Earth's Temperature Research Articles

The Physics Behind Climate Change: Understanding Greenhouse Gases

Natural environments have a direct or indirect impact on all living things' well-being, growth, nourishment, and development. Globally, the main contributors to climate change include industrialisation, agriculture, urbanisation, and greenhouse effects. Every year, the earth's surface temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels rise due to these climatic changes. The primary goal of this review article is to study the effect of greenhouse gases in climate change. The pace at which the planet's temperature has increased over the last 50 years has deeply alarmed a number of scientists, engineers, and environmentalists. More flexibility in their adaptation will help plant species withstand fluctuations in the frequency of harsh weather occurrences. One of the factors causing climate change is GHG. The results show how climate change affects the environment, which usually shows up as rising temperatures and CO2 levels.

Global Warming OR Not？

Recent years have seen rising Earth's temperatures and a shrinking Antarctic land area. Studying factors affecting global warming and finding solutions to slow it is crucial. Using the Pettitt mutation point detection method, we examined March temperatures over the past decade and identified a significant change in March 2015. Predictive models (ARIMA and LSTM) forecast similar future temperatures, with the LSTM model showing slightly higher accuracy. Gray correlation and multiple linear regression analyses identified CO2 as the primary factor influencing global temperatures. Reducing CO2 emissions is essential to curb global warming.

A Next-Generation Combinatorial Genomic Strategy Scans Genomic Loci Governing Heat Stress Tolerance in Chickpea.

In the wake of rising earth temperature, chickpea crop production is haunted by the productivity crisis. Chickpea, a cool season legume manifests tolerance in several agro-physiological level, which is complex quantitative in nature, and regulated by multiple genes and genetic networks. Understanding the molecular genetic basis of this tolerance and identifying key regulators can leverage chickpea breeding against heat stress. This study employed a genomics-assisted breeding strategy utilizing multi-locus GWAS to identify 10 key genomic regions linked to traits contributing to heat stress tolerance in chickpea. These loci subsequently delineated few key candidates and hub regulatory genes, such as RAD23b, CIPK25, AAE19, CK1 and WRKY40, through integrated genomics, transcriptomics and interactive analyses. The differential transcript accumulation of these identified candidates in contrasting chickpea accessions suggests their potential role in heat stress tolerance. Differential ROS accumulation along with their scavengers' transcript abundance aligning with the expression of identified candidates in the contrasting chickpea accessions persuade their regulatory significance. Additionally, their functional significance is ascertained by heterologous expression and subsequent heat stress screening. The high confidence genomic loci and the superior genes and natural alleles delineated here has great potential for swift genomic interventions to enhance heat resilience and yield stability in chickpea.

Evaluating the performance of carbon dioxide and methane observations from carbon-monitoring satellite products over China

As the primary greenhouse gases contributing to climate change, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH4) play a critical role in the Earth's radiative balance and temperature regulation. Continuous and accurate satellite monitoring of CO₂ and CH₄ is essential for developing effective policies and strategies to mitigate their impacts. This study utilizes ground-based Fourier-transform infrared measurements from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) to evaluate the performance of current mainstream carbon-monitoring satellites over China, the world's largest carbon emitter. Our findings show that TanSat performs excellently for CO₂ observations at both Hefei and Xianghe sites, achieving a standard deviation (SD) of about 2 ppm and a maximum bias of 0.25 ppm, dropping to 0.02 ppm at Xianghe. In contrast, Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)-3 and Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT)-2 CO2 measurements are slightly less reliable. For CH₄ monitoring, GOSAT outperforms GOSAT-2, with a SD of around 14 ppb and bias within 2 ppb, compared to GOSAT-2's 17.58 ppb SD and 2.15 ppb bias at Hefei. These results indicate that the latest carbon-monitoring satellites are less precise and accurate than their predecessors. Additionally, we provide detailed assessments of the data products based on different spatial matching criteria. We also discuss the variation in satellite accuracy over time, revealing periodic bias variations and the instability in satellite performance. Furthermore, while the spatial distribution trends of satellite acquisitions are generally consistent on an annual scale, we observe non-negligible differences in the annual averages across specific land surfaces. Our study presents a meticulous evaluation of the reliability of satellite-based carbon-monitoring products over the Chinese region and provides scientific evidence for analyzing uncertainty in carbon source-sink studies.

