Temperature Meter Research Articles

Uncertainties in the heat energy calculation process and influences on determination of arc thermal performance value (ATPV) of heat- and flame-resistant materials tests

Propagation of uncertainties in heat energy calculations in tests for heat- and flame-resistant materials was evaluated. The impact on arc thermal performance value (ATPV) results was also studied and uncertainties calculation methods were compared using the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and the Matrix form covariance propagation. For heat energy calculations, the accuracy of temperature measuring systems and calorimeter copper disk dimensions and mass as required in test method standards for protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc were considered. For the requested accuracy of temperature meters of 0.75 °C, relative uncertainties in heat energy are in the range of 16% in case of high measured temperature increases, i.e. increases in the range of 500 °C. Use of global mean value for dimensions and mass of the copper disks of the calorimeters can significantly increase errors. Resulting uncertainties have a relevant influence on the determination of the arc thermal performance value via the specified logistic regression algorithm due to the presence of independent variable errors (i.e. errors of incident energy values calculated from high temperature data measured by calorimeters), which are not taken in account in the actual procedures. Also errors on the values of the dependent variable, obtained from the assessment of data (i.e. data calculated from low temperature data measured by calorimeters) by the comparative procedure using the Stoll criterion for skin second degree burn, should be included in uncertainties calculations, as they can also have an important influence on ATPV test results.

Determination of Dielectric Properties of Cryoprotective Agent Solutions with a Resonant Cavity for the Electromagnetic Rewarming in Cryopreservation.

In the rewarming process during cryopreservation, preventing ice recrystallization and thermal stress is important, especially for large tissues and organs. Uniform and rapid heating is essential in ameliorating the problem and maintaining the viability of cryopreserved biological samples. Currently, the most promising method is heating by application of electromagnetic (EM) waves, the effectiveness of which is dependent on the dielectric properties (DP) of the cryopreserved materials. In this work, the cavity perturbation method was adopted to measure the DP of cryoprotectant solutions. Based on the values of DP, the cryoprotectant solutions most amenable to EM heating can be identified. A system composed of a rectangular resonant cavity, a network analyzer, and a fiber optic temperature meter was implemented for the measurement. The DP of three cryoprotectant solutions during cooling to -80°C were measured and presented. The data can be used to optimize the rewarming process with the numerical method. The results show that a cryoprotectant solution consisting of 41% (w/v) dimethyl sulfoxide and 6% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone has the highest dielectric loss for EM rewarming among the tested solutions. In addition, the developed DP measurement system could not only improve the EM heating in cryopreservation but also benefit hyperthermia or other therapies associated with EM waves.

Monitoreo volcánico usando plataformas Arduino y Simulink

El monitoreo de la actividad volcánica es una preocupación importante en aquellos países con alto grado de sismicidad. El principal inconveniente es el alto costo de la instrumentación requerida para vigilar el comportamiento de los volcanes, lo cual limita el acceso a información actualizada que permita realizar actividades de prevención. En este trabajo se presenta la implementación de la adquisición de dos variables asociadas al monitoreo volcánico, usando un Arduino y la herramienta Simulink de Matlab. Se implementó un medidor de inclinación o movimiento, que permite medir las deformaciones del edificio volcánico y las posibles sacudidas que pudieran existir de su cono, entre otras aplicaciones. Igualmente se implementó un medidor de temperatura con una termoresistencia PT100. La experimentación permitió comprobar la funcionalidad de los medidores de inclinación y temperatura, arrojando resultados satisfactorios y con errores relativos adecuados. Lo anterior permite concluir que el empleo de Simulink para la programación del Arduino posibilita la simulación y evaluación de los modelos, directamente sobre la placa de Arduino durante el proceso de diseño, con las ventajas que brinda esta alternativa en el ahorro de tiempo y simplicidad en la programación del dispositivo.

