Synthesis Temperature Research Articles

Stabilization of metastable γ-co: Combustion synthesis and rapid processing

This study reports a novel method for stabilizing the metastable γ-Co phase, which has a face-centered cubic structure. This phase is known for its challenging synthesis due to its tendency to transform into the stable hexagonal-closed packed (ε-Co) allotrope. Combustion synthesis and a rapid pressure-less sintering approach overcome the traditional barriers to γ-Co preparation. The combustion process involves exothermic reactions in a solution of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine, generating enough heat to increase the synthesis temperature above the γ↔ε phase transition temperature (∼690 K). Rapid cooling of the solid product by gases is critical to preventing the reverse transition to ε-Co, thus stabilizing the γ-Co phase with a minimal amount of the stable phase. Thermal analysis has demonstrated that the decomposition of cobalt nitrates hexahydrate leads to the formation of cobalt oxides. These oxides are then reduced to Co by methane (CH4) and hydrazine (N2H4), released during hexamethylenetetramine decomposition. Kinetic data analysis shows that the rate-limiting step in forming Co is the CH4 (or N2H4)-mediated reduction of CoO. When subjected to rapid pressure-less sintering at 1275 K, the combustion synthesized materials consolidate into compact samples with a relative density of ∼90 % and micrometer-size grains. High-resolution electron microscopy investigation shows increased lattice dislocation due to the ε→γ transition at high-temperature processing. Prepared γ-Co exhibits a higher nanohardness and Young's modulus than ε-Co prepared by slow melt solidification and rolling methods.

Synthesis and growth mechanism of silicon-based nanostructures from polysiloxane via CVD process

The work is concerned with the deposition of ceramic layers of various morphologies, containing silicon and nitrogen, from a polysiloxane precursor in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The experiments involved the saturation of nitrogen as a gaseous carrier with polysiloxane molecules in the CVD reaction. Saturated nitrogen was supplied to the reaction zone and depending on the synthesis temperature (1000–1800 °C) and the concentration of resin in gas phase, various nanocrystalline and amorphous deposits were obtained on graphite foil, including polygranulated SiOC powders, fibrous layers composed of nanofibers (NFs) containing silicon and nitrogen, nanochains and composite fibrous components. The morphology, structure and chemical composition of the deposits formed in the CVD reaction changed with increasing temperature. Above 1300 °C, oxygen in the silicon oxycarbide deposits was gradually replaced by nitrogen, creating SiN bonds. The dominant phase in the deposits obtained in the temperature range of 1700–1800 °C were two-phase silicon oxynitride NFs. The core of these NFs consisted of a polycrystalline structure surrounded by an amorphous shell. These structures grew preferentially in the [111] direction through heterogeneous nucleation in the vapor-solid process (VS). The changes in deposits morphology were influenced by the CVD temperature and the resin content in the gas carrier. The activation energy of the crystallization process of silicon oxynitride nanofibers was approximately 96 kJ/mol.

Synthesis and formation mechanism of Ti3C2Clx MXene by molten salt method

MXene is a novel two-dimensional nano material with exceptional performance, which can be applied in the fields of energy storage structural materials, optics, catalysis, and sensors etc. However, its synthesis is a challenge to date. From the perspective of environmental friendliness, the method of Lewis salt etching can effectively avoid the use of dangerous reagents and has been seen as a pollution-free economic approach. In this article ZnCl2 molten salt was chosen as corrosive agent to etch Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and investigated the synthesis mechanism of Ti3C2Clx MXene. The influence of main process factor, like raw materials, sintering temperature, and holding time on synthesis product were studied and discussed. The synthesis route was investigated by XRD and thermal analysis. SEM and TEM technology was used to analyze the microstructure and lattice of synthesis product. The results showed that the optimal process conditions: the molar ratio of raw materials was 1:6 (Ti3AlC2: ZnCl2), the synthesis temperature and holding time were 600～700 °C and 4 h, respectively. Ti3C2Clx MXene material prepared by this method has a complete layered structure and uniform composition, and its synthesis mechanism can be concluded to two steps: the first step was the reaction between Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and ZnCl2 to generate Ti3ZnC2 MAX phase; In the second step, the Ti3ZnC2 MAX phase reacted with the remaining ZnCl2 to generate Ti3C2Clx MXene material.