Demise of fossil fuels part I: Supply and demand

According to United Nations , the world needs to reduce the emission of CO2 and other global warming gases by 45 % by 2030 and to negligible amount by 2050. According to UN, this is necessary to keep the goal of keeping earth temperature not exceeding 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial level temperatures.To achieve this objective means reducing the fossil fuel consumption. Fossil fuels are largely responsible for emitting CO2; therefore, without significant reduction in fossil fuels consumption by 2050, the net zero emission by 2050 is not possible.One argument advanced in support of reducing fossil fuels consumption is limited supply. Using the principle of “Peak Oil Theory,” proponents state that fossil fuels is a limited resource and the world will simply run out of it. Based on the available data, we demonstrate that supply of fossil fuels is relatively abundant, and we will not run out of fossil fuels in near term. Using shale formations as an example, we demonstrate how the success of drilling horizontal wells with hydraulic fractures have significantly increased the oil and gas resource available for exploitation. To reduce fossil fuels demand, the available solutions include improving energy efficiency, reducing subsidies on fossil fuels, imposing carbon tax and life choice changes. We discuss some of those alternatives. Fossil fuel supply is relatively abundant and only possible solution to reduce the consumption is to reduce the demand. By comparing developed countries' consumption with developing countries’ consumption, we see a pathway where growth in GDP can be achieved without significant increase in fossil fuels consumption. Because of efficiency gains in energy usage, GDP in developed countries continues to grow without increase in fossil fuels consumption. Faster we reach the efficiency stage in developing countries, easier it would be reduce the fossil fuel consumption in the world.

Carbon Absorption Potential in Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in The Waters of East Melano Bay, Lemukutan Island, Bengkayang District, West Kalimantan Province

Increasing human activities have caused negative impacts on the environment, such as rising earth's surface temperature and extreme climate change. This impact is caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane. Marine vegetation such as seaweed Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. It can also help absorb carbon and reduce carbon emissions through the process of photosynthesis. Seaweed that has the potential to reduce carbon emissions is Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. which is located in the waters of East Melano Bay, Bengkayang Regency. This study aims to determine the density of seaweed species Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in East Melano Bay, as well as analyzing the carbon sequestration potential of seaweed. The method used is to use the descriptive method of exploration. The descriptive method of exploration aims to describe the state of a phenomenon. This study uses the quadrant transect method in sampling in the field, while the determination of carbon content uses the analysis of biomass, ash content, moisture content and volatile substances. The results of the analysis that have been carried out show the density value of Sargassum sp. has the highest value of 102.4 Ind/m2 and Padina sp. 76.05 Ind/m2. Carbon sequestration by seaweed Sargassum sp. is 105,637 tons of C/ha and Padina sp. amounting to 78,032 tons of C/ha. Based on the description in this study, it can be concluded that the highest carbon absorption is in Sargassum sp.

Global warming: Causes, impacts and urgent strategies for a sustainable future: A review

Global warming is defined as a rise in Earth's average temperature. As the Earth gets warmer, disasters such as droughts, hurricanes, and floods are becoming increasingly common. Most scientists, engineers, and activists express deep concern about changes in the planet's overall climate. The average air temperature above the surface of the Earth has risen by just below 1 degree Celsius, or 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, over the past 100 years. Deforestation exacerbates the severity of global warming. The ocean, which holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere, is an enormous carbon sink. However, the seas are no longer able to store carbon as effectively as they have in the past. Burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, coal, and gasoline increases atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Climate change will increase the number of people who suffer from heatwaves, floods, hurricanes, and droughts, leading to higher rates of death, illness, and injury. The threat of global warming continues to cause severe damage to the Earth's environment. Many people still do not fully understand the implications of global warming or consider it a significant problem for the future. However, global warming is already happening, and some of its devastating consequences are already being felt. It significantly impacts biodiversity and disrupts ecological balance. Due to the dangerous effects of global warming, many strategies need to be established. The report discusses global warming, outlines its causes and risks, and proposes solutions to this urgent issue. Above all, it is crucial to seriously consider alternative energy sources (biomass, wind, hydro, geothermal, and solar). One of the key strategies to counter the ever-increasing global warming is the identification and use of renewable energy sources.

