vegetation variations to climatic change and human activity. Implications of spatial non-stationarity related to runoff variability were also discussed, which in turn yield the effect that vegetation changes have on runoff. The method systematically analysed the spatial non-stationarity of vegetation variations and its associated effects on runoff. Therefore, more closely related results with less error were produced at each step, and results with more accuracy were obtained. These results indicated that the average trend rates of NDVI in the annual average, each season, and the growing season (Growing season refers to April to September) exceeded 0. Areas where NDVI show a growing trend cover more than 50%, which is greater than the area with a decreasing trend. The GWR regression parameters of precipitation, average temperature, and NDVI are all greater than 0. The GWR regression parameters of human activities and NDVI also have more than 50% of the area greater than 0. Based on the visual analysis of the calculation results, it can be seen that there are obvious spatial trends in the data, and the spatial data are significantly different between different regions. Therefore, WRB can be regarded as spatio-temporally non-stationary. In the WRB, the underlying surface change with vegetation change as the prominent feature is the leading cause (about 60%) of the runoff attenuation. The results showed that WRB has spatial and temporal non-stationarity. The spatial non-stationarity of vegetation has a greater effect on runoff changes. The results of this study support recommendations for improving runoff in the WRB.

Thermal performance of MHD quadratic convection of nano fluid flow in a square cavity filled with a porous medium with radiation and heat generation effects

The dynamics of enclosure flows are crucial for temperature management in fuel cell systems. Effective temperature control is essential for maintaining optimal operating conditions, thereby enhancing the efficiency and longevity of fuel cells. By refining coolant flow pathways, simulations play a pivotal role in efficiently dissipating the heat generated during electricity production. This study aims to explore the numerical simulation of buoyancy-driven magnetized nanofluid flows within a square enclosure saturated with a porous medium. The goal is to understand how various factors, such as magnetic fields, nanoparticle suspension, thermal radiation, porosity, and internal heat generation/absorption, collectively impact fluid dynamics and thermal distribution. The study employs the finite difference-based Marker-and-Cell (MAC) method, validated against previous studies, to accurately simulate buoyancy-driven flow phenomena. The transverse uniform magnetic field, Nield conditions, and heat generation are considered, with the nanofluid characterized by Buongiorno’s model. The MAC solver is used to solve the dimensionless conservative equations of thermal transport, mass, and momentum transport, ensuring appropriate wall conditions. The impact of magnetic number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 30), heat generation (−2 ≤ Q ≤ 2), Darcy parameter (10−4 ≤Da ≤10−1), Rayleigh number (104 ≤Ra ≤ 106), Thermal radiation (0 ≤ Rd ≤ 7) and Non-linear temperature parameter (0 ≤λ ≤3) on the fluid flow and thermal transport have been examined. The study comprehensively analyses the interplay of the magnetic field, nanoparticle suspension, thermal radiation, porosity parameter, and internal heat generation/absorption. It concludes that these factors significantly influence fluid dynamics and thermal distribution within the enclosure, providing valuable insights for optimizing temperature management in fuel cell systems.

Integrated circular economic approach of solid waste management and resource recovery: Poultry feather-based keratin extraction and its application in leather processing

The tanning industry faces considerable environmental challenges due to effluent load and hazardous chemical generation during processes like tanning and retanning. Therefore, this research work addresses these issues focusing on the pilot scale extraction and application of poultry feather-based keratin hydrolysate (KH) in leather manufacturing. Through pilot-scale experiments, optimal parameters for NaOH concentration, reaction temperature, and time were used to extract KH effectively. The study explored KH's potential application in chrome tanning and retanning stages as a chrome exhaust aid and keratin filler, respectively. During basification, KH was introduced to enhance chromium uptake by creating additional sites through the provision of crosslinking with collagen (modifying collagen) for better interaction and formation of complex with chromium, which not only streamlined the process by reducing the need for additional chemicals but also improved the thermal stability of the resulting leather product and enhance, the quality of leather. The shrinkage temperature of experimental wet blue leather was recorded to be above 107oC compared to the control wet blue leather which start to shrink at 104oc. Similarly, the percentage chromic oxide content of the experimental wet blue leather was observed to be significantly higher (3.89±0.20%) than that of the control wet blue leather (2.59±0.15). Furthermore, KH replaced commercial protein fillers during retanning, resulting in leathers with enhanced mechanical strength and organoleptic properties. The experimental crust leather treated with keratin solution at pH (5.5) was determined to have better tensile strength (23.4 N/mm2) and tear load (38.7 N/mm) than the control leather with tensile strength and tear load of 19.4 N/mm2 and 29.1 N/mm, respectively. Analytical techniques such as FTIR and XRD confirmed the presence of essential functional groups and protein structures in the KH solution, respectively. Leathers treated with 100 % KH substitution at pH value of 5.5 exhibited superior properties, including increased mechanical strength and thermal stability. Environmental impact assessments revealed a significant reduction in total dissolved solids in the spent liquor when KH replaced conventional fillers. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of poultry feather-based keratin as an efficient, environmentally friendly filler in leather manufacturing, offering promising results in improving product quality and reducing environmental pollution.

3-D temperature measurement of transient plasma during semiconductor bridge electroburst with high-speed interferometry

A high-speed technique for three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of dynamic transient temperature field using single-shot off-axis interferometry is proposed. The sequence of interferograms, which contain temperature parameters of plasma, is obtained with using a Mach-Zender interferometer system and high-speed photography. The interferograms were processed using the Fourier transform and the Abel algorithm, to extract the refractive index distribution. Subsequently, the radial and 3-D distribution of temperature were derived with G-D equation. In experiments, transient process less than 100μs during plasma electroburst was successful captured at a frame rate of 3 × 106 fps. The 3-D temperature and its variations during the whole process in a SCB ignition was clearly revealed for the first time.

Modeling the Efficiency of Biogas Plants by Using an Interval Data Analysis Method

This article considers the task of developing mathematical models and their computer implementation that would establish the dependence of pH (acidity of the environment) on the volume and structure of raw materials for daily loading, as well as on the operating parameters of temperature and humidity based on the interval analysis of experimental data obtained during BGP research of a given type. In the process of research, based on the developed interval models, it was established that this indicator depends on the volume and structure of raw materials, as well as on the temperature and humidity of the substrate in the bioreactor. To build this mathematical model, it is proposed to use the method of interval data analysis and the method of identification of model parameters based on multidimensional optimization. The results of experimental studies for a specific type of biogas plant are given, and interval models with guaranteed prognostic properties that characterize the pH of the environment depending on the specific type of bio-raw material of solid and liquid fractions, temperature, and humidity are obtained. Based on the use of different types of raw materials, the developed models, based on experimental data, describe different configurations of the structure and volumes of raw materials for daily loading. The obtained mathematical models are an algebraic nonlinear equation that can be applied to control the level of pH of the environment in the bioreactor by determining the optimal volumes of raw materials of each type during the loading period depending on the temperature and humidity of the substrate in the bioreactor.