Morphological and structural analysis of ceramic materials composite by Kaolinite and Alumina

In this work, we report the preparation, structural and electrical characterization, morphological analysis and hardness measurements of ceramic materials composed of kaolinite Al2(Si2O5(OH)4 and alumina AL2O3. Samples were prepared from mixtures of precursor oxides starting with 100% alumina and increased the kaolinite concentration on steps of 10% up to complete 100% of kaolinite. The samples were sintered by the method of solid state reaction at temperatures of 1150, 1250 and 1350 °C. We found that the alumina samples are stable at the different temperatures of synthesis. The samples of kaolinite at 100% suffer a change phase depending on the sinterization temperature, noting that at 1350 °C yields 87% mullite and 13% cristobalite. The presence of quartz was only detected in samples with 100% kaolinite for sinterization temperatures of 1150 and 1250 °C. All samples with a mixture of alumina and kaolinite showed the presence of mullite, which is increased when the content of kaolínite is high or when the sinterization temperature is increased. This allows us to infer that the introduction of alumina optimizes the process of mullite formation hy their reaction with the SiO2 that remainder from the kaolinite. The sample with 100% alumina has a Mohs hardness of about 5, and this is increased with the content of kaolinite, until a Mohs hardness of about 6 to the sample with 100% kaolinite. The dielectric constant of these materials is around 27.82.

Near-infrared reflective Mg0.5Co0.5-xMnxAl2O4 black pigment synthesized by spray pyrolysis: Optimization of composition and calcination temperature

Co/Mn co-substituted MgAl2O4 pigments were spray pyrolysis, and their crystal structure and optical properties were characterized with changing the Co/Mn ratio and synthesis temperature. Regardless of the Co/Mn ratio, the resulting pigments showed spinel structured MgAl2O4 phase without any impurity phase. The synthesized Mg0.5Co0.5Al2O4 and Mg0.5Mn0.5Al2O4 showed a dark blue and brown color due to the visible light absorption by the 4A2(F) → 4T1(P) transition of Co2+ and the d-d transition of Mn2+, respectively. The black colored pigment was achieved by simultaneous substituting Co2+ and Mn2+ in the Mg2+ tetrahedral site in MgAl2O4. The optical band gap of the Mg0.5Co0.5-xMnxAl2O4 pigment decreased linearly from 3.08 eV (x = 0) to 2.46 eV (x = 0.4) as the Mn2+ content increased. As a result, Mg0.5Co0.1Mn0.4Al2O4 uniformly absorbed the entire visible light and had a black color (L* = 28.10, C* = 1.68). In terms of obtaining high near-infrared reflectance and good blackness, the optimal calcination temperature of Mg0.5Co0.1Mn0.4Al2O4 was determined to be 900 °C. The optimized Mg0.5Co0.1Mn0.4Al2O4 black pigment had a good LiDAR reflectance (38 % at 905 nm) and excellent chemical stability, and showed improved heat shielding performance compared to carbon black using in black vehicles.

Facile synthesis, characterization, and mechanical properties of spinel-structured high-entropy oxides: Lattice distortion and sluggish diffusion effects induced by aluminum cation

For the first time, we adopted the in-situ formed alumina, which resulted from the thermal decomposition of cheap and accessible potassium alum, as the source of aluminum cation to synthesize (Co1/6Mn1/6Fe1/6Cr1/6Ni1/6Al1/6)3O4 spinel-structured high-entropy oxide powder after the solid state reaction process, showing the advantages of lower synthesis temperature and scalable fabrication. To investigate the effect of aluminum cation insertion on the mechanical properties of (Co1/6Mn1/6Fe1/6Cr1/6Ni1/6Al1/6)3O4, the (Co1/6Mn1/6Fe1/6Cr1/6Ni1/6Al1/6)3O4 and (Co1/5Mn1/5Fe1/5Cr1/5Ni1/5)3O4 ceramics were first fabricated and reported. Owing to significant lattice distortion induced by the aluminum cation, the (Co1/6Mn1/6Fe1/6Cr1/6Ni1/6Al1/6)3O4 possessed higher compressive strength, hardness, and elastic modulus, which were 139.3 MPa, 11.3 GPa, and 167.5 GPa, respectively. Moreover, the average grain size of (Co1/6Mn1/6Fe1/6Cr1/6Ni1/6Al1/6)3O4 only increased from 2.63 µm to 10.11 µm, while that of (Co1/5Mn1/5Fe1/5Cr1/5Ni1/5)3O4 increased from 1.77 µm to 15.61 µm. The slower grain growth rate of (Co1/6Mn1/6Fe1/6Cr1/6Ni1/6Al1/6)3O4 after aluminum cation insertion was attributed to the sluggish diffusion effect.