Thermal regime of peatlands in Western Siberia near the southern border of the permafrost

Relevance. The permafrost degradation under the effect of global warming. It determines the necessity for a predictive assessment of permafrost stability to minimize disturbances to engineering installations in the permafrost zone. Aim. To assess the stability of frozen peatlands in the southern part of the zone of insular distribution of permafrost. Objects. Soils of flat-mound and high-mound palsa mires, which preserve permafrost on the southern border of the insular permafrost zone. Methods. Measurements of the temperature of peat and mineral soil in geocryological boreholes from 0 to 10 m deep using the SAM-N automatic monitoring surveillance network; determination of surface temperature from thermal channels of MODIS satellite images from 2000 to 2022; analysis of meteorological indices and determination of air temperature trends for predictive assessment of permafrost stability; calculation of indicator values of permafrost state, such as freezing degree-days and thawing degree-days, frost index, freezing and thawing N-factors. Results. Numerous features of unstable permafrost have been observed. In particular, the mean annual temperature of the surface layer was positive in all studied boreholes (+0.8...+1.3°C), and the temperature at the depth of zero amplitudes (10 m) is close to the melting point (with the predominance of temperatures in the range of –0.2...–0.3°C). Besides, a layer of soil that does not freeze throughout the year (non-merging permafrost) was identified. The thawing degree-days and frost number values correspond to areas with unfrozen soils. Positive trends in air temperature, Earth's surface temperature, and snow depth were observed. For 2000–2022, surface air temperature increased by 0.76°C/10 years on average. The land surface temperature increased in summer by an average of 0.42°C/10 years. If the positive trend in surface air temperatures continues, frozen peatlands in the southern part of the permafrost zone will completely melt in 50–70 years.

Impact of governance quality, population and economic growth on greenhouse gas emissions: An analysis based on a panel VAR model

Unlike the previous literature on climate change, this study employed the panel vector autoregressive model to examine the impact of population growth, governance quality, and economic growth on global warming. Moreover, we used the impulse response function tool, which was developed in the same context, to better understand the reaction of the main variables of interest, per capita greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, aftershocks on population change, governance quality, and economic growth variables. Finally, the analysis was completed by the variance decomposition of all variables. These analyses were conducted for the 33 most polluting countries in terms of GHG from 1996 to 2019. The results show that both population growth and economic growth have a positive and significant influence on climate change and can strongly explain the gradual rise in Earth's temperature. Our empirical results show that there is a negative and significant relationship between the quality of governance and GHG emissions. The results show that there is a bidirectional causality between GHG emissions, population and economic growth. Based on the findings, this study proposes several policy recommendations.

Hysteresis in Water Content of Ultrafine Glassy Organic Aerosol Particles

AbstractWater content of aerosol particles is atmospherically important. Water content of organic aerosol (OA) particles has been estimated by assuming thermodynamic equilibrium. Here, we discovered that the hysteresis phenomenon occurred to water content of glassy ultrafine OA particles, demonstrating that thermodynamically non‐equilibrium states need to be considered. Hygroscopic growth for monodisperse ultrafine particles (sucrose and glucose) was investigated for the temperature range from 252 to 296 K. Hysteresis was not observable at 296 K, consistent with literature data. However, hysteresis in water content was observed at sub‐273 K. The lowest relative humidity (RH), at which hygroscopic growth of particles did not depend on exposure history to water vapor, was defined as threshold RH. Threshold RH for 100 nm particles was approximately the same as the glass transition points when hysteresis clearly happened, demonstrating that water diffusion in a highly viscous matrix of organic aerosols was the key to the phenomenon. Employment of a kinetic multi‐layer model quantitatively predicted threshold RH as a function of temperature, exposure time, and the particle size. Considering the temperature and RH range of Earth's atmosphere, we hypothesize that hysteresis in water content for organic aerosols ubiquitously occurs in the upper troposphere, impacting chemical aging and cloud formation processes.