3D thermal model and experimental validation of a low voltage three-phase busduct

The thermal behavior of an industrial low voltage non-segregated three-phase busduct was analyzed by means of the comparison of a 3D numerical model with experimental results. This model has been carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics, software based on finite element method. The numerical model replicates the short-circuit test, using the same geometry configuration and the boundary conditions of the laboratory in which this assay was carried out. The standard IEC 61439 was applied, both in test and model, in order to obtain the steady state temperatures in several parts of the busbar system. As a result of the data comparison can be concluded that the experimental test was replicated by the numerical model with sufficient accuracy. The temperature differences between simulation results and those of the heating tests were in a narrow range. On the other hand, a sensitivity analysis was carried out with the intention to study the influence of sensors positioning on the temperature measurement in the laboratory test, thus concluding no high precision was needed in the location of the temperature meters. As a final conclusion of this study, it is needed to point out that the numerical model has the enough exactness to be used in the first steps of the busbar design.

Design and application of clinical nursing batch temperature meter sterilizing device

Design and application of clinical nursing batch temperature meter sterilizing device

The Synergy between Meteorological Parameters and the Total Suspended Particles in the Atmosphere using Polynomial as Model

Pollutants in the atmosphere are influenced by weather and chemistry thus making it difficult to know when they will concentrate and cause poor air quality. The only way to be sure of this is to monitor the air pollution at as many sites as possible and very often as well. In this study, particulate matter was captured at ten locations using SKC Air check XR5000 High volume Gravimetric sampler. The meteorological parameter was captured by LM-8000 Anemometer and with hydro thermograph -RS humidity /temperature meter. This study was conducted from May to October, 2010 in Sapele, Nigeria. The mean concentration range from156.25-850.70μg/m 3 while the correlation of suspended particulate matter with wind speed and temperature were both positive and the correlation of suspended particulate matter with relative humidity was negative. It was observed that the total suspended particulate matter correlated well with relative humidity and poorly with wind speed and temperature. Keywords: Spatial Variation; Meteorological; Urban area; Suspended Particulate matter, polynomial model

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A MULTIPOINT TEMPERATURE DATALOGGER

In this work, a low cost six- multipoint temperature data logger was developed. It was designed using LM35 as the sensor, and arduino Uno as the data processing element. The response time of the sensor was observed to be between three and four minutes. The comparative evaluation of the system with other established thermometers show that no two temperature meters gave the same values. However the most important thing is that all the systems recorded the same temperature flow pattern. This indicates that the systems actually senses change in the surrounding effectively. In relation to the alcohol thermometer, the designed system shows an accuracy of +0.4 o C at temperatures below 30 0 C and +1.85 0 C at temperatures above 30 0 C. The system gives room for effective and adjustable temperature data logging procedure. Hence, the system is recommended for use in monitoring low temperature systems. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i2.30

The Design of Automatic System for the Calibration of Testing Temperature Cutter with Thin Film Thermocouple

In order to get an accurate online measurement for the transient cutting temperature in precision, in an ultra-precision cutting process,a temperature measuring device should be assessed whether it can obtain precise magnitude readings and variables of which are measured accurately. The just produced thin-film thermocouple used to measure tool cutting temperature must be correctly calibrated[3,4] , however traditional calibrating process problems rely on manual operation completely with lots of problems such as low efficiency, high labor intensity and large error. this paper proposes an automatic calibration system for thin-film thermocouple by using temperature measuring furnace, data acquisition card and computer-based software. The system makes an automatically and intelligently calibration process. By using a high-precision data acquisition card and precision amplifier circuit, eight thermocouples can be calibrated at the same time automatically which effectively shortens the calibration time and improves the accuracy. Use temperature metering furnace to control data acquisition. Secondary error from using standard thermocouple and other methods to collect the temperature metering furnace real-time temperature is eliminated. The system software modules consist of data reading, data processing, data display, database operation, data query and report generation module. The experimental results show that nonlinear fitting error is less than 0.6% within the temperature measurement range, which meets the requirement of the secondary precision of thermocouple error. This paper intends to provide a new calibration method for thermocouple temperature measurement tool development and production[7].