Low-Temperature Synthesis of Bi2S3 Hierarchical Microstructures via Co-Precipitation and Digestive Process in Aqueous Medium.

Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanostructures have gained significant attention in the fields of catalysis, optoelectronics, and biomedicine due to their unique physicochemical properties. This paper introduces a simple and cost-effective method for producing Bi2S3 microstructures at low temperatures (25 and 70 °C). These microstructures are formed by the hierarchical self-assembly of Bi2S3 nanoparticles, which are typically 15-40 nm in size. The nanoparticles are synthesized by the co-precipitation of thioglycolic acid, thioacetamide, and bismuth nitrate in water. The study delves into the phase composition and morphological evolution of the microstructures, concerning the chemical composition of the solution and the synthesis temperature. X-ray analysis has confirmed the formation of single-phase bismuthinite Bi2S3. The synthesis process generates primary building blocks in the form of 15-40 nm Bi2S3 nanocrystals, which then go through a hierarchical self-assembly process to produce a range of micrometer-sized structures. A scanning electron microscopy examination revealed that the primary nanoparticles self-assemble into quasi-1D worm-like nanostructures, which then self-assemble to create sponge-shaped microstructures. These structures subsequently self-organize and refine into either flower- or dandelion-like microstructures, mostly depending on the synthesis temperature and the chemistry of the digestion medium.

Microporosity and Catalytic Activity for Hydrodesulfurization of Pharmacosiderite Mo4P3O16 Synthesized at a Moderate Temperature.

Pharmacosiderite Mo4P3O16 (Pharma-MoPO) consists of [Mo4O4] cubane unit and [PO4] tetrahedral to form an open framework with a microporous structure similar to that of LTA-type zeolite. Although attractive applications are expected due to its microporous structure and redox-active components, its physicochemical properties have been poorly investigated due to the specificity of its synthesis, which requires a high hydrothermal synthesis temperature of 360 °C. In this study, we succeeded in synthesizing Pharma-MoPO by hydrothermal synthesis at 230 °C, which can be applied using a commercially available autoclave by changing the metal source. Through the study of the solids and liquids obtained after hydrothermal syntheses, the formation process of Pharma-MoPO under our studied synthesis conditions was proposed. Advanced characterizations provided detailed structural information on Pharma-MoPO, including the location site of a countercation NH4+. Pharma-MoPO could adsorb CO2 with the amount close to the number of cages without removing NH4+. Pharma-MoPO exhibited stable catalytic activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene while maintaining its crystal structure, except for the introduction of sulfide by replacing lattice oxygens. Pharmacosiderite Mo4P3O16 was successfully obtained by hydrothermal synthesis at a moderate temperature, and its microporosity for CO2 adsorption and catalytic properties for hydrodesulfurization were discovered.

Temperature-controlled morphology and enhanced functionalities of hydrothermally synthesized SrFe2O4 nanostructures for multifaceted applications

In this study, we investigate the effect of synthesis temperature on the morphology and properties of spinel strontium ferrite (SrFe2O4) nanostructures, synthesized using a surfactant-free hydrothermal method. We demonstrate that by varying the temperature from 85 °C to 160 °C, we can control the morphology of SrFe2O4, transitioning from nanoribbons to dendritic structures, and finally to hexagonal nanoplatelets. These morphological changes correspond to significant enhancements in both magnetic and photocatalytic performance. The saturation magnetization (Ms) notably increases by up to 70 % at higher synthesis temperatures. Additionally, these nanostructures show improved efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye, indicating their potential for environmental remediation. The dielectric properties of the various morphologies were also characterized, suggesting applications in electronics and energy storage. This study establishes a clear link between synthesis conditions, resulting structures, and functional performance in SrFe2O4 nanostructures, contributing to the development of advanced materials.