Dependence of tropical cyclone seeds and climate sensitivity on tropical cloud response.

Projections of future tropical cyclone frequency are uncertain, ranging from a slight increase to a considerable decrease according to climate models. Estimation of how much the Earth's surface temperature warms in response to greenhouse gas increase, quantified by effective climate sensitivity, is also uncertain. These two uncertainties have historically been studied independently as they concern different scales: One quantifies the extreme weather and the other the mean climate. Here, we show that these two uncertainties are not independent and are both influenced by the response of tropical clouds to warming. Across climate models, we show an anticorrelation between shortwave cloud radiative feedback and changes in the frequency of seed vortices, a prevalent type of tropical cyclone precursors. We further show an anticorrelation between effective climate sensitivity and tropical cyclone frequency changes, suggesting that global tropical cyclone frequency tends to decrease more substantially in models with larger temperature increase.

Eco-environmental regret-aware optimization of networked multi-energy microgrids with fully carbon elimination and electric vehicles' promotion

With the escalating concern of global warming propelled by the rise in Earth's temperature, the need for effective CO2 management has become crucial. This paper presents an innovative CO2 elimination approach, wherein a multiple integrated system of energies (MISEs) incorporating sustainable resources, including renewable resources (RENs), plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), and demand response programs, is optimized. The proposed carbon elimination framework begins by modeling the onsite carbon capturing and recycling within each MISE. To effectively utilize the onsite carbon recycling facilities and achieve carbon neutrality, the proposed model also incorporates carbon transfer capability between MISEs, thereby enhancing the efficiency of overall carbon recycling. Furthermore, a stochastic p-robust optimization technique is proposed to effectively manage uncertainties by combining the advantages of stochastic programming and robust optimization. This uncertainty modeling approach promotes greater utilization of sustainable resources like PEVs and RENs due to their lower operational regrets from economic and environmental perspectives. Based on the simulation results, implementing the p-robust-based regret assessment technique led to the total operation cost increasing by only 2.75 %, while achieving a significant 44.5 % reduction in maximum relative regret. These results underscore the effectiveness of the proposed framework in enhancing both the economic and environmental performance of MISEs.

Estimation of daily XCO2 at 1 km resolution in China using a spatiotemporal ResNet model

Carbon dioxide (CO2) serves as a crucial greenhouse gas that traps heat and regulates the Earth's temperature. High spatiotemporal resolution CO2 estimation can provide valuable information to understand the characteristics of fine-scale climate change trends and to formulate more effective emission reduction strategies. This study presents a spatiotemporal ResNet model (ST-ResNet) specifically developed to estimate the highest resolution (1 km × 1 km) daily column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO2 (XCO2) in China from 2015 to 2020. The ST-ResNet model excels in estimating XCO2 by comprehensively considering the complex relationships between XCO2 and its various influencing factors, while efficiently capturing both temporal and spatial correlations, thereby demonstrating remarkable generalization capability. The results show that the ST-ResNet generates a highly accurate XCO2 dataset, outperforming the traditional ResNet. Ground-based validation results further confirm the high accuracy and spatiotemporal resolution of our estimated data product. Using this dataset, the spatial and temporal characteristics of XCO2 across the entire China and several urban agglomerations have been analyzed. The high spatiotemporal resolution estimated XCO2 dataset for China is made publicly available at [https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25272868], offering substantial potential for fine-scale carbon research.

Carbon and Climate: Is There a Serious Link?