Design and implementation of a compact avionics instrument for light aviation

In this study, a low-cost compact avionics instrument has been designed and implemented for light aviation vehicles such as ultralight airplanes, hang glider-trikes, and paramotors. At the moment there are a few commercial products that provide flight data and vehicle statuses such as altitude, temperature, fuel level, and engine hours meter. However, due to low production rates, customization for different air vehicles, and complex electronics and signal processing hardware, these instruments are generally far from being affordable; their cost may even be more than that of the air vehicle. This study presents a novel approach such that recent state-of-the-art hardware and sensors are utilized to provide critical flight data to the user accurately. The commercial off-the-self hardware used in the instrument may easily be acquired from the electronics market. Devices like these may be utilized not only for aviation but also sea and land vehicles, providing the user with important data at an affordable cost. In this study, design of the device is explained in detail, which may be constructed with basic electronic circuit construction tools and be utilized as an educational tool as well. The instrument that leverages flight security may be tailored for any air vehicle by using the methods in this study.

Hydrogen field test standard: Laboratory and field performance

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed a prototype field test standard (FTS) that incorporates three test methods that could be used by state weights and measures inspectors to periodically verify the accuracy of retail hydrogen dispensers, much as gasoline dispensers are tested today. The three field test methods are (1) gravimetric, (2) Pressure, Volume, Temperature (PVT), and (3) master meter. The FTS was tested in NIST's Transient Flow Facility with helium gas and in the field at a hydrogen dispenser location. All three methods agree within 0.57% and 1.53% for all test drafts of helium gas in the laboratory setting and of hydrogen gas in the field, respectively. The time required to perform six test drafts is similar for all three methods, ranging from 6h for the gravimetric and master meter methods to 8h for the PVT method.The laboratory tests show that (1) it is critical to wait for thermal equilibrium to achieve density measurements in the FTS that meet the desired uncertainty requirements for the PVT and master meter methods; in general, we found a wait time of 20min introduces errors <0.1% and <0.04% in the PVT and master meter methods, respectively and (2) buoyancy corrections are important for the lowest uncertainty gravimetric measurements.The field tests show that sensor drift can become a largest component of uncertainty that is not present in the laboratory setting. The scale was calibrated after it was set up at the field location. Checks of the calibration throughout testing showed drift of 0.031%. Calibration of the master meter and the pressure sensors prior to travel to the field location and upon return showed significant drifts in their calibrations; 0.14% and up to 1.7%, respectively. This highlights the need for better sensor selection and/or more robust sensor testing prior to putting into field service. All three test methods are capable of being successfully performed in the field and give equivalent answers if proper sensors without drift are used.

UVC-Thermal Coupled Digestion without Oxidant for the Detection of Total Phosphorus

In this paper, a catalyst-free and non-oxidant digestion method based on UVC and thermal coupled mechanism was developed for the digestion of total phosphorus (TP). Two kinds of digestion devices, “hamburg-type” and “screw-type”, were designed and compared to get higher digestion efficiency. Both of the two devices contain a quartz tube, UV light tubes, a flexible heating unit, UV light reflecting layer, and a temperature meter, etc. UVC light with the wavelength of 254nm is used to produce hydroxyl radicals to degrade TP into phosphate in water. Compared with the “hamburg-type” digestion device, the “screw-type” device exhibited a higher digestion rate. At the condition of 1 hour and 80°C, the digestion rate of 1mg/L (by weight of P) water sample can come to 96% by using the “screw-type” device.

The Research of Turn-On Time for Silicon Micromechanical Gyroscope on a Chip

On the basis of analyzing the boot process of silicon micromechanical gyroscope on a chip at room temperature, -40 °C and 60 °C constant temperature environment, for the character that the gyroscope can realize the compensation function and possess temperature-sensitive output model, This paper analyzes the relationship between the bias and temperature meter, and presents compensation method of the initial bias so as to reduce different turn-on time caused by the variation with the temperature of working environment. Experimental results demonstrate the method can effectively reduce turn-on time at the variation with temperature of working environment.