Improvement of melt quenching technique of Li1+xAlxGe2-x(PO4)3 (LAGP) solid electrolyte for solid-state batteries

Solid-state batteries (SSB) development is the focus area of safe lithium energy storage devices. One of the most promising solid electrolytes for SSBs is Li1+xAlxGe2-x(PO4)3 (LAGP), which stands out for cathode interface stability, air and temperatures stability. However, LAGP ceramic's main challenge remains the low conductivity compared to the bulk phase conductivity. One of the reasons is deviation from stoichiometry due to the loss of volatile components during synthesis and the high synthesis temperature of LAGP-glass. For this reason, the development of methods for obtaining and controlling the composition of LAGPs is required. This study proposes to improve the melt quenching technique by introducing a pre-synthesis stage to obtain LAGP-glass. The effects of pre-synthesis and composition consideration on the structure formation of LAGP were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. It was shown that NASICON characteristic structural elements had already appeared at the pre-synthesis stage. Through pre-synthesis and component accounting, the synthesis temperature was lowered to 1230 ˚C in 45 minutes. As a result, the polycrystalline Li1,51Al0,51Ge1,75(PO4)2,8 was synthesized with less than 1% side phase content. The conductivity was found to be 5.2·10−4 S·cm−1 (25 ˚C) with cyclic stability exceeding 200 hours at a current density of 200 µA/cm2.

Lowering the synthesis temperature of α‐Al2O3 by increasing the content of pentacoordinate aluminum in the precursors

Abstractα‐Al2O3, commonly known as corundum, plays a significant role in various industrial applications. Typically, the synthesis of α‐Al2O3 requires elevated temperatures exceeding 1200°C, which results in reduced specific surface area and increased particle size due to high‐temperature calcination. In this study, α‐Al2O3 powder was primarily investigated. The precursor was prepared by non‐hydrolytic sol‐gel (NHSG) method, employing alcohols and other nonaqueous oxygen donors in nucleophilic substitution reactions with AlCl3. The precursor was then processed by mechanochemical method, leading to the attainment of α‐Al2O3 at temperatures below 800°C. The resultant α‐Al2O3 was in the form of thin flakes, with significantly increased specific surface areas up to 27.9 m2/g. Upon characterizing the precursors post‐ball milling, a large amount of pentacoordinate aluminum was observed. The pentacoordinate aluminum has activated the alumina lattice and increased the phase transition rate, a key factor in the low temperature preparation of α‐Al2O3. This innovative approach not only simplifies the preparation process but also enables the production of high‐purity, large specific surface area lamellar α‐Al2O3 at lower temperatures, paving the way for more efficient and cost‐effective industrial processes.

Formation of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase in the Ti–Al–C system with B2O3 additive

The main stages of the formation of the Ti3AlC2 in the Ti–Al–C system and the effect of the low-melting additive B2O3 on the yield of the MAX phase were studied by the 13C, 27Al and 47,49Ti Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and XRD analysis. The B2O3 addition reduces the synthesis temperature of the MAX phase to 1435 °C. However, the maximum yield of the MAX phase is only ∼72 wt%. NMR spectra for the samples synthesized under non-optimal conditions for the MAX phase formation show the presence of the TiC carbide and aluminium in the metallic state. Both XRD and NMR ways affirm that the borates formation in all samples changes the fraction of aluminium engaged in the MAX phase synthesis and, as a result, reduces the MAX phase yield prepared using B2O3.

Employing Piper longum extract for eco-friendly fabrication of PtPd alloy nanoclusters: advancing electrolytic performance of formic acid and methanol oxidation.

Advancement in bioinspired alloy nanomaterials has a crucial impact on fuel cell applications. Here, we report the synthesis of PtPd alloy nanoclusters via the hydrothermal method using Piper longum extract, representing a novel and environmentally friendly approach. Physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized nanoclusters were investigated using various instrumentation techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and High-Resolution Transmission electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of the biogenic PtPd nanoclusters towards the oxidation of formic acid and methanol was evaluated chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry studies. The surface area of the electrocatalyst was determined to be 36.6 m2g-1 by Electrochemical Surface Area (ECSA) analysis. The biologically inspired PtPd alloy nanoclusters exhibited significantly higher electrocatalytic activity compared to commercial Pt/C, with specific current responses of 0.24mAcm - 2 and 0.17mAcm - 2 at synthesis temperatures of 180°C and 200°C, respectively, representing approximately four times higher oxidation current after 120min. This innovative synthesis approach offers a promising pathway for the development of PtPd alloy nanoclusters with enhanced electrocatalytic activity, thereby advancing fuel cell technology towards a sustainable energy solution.