Climate change is a topic that becomes increasingly relevant with each passing day. I've encountered buzzwords like carbon emissions resulting from industries, greenhouse gases, climate change, global warming, carbon offsetting, carbon neutrality, and more. Recently, at the G20 summit in New Delhi, it was a matter of serious concern among global leaders. Carbon dioxide (CO2) plays a vital role in our atmosphere by helping to regulate Earth's temperature. Each individual actively contributes to the carbon footprint, whether directly or indirectly. Major contributors to our carbon footprint include transportation, electricity, home heating, and increased affluence, which leads to greater production. Around the world, various efforts are underway to combat the ongoing harm to our planet caused by this man-made issue. Whether these attempts are genuine or merely superficial is a different discussion, but various technologies, methods, and government policies aim to control the magnitude of this threat. Reducing waste production, reusing materials, and enhancing recycling are all helpful strategies. Adopting a plant-based diet goes a long way in supporting the planet. Every individual bears responsibility for their own consumption and should be willing to change their lifestyle. The goal should be achieving zero emissions rather than settling for net-zero carbon emissions.

Transition of the Sun to a Regime of High Activity: Implications for the Earth Climate and Role of Atmospheric Chemistry

AbstractIt was recently suggested that the Sun could switch to a high‐activity regime which would lead to a rise of ultraviolet radiation with an amplitude of about four times larger than the amplitude of an average solar activity cycle and a simultaneous drop in total solar irradiance. Here, we applied the SOCOLv3‐MPIOM model with an interacting ocean to simulate the response of chemistry, dynamics, and temperature of Earth's atmosphere to such a change in solar irradiance. We studied the effect of high activity regime on the atmosphere investigating the influence of the chemical and radiative processes on the climate, and chemistry of NOx, HOx, and O3. We find a climate cooling by up to 1K and a substantial increase in stratospheric ozone (up to 14%) and total ozone (up to 8%). To understand the role of the different processes we performed simulations with two sets of forcing accounting separately for the influence on chemical processes and for direct radiation energy balance. Our calculations show that the stratospheric O3 response is almost fully driven by the chemical processes. We also found that the direct radiation processes lead to near‐surface cooling that results in the suppression of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation. This, in turn, leads to the reduction of H2O influx from the low layers of the troposphere and to less intensive transport of ozone from the tropics to the middle latitudes. The surface climate response is dominated by direct radiation influence with only a small contribution from chemical processes.

KENYAMANAN TERMAL DI KAWASAN TENGAH KOTA JAKARTA

This research is to determine the level of thermal comfort based on occupant perception, microclimate and is associated with architectural engineering in human adaptation to urban heat island (UHI). One of the problems in cities is the increase in earth temperature caused by climate change and vertical obstruction. The impact of climate change and vertical obstruction will affect the level of human comfort in their environment. Thermal comfort is an absolute need for the human body, and with its ability, humans also create a built environment to fulfill their comfort both outside and inside a building. This research takes a case study at The Lavande Residence Apartment, which is a residence in the central area of ​​Jakarta. This research uses a descriptive analysis method from data obtained primarily through direct observation and interviews and several other secondary data. The research results show that the suitability of the comfort level based on climate simulations and the comfort calculator is at a neutral level and compared with the perception of residents who still feel comfortable. This perception of thermal comfort after being analyzed is due to architectural engineering efforts carried out by humans in the context of adaptation to climate change.

Resilience of Snowball Earth to Stochastic Events

AbstractEarth went through at least two periods of global glaciation (i.e., “Snowball Earth” states) during the Neoproterozoic, the shortest of which (the Marinoan) may not have lasted sufficiently long for its termination to be explained by the gradual volcanic build‐up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Large asteroid impacts and supervolcanic eruptions have been suggested as stochastic geological events that could cause a sudden end to global glaciation via a runaway melting process. Here, we employ an energy balance climate model to simulate the evolution of Snowball Earth's surface temperature after such events. We find that even a large impactor (diameters of d ∼ 100 km) and the supervolcanic Toba eruption (74 Kyr ago), are insufficient to terminate a Snowball state unless background CO2 has already been driven to high levels by long‐term outgassing. We suggest, according to our modeling framework, that Earth's Snowball states would have been resilient to termination by stochastic events.