Drivers of deep‐water renewal events observed over 13 years in the South Basin of Lake Baikal

AbstractLake Baikal, with a depth of 1637 m, is characterized by deep‐water intrusions that bridge the near‐surface layer to the hypolimnion. These episodic events transfer heat and oxygen over large vertical scales and maintain the permanent temperature stratified deep‐water status of the lake. Here we evaluate a series of intrusion events that reached the bottom of the lake in terms of the stratification and the wind conditions under which they occurred and provide a new insight into the triggering mechanisms. We make use of long‐term temperature and current meter data (2000–2013) recorded in the South Basin of the lake combined with wind data produced with a regional downscaling of the global NCEP‐RA1 reanalysis product. A total of 13 events were observed during which near‐surface cold water reached the bottom of the South Basin at 1350 m depth. We found that the triggering mechanism of the events is related to the time of the year that they take place. We categorized the events in three groups: (1) winter events, observed shortly before the complete ice cover of the lake that are triggered by Ekman coastal downwelling, (2) under‐ice events, and (3) spring events, that show no correlation to the wind conditions and are possibly connected to the increased spring outflow of the Selenga River.

Development and Evaluation of Solar-Powered Instrument for Hydroponic System in Limapuluh Kota, Indonesia.

This solar-powered instrument utilized in plant cultivation in hydroponic system was developed to minimize operational cost, to maintain continuity of electrical source and to release dependency from electric utility. The instrument consist of solar tracker to adjust photovoltaic panel position, aquarium pump to distribute the nutrition, humidity and temperature meter to measure humidity and temperature, respectively. To support the function of this instrument 40 watt energy should be provided per hour in average. Following power measurement conducted in 50 Kota, 200WP of solar panel will produce roughly 70 watt at peak hour. The solar energy is stored to a couple of 100AH deep cycle battery, Arduino board microcontroller as brain of the system plays roles to control dc motor and timer and to calculate data signal from RTC, humidity and temperature sensor. The data are then sent to LCD matrix 2x16 which will display the measurement. This instrument is expected to be used by hydroponics farmer in remote area.

Water Exchange Calculations Using the Salt Conservation Law in Ayla Lagoons in the Northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

The salt conservation law was applied, for the first time, in order to compare the real and calculated values of water outflow (m3/s) and residence time (days) in the lagoons of Ayla Oasis at the northernmost tip of the Gulf of Aqaba. The aim is to obtain the scientific bases of monitoring beside the real observation in areas that could not be measured directly by the current meters. The real measurements of water current by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) workhorse 600 kHz, salinity and density by the Conductivity, Temperature and Depth meter (CTD 19plusV2), were collected during the period June 2012-May 2013. The statistical analysis was performed using Statview (5.0) software. The results revealed highly significant correlation between the real and calculated values for both water flow (r = 0.90; P = 0.0001) and residence time (r = 0.89; P < 0.0001). Hence, the salt conservation law can be used to calculate the outflow and residence time of seawater inside the lagoons, particularly at areas that could not be accessed for direct current measurements. The differences between the real and calculated values of the water outflow (1.85 ± 1.71 m3/s) and residence time (0.80 ± 0.72 days) should be taken into consideration to correct the calculated values.

Stirring the Construction Project Management with Co-creation and Continuous Improvement

Abstract Gathering information that is capable to explain customers’ needs is usually seen as a quite straightforward part of the traditional construction process: a customer should be able to tell all relevant needs in the first stage so that a building could be designed and built according to the gained information. But the process is lacking of service abilities if a customer wants to modify the given information due to a change in circumstances, albeit such a change is easily caused due turbulent economic situations and long spans in real-estate development projects. Hence the customer perspective regarding the construction management (CM) process should be accommodated better. In this paper, the case studies of the four premises improvement projects are reported upon, where the CM process was altered to include and apply the concepts of continuous improvement and co-creation. The process documentation covered the impacts of the case project on the usability of the premises, the indoor climate conditions (carbon dioxide and temperature) metering, the time lapse cameras and the on-line user feedback system. The documentation consists of the minutes of the meetings, the financial reporting and the time tables.Both the processes and the results of the projects are analysed. Based on the key findings, some suggestions are put forth upon how to improve the CM process to better serve customer interests and quality improvement in the future.