Single-Step Low-Temperature Synthesis of Carbon Dots for Advanced Multiparametric Bioimaging Probe Applications.

Carbon dots (CDs) have recently emerged in biomedical and agricultural domains, mainly for their probe applications in developing efficient sensors. However, the existing high-temperature approaches limit the industrial level scaling up to further translate them into different products by mass-scale fabrication of CDs. To address this, we have attempted to lower the synthesis temperature to 140 °C and synthesized different CDs using different organic acids and their combinations in a one-step approach (quantum yield 3.6% to 16.5%; average size 3 to 5 nm). Further, sensing applications of CDs have been explored in three different biological models, mainly Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos, bacterial strains, and the Lactuca sativa (lettuce) plant. The 72 h exposure of D. rerio embryos to 0.5 and 1 mg/mL concentrations of CDs exhibited significant uptake without mortality, a 100% hatching rate, and nonsignificant alterations in heart rate. Bacterial bioimaging experiments revealed CD compatibility with Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Serratia marcescens) strains without bactericidal effects. Furthermore, CDs demonstrated effective conduction and fluorescence within the vascular system of lettuce plants, indicating their potential as in vivo probes for plant tissues. The single-step low-temperature CD synthesis approach with efficient structural and optical properties enables the process as industrially viable to up-scale the technology readiness level. The bioimaging of CDs in different biological models indicates the possibility of developing a CD probe for diverse biosensing roles in diseases, metabolism, microbial contamination sensing, and more.

Fabrication and performance investigation of high entropy perovskite (Sr0.2Ba0.2Bi0.2La0.2Pr0.2)FeO3 IT-SOFC cathode material

The high-entropy oxide (HEO) concept expands the design space of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode materials. There is great potential for the development of HEO cathode materials that has not been fully explored, and the relationship between their chemical composition, grain size, and electrochemical performance is not yet fully understood. This experimental design involved the preparation of single-phase perovskite (Sr0.2Ba0.2Bi0.2La0.2Pr0.2)FeO3 HEO SOFC cathode materials, and we systematically studied the effects of synthesis temperature and microstructure on their electrochemical performance. The results show that as the synthesis temperature increases, structural transformations from multiphase to single-phase perovskite HEO can be observed. It exhibits excellent conductivity and electrochemical performance (the minimum polarization resistance reaches 0.033 Ω∙cm2, and the maximum power density is 664 mW∙cm−2). The single-phase perovskite HEO sample exhibits higher electrochemical performances compared to those of multiphase perovskite. Furthermore, it exhibits outstanding ability to suppress Sr segregation, chemical compatibility with Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9(SDC), and CO2 tolerance performance. The Distribution of relaxation time(DRT) analysis shows that as the synthesis temperature (1000–1150 ℃) increase, HEO single-phase formed and the oxygen atom reduction ability of the SBBLP samples was improved; and the adsorption of gas oxygen on the electrode surface is limited with porosity decreases. The work shows it is interesting and valuable to optimize the performance of SOFC cathode materials using a high entropy design.

Optimizing the fluoride removal from drinking water through adsorption with mesoporous magnetic calcite nanocomposites

Fluoride (F−) contamination in groundwater is a global concern arising from natural processes and human activities. This study investigates the adsorption of F− using surface-activated magnetic calcite nanocomposites (NCs) synthesized via co-precipitation assisted wet-impregnation (CP-WI). Various Fe3O4 loadings and calcination temperatures (300 °C and 500 °C) were explored to optimize synthesis parameters. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to assess the performance of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites (NCs). BET, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and SEM characterization techniques were employed to analyze the physicochemical properties, including surface functional groups, crystallite size, and morphology. The adsorption process was investigated using RSM statistical design with adsorbent dose (A) and F− concentration (B) as independent variables. 0.5Fe-C-NC-5, calcined at 500 °C, exhibited superior adsorption capacity (7.81 mg/g) compared to Fe3O4 and calcite NPs (6.57 mg/g and 6.81 mg/g, respectively). Maximum F− adsorption occurred within 10 min of contact time. NPs and NCs that were exposed to higher calcination temperatures, reaching up to 500 °C, showed an increase in crystallite development while experiencing a reduction in surface area and an enlargement of pore size compared to those treated at lower temperatures. The BET analysis revealed a narrow, slit-like mix of microporous and mesoporous surface with a type IV isotherm and H3 hysteresis loop, indicating multilayer adsorption followed by capillary condensation. The SEM images displayed columnar shapes of CaCO3 polymorph in the prepared Fe3O4-calcite NP and Fe–C NP, which can be attributed to lower calcination or synthesis temperatures.