Residents' Perceptions of Passive Design Responding to Climate Change in Simple Houses in Depok, West Java, Indonesia

Since the last few years, environmental issues related to global warming and increasing earth surface temperatures have had an influence on various fields. This environmental issue also affects the micro and macro climate. Architecturally, design can respond to changes in microclimate with passive design and active design. Passive design has long been applied to vernacular architecture, namely responding to local conditions in buildings. Meanwhile, active design is related to the latest technology and developments, such as energy-saving technology, as well as the use of natural elements as energy sources. This research uses quantitative methods. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire to determine the tendency of residents' perceptions of passive design. The analysis of this research is descriptive statistics, based on the answers of 35 respondents who live in simple houses in Depok, West Java, Indonesia. The research results showed that respondents' tendency towards passive design was shown in several things, namely: additional elements of the building at the front (canopy) can reduce heat and create shadow areas, the location and size of openings can support natural lighting and ventilation. Openings can be doors, windows, grilles, rosters and other elements. The existence of open space at the front and back of the house can reduce heat and cool the microclimate.

Assessment of solar geoengineering impact on precipitation and temperature extremes in the Muda River Basin, Malaysia using CMIP6 SSP and GeoMIP6 G6 simulations

The concept of solar geoengineering remains a topic of debate, yet it may be an effective way for cooling the Earth's temperature. Nevertheless, the impact of solar geoengineering on regional or local climate patterns is an active area of research. This study aims to evaluate the impact of solar geoengineering on precipitation and temperature extremes of the Muda River Basin (MRB), a very important agricultural basin situated in the northern Peninsular Malaysia. The analysis utilized the multi-model ensemble mean generated by four models that contributed to the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP6). These models were configured to simulate the solar irradiance reduction (G6solar) and stratospheric sulfate aerosols (G6sulfur) strategies as well as the moderate (SSP245) and high emission (SSP585) experiments. Prior to the computation of extreme indices, a linear scaling approach was employed to bias correct the daily precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures. The findings show that the G6solar and G6sulfur experiments, particularly the latter, could be effective in holding the increases in both annual and monthly mean precipitation totals and temperature extremes close to the increases projected under SSP245. For example, both G6solar and G6sulfur experiments project increases of temperature over the basin of 2 °C at the end of the 21st century as compared to 3.5 °C under SSP585. The G6solar and G6sulfur experiments also demonstrate some reliability in modulating the increases in precipitation extreme indices associated with flooding to match those under SSP245. However, the G6sulfur experiment may exacerbate dry conditions in the basin, as monthly precipitation is projected to decrease during the dry months from January to May and consecutives dry days are expected to increase, particularly during the 2045–2064 and 2065–2084 periods. Increases dry spells could indirectly affect agricultural and freshwater supplies, and pose considerable challenges to farmers.

Improving Earth surface temperature forecasting through the optimization of deep learning hyper-parameters using Barnacles Mating Optimizer

Time series forecasting is crucial across various sectors, aiding stakeholders in making informed decisions, planning for the short and long term, managing risks, optimizing profits, and ensuring safety. One significant application of time series forecasting is predicting Earth surface temperatures, which is vital for civil and environmental sectors such as agriculture, energy, and meteorology. This study proposes a hybrid forecasting model for Earth surface temperature using Deep Learning (DL). To improve the DL model's performance, an optimization algorithm called Barnacles Mating Optimizer (BMO) is integrated to optimize both weights and biases. The forecasting model is trained on a global temperature dataset with seven inputs and compared with DL models optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). Additionally, a comparison is made with the Autoregressive Moving Average (ARIMA) method. Evaluation using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R2) demonstrates the superior performance of DL optimized by BMO, showing minimal errors.