Cover-sheet-based nanogenerator for charging mobile electronics using low-frequency body motion/vibration

Effectively harvesting ambient energy is a key approach for realizing self-powered systems for portable electronics, wireless sensing, implanted devices, security and so on. It is generally desired that adding a power harvester should not add much weight, volume or additional components to the electronics. In this work, a cover-sheet-based (CS) triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is developed based on the protection structure of an electronics, such as a smart phone, for generating power for mobile electronics through conversion of mechanical energy. It consists of a slider and two stators. Each stator comprises of two complementary micro-grating electrodes. At a sliding velocity 1ms−1, the CS-TENG produces an output current of 88.8μA, and a voltage of 2372V. As a thin cover for mobile electronics, under the hand motions, the CS-TENG can light up household light bulbs or directly driving a mobile temperature meter without the use of a battery. In addition, springs are added to make the CS-TENG suitable for scavenging vibration energy from body motion. This study immediately opens the applications of TENG for conventional sensor systems.

Analysis of the Accuracy of Individual Heat Metering and Charging

Individual metering and charging (IMC) allows energy costs to be apportioned among tenants in multi-apartment buildings based on their own energy use. This can result in reduced energy use due to an increased saving behaviour by tenants, which has caught the attention of the European Parliament. In the EU-directive 2012/27/EU there is a requirement for IMC to be installed by December 31, 2016 in multi-apartment buildings. Two techniques are mentioned in the directive for IMC: individual consumption meters and individual heat cost allocators. Either of these two techniques can be used as a method to measure the supplied energy to an apartment. Another method, not mentioned in the EU-directive, is temperature metering which means that the heating cost is instead based on measurements of the actual temperatures through sensors in certain locations in the apartment. However, some shortcomings have been identified with the aforementioned methods. The purpose of this study is to investigate how internal heat production, solar radiation, an apartment’s location within the building and local defects in the building envelope affect the accuracy of IMC. The Energy demands of three apartments in different locations within the building have been simulated in the computer program VIP-Energy. The results of energy calculations prove that the accuracy of IMC is highly questionable in some of the investigated cases. The implication of the study is that it is difficult to measure the actual heat used for an individual apartment, which obstructs accurate and fair apportioning of heating costs among individual tenants.

Comparative studies of the occupants’ behaviour in a university building during winter and summer time

The paper focuses on the assessment of indoor comfort and energy consumption of a university building in Cyprus, during winter and summer of 2012 and 2013. The aim was to make a comparative study of the occupants’ behaviour and its effects on the building's energy consumption, along with the indoor thermal and visual comfort between the two seasons. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air conditioning Standards are used through a questionnaire campaign and the thermal comfort of occupants is analysed with the indicators of predicted mean vote and predicted percentage dissatisfied. The answers are analysed using SPSS software. The air temperature, the relative humidity and the lighting levels of the building are monitored using temperature, humidity and lux meter tools. The monthly energy consumption cost is also calculated. The results are analysed and comparative studies of the occupants’ behaviour conclude to various patterns of effects on the thermal and visual comfort of the building, as well as on its energy consumption.

A mobile complex for on-line studying water areas and surface atmosphere

The complex is intended to perform continuous measurements of concentrations of chlorophyll a and dissolved organic substances by the laser induced fluorescence method, evaluate a state of the photosynthetic system of phytoplankton cells, and record readings of the CO2 gas analyzer, sensors of sea water saltiness, pH, and temperature, and solar illumination meter. The mobility of the complex ensures a possibility of its operation on different ships and under stationary conditions. The configuration of the complex can be promptly changed for solving the current problem by promptly adding or replacing separate devices and sensors of the complex, as well as the software integrating all devices and data into the system. It is possible to use standard, vibration-resistant laboratory equipment, since the housing of the designed device ensures protection against the marine environment. Results of in-situ measurements performed in the Peter the Great Gulf (Sea of Japan) in 2012 are given.