Hollow carbon sphere featuring highly dispersed Co-Nx sites for efficient and controllable syngas electrosynthesis from CO2

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 and H2O powered by green electricity provides a sustainable way to produce syngas. However, this reaction still suffers from insufficient syngas selectivity, slow charge kinetic process, and poor controllability of the CO/H2 ratio. In this work, we report a hollow carbon sphere electrocatalyst featuring highly dispersed Co-Nx sites (Co-NHCS-x) for efficient and controllable syngas electrosynthesis. The Co-NHCS-400 sample exhibits a high syngas production rate with a steady CO/H2 ratio (≈1:2) over a wide range of operating potential from −0.6 V to −1.1 V vs. RHE. The variation in synthesis temperature can finely tune the coordination environment of Co-Nx in the catalyst. Consequently, the adsorption behaviors of the CO and hydrogen atoms can be manipulated, allowing for the precise adjustment of CO and H2 proportions in the product gas. The findings are potentially applicable to the exploitation of promising carbon-based electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 conversion into syngas.

Successful synthesis of proton-conducting high-entropy (La0.2Nd0.2Ho0.2Lu0.2Y0.2)2ZrO5 ceramics

Using mechanical activation of an oxide mixture containing 0.2 wt% hexagonal boron nitride, followed by high-temperature firing (1400–1500 °C), we prepared single-phase (La0.2Nd0.2Ho0.2Lu0.2Y0.2)2ZrO5 ceramic, a high-entropy oxide (HEO) analog of Gd2ZrO5, whereas we failed to obtain single-phase Gd2ZrO5 under similar conditions: the material consisted of two phases, with the fluorite and bixbyite structures, like in the case of conventional synthesis or coprecipitation in previous work. Thus, the use of the HEOs allowed us to obtain a phase-pure compound with the fluorite structure at a markedly lower synthesis temperature. An important role was played by 0.2 wt% hyperstoichiometric hexagonal BN additions, which ensured considerable amorphization of the starting oxides. The start powders and resulting ceramics were studied by X-ray diffraction, SEM analyses and conductivity was measured by impedance spectroscopy method in dry and wet air.The highest proton conductivity, ∼2.5 × 10−5 S/cm at 630 °C, was offered by the (La0.2Nd0.2Ho0.2Lu0.2Y0.2)2ZrO5 HEO ceramic. The use of HEO analogs of various compounds can be helpful for not only assessing thermodynamic properties of ceramics (reduction in synthesis and polymorphic transformation temperatures), but also preparing proton conductors when it is necessary to enhance hydrating properties of the cation sublattice.

Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of BiOI particles: An efficient visible-light-driven degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous environments

Bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) particles were successfully fabricated through solvothermal activation using bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate and potassium iodide as precursors. The photocatalytic activities of BiOI were investigated under the influence of synthesis temperature (120–200 °C) with a fixed duration of 12 h. The physical-chemical properties of the samples were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N2-sorption isotherm techniques, and pH of the point of zero charge (pHpzc). The prepared BiOI exhibited a single phase with a non-uniform 2D morphology with different sizes, an average crystallite size of 30 nm, and a BET surface area of 20.71 m²g−1. The zero-point charge was determined to be 7.7. The photocatalytic performance under simulated solar light irradiation was investigated by examining the effects of dye initial concentration, catalyst dose, and dye pH. Remarkably, BiOI synthesized at 160 °C demonstrated an impressive 85% removal efficiency of 10 ppm MO (methyl orange) at normal pH levels (pH 6.8) within 120 min under visible light irradiation, along with the highest rate constant of 0.01418 min−1. The quenching effects of different scavengers indicate the significant role of reactive O2•– and a minor role of hVB+ and •OHads in the photocatalytic process. These findings underscore the potential of BiOI particles as efficient photocatalysts for environmental applications, particularly in the degradation of organic pollutants in water using solar light irradiation.

The influence of synthesis temperature on a polyurethane carrier used for the transfer of 2’-deoxycytidylic acid

The influence of synthesis temperature on a polyurethane carrier used for the transfer of 2’-deoxycytidylic acid