Temperature In Recent Years Research Articles

Determination of DEET, Icaridin, and IR3535 in insect repellents using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and multiway calibration

Due to rising temperatures in recent years, there has been an increase in outbreaks of arboviral diseases like Dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever, which are primarily transmitted by two Aedes mosquitos. The outbreak has sparked significant concern among the population and prompted countries to heighten their precautions, specially by increasing the use of insects repellents. Regarding the regulatory demands of these products, this study develops a novel analytical method for the determination of DEET, Icaridin, and IR3535 in insect repellents combining excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy with higher-order multivariate calibration techniques. For this purpose, a dataset comprising 21 samples containing the studied active ingredients was used to construct Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) and Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) models. As a result, DEET, Icaridin, and IR3535 were quantified with a RMSEP lower than 1.84% for PARAFAC and below 11.30% for MCR-ALS. The EJCR test confirmed the accuracy of the proposed methods, which agreed with the high-performance liquid chromatography reference method at a 95% confidence level. These findings suggest that developing multiway calibration models using EEM proves to be accurate and cost-effective for quality control in repellent-based products.

Preparedness, knowledge, and perception of nursing students about climate change and its impact on human health in India

Higher education plays an important role in all aspects of sustainability. Infusing climate change and sustainability into the curriculum is important to prepare future health-care professionals for climate change and sustainability actions to build resilient health systems. In this study, we evaluated the preparedness, knowledge, and perception regarding climate change and its impact on human health among Indian nursing students. A quantitative descriptive survey was conducted among 644 undergraduate nursing students studying in three institutes in the southern, northern, and western parts of India. We used a structured online questionnaire with established validity and reliability to collect data. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26 software. The results showed that more than half of the students reported experiencing excessive increase (362; 56.2%) and decrease (374; 58.1%) in temperature in recent years. Though more than three quarters of the students (494; 76.7%) accepted the general truth that climate change is mainly caused by human activities, only less than half of the students (309; 48.0%) perceived the impact of climate change to be high. Three quarters of the students (483; 75.0%) had a high level of knowledge regarding climate change. The students who had a high level of knowledge about climate change exerted a high perceived impact of climate change (χ2=75.47; P<0.01). More than half of the students (50.9%) felt that they needed information about climate change to be included in the nursing curriculum, and only one sixth of the students (16.1%) were highly confident about engaging in climate change-related conversation with patients. Most of the students who participated in the study had basic knowledge about climate change and its impact on human health. However, there is an observed gap between knowledge and their preparedness and confidence to engage in climate change actions. Hence, we propose to strengthen the nursing curriculum by integrating various curricular and co-curricular activities related to climate change, so that future nurses are empowered to become climate change advocates.

Frequency analysis of extreme air temperature events in an urban center in the Brazilian savanna

The increase in the planet's average air temperature in recent years has influenced the pattern of natural climatic phenomenons, with levels outside the normal range, the occurrence of prolonged dry periods, torrential rains and heat waves. Due to the climate crisis, extreme events have become increasingly frequent and more intense. With that in view, the aim of this article was to analyze the frequency of occurrence of extreme air temperature events between 2003 and 2023 in Cuiabá-MT-Brazil, as well as to understand the relationship between these extreme heat wave events and the occurrence and intensity of ENOS events. To this purpose, extreme events were analyzed using daily maximum air temperature data for the period from January 1, 2003 to October 31, 2023 obtained from the automated station of the National Meteorological Institute (INMET) located in Cuiabá - MT (CÓDA907), and ONI (Oceanic Niño Index) data. The results showed a significant increase of 86% in the occurrence of extreme events in 2020, compared to 2007, the year with the lowest number of occurrences. Therefore, it is extremely important that issues such as climate emergency, climate change and climate resilience are discussed as a means of public policy, preventing these increases from becoming even worse in frequency and/or intensity.

Detection of QTL for High-Temperature Tolerance in Rice Using a High-Density Bin Map

Rice is sensitive to high-temperature stress during almost all stages of growth and development. High-temperature stress has become one of the main factors restricting high yield and superior quality of rice. In this study, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an indica rice cross between two restorer lines were planted in two years. One sowing date was applied in 2019, and four sowing dates were set in 2020 according to the period of local high temperatures in recent years. Two traits closely related to high-temperature tolerance, heading date (HD), and spikelet fertility (SF) were measured. In each trial, the HD showed a bimodal distribution, whereas SF had a continuous and left-skewed distribution. QTL analysis was performed using a high-density bin map. For HD, a total of six QTL were detected. All of them correspond in position to the cloned genes, among which qHD8 in the DTH8/Ghd8 region showed the largest genetic effect. For SF, a total of eight QTL were detected. Five of them, qSF1, qSF2, qSF3.1, qSF3.2, and qSF8, showed high-temperature tolerance and had an important potential in rice breeding.

An Analysis Study on the Effect of Increasing Carbon Dioxide Gas and Climate Change on Temperatures in Libya

Carbon dioxide CO2 has been increased in the atmosphere and therefore had a significant impact on global warming on the world. Libya had the share of high temperatures in recent years reached 22.6 0C compared to about 20.9 0C in 1980. It was noted the increase of carbon dioxide over Libya in the time series (1980-2019) has stepped from 338.8 PPM in 1980, to reach 409.6 PPM in 2019. In this study, a statistical analysis of the data to determine the type and strength of the relationship between the two variables, carbon dioxide (CO2 PPM) and temperature (0C), was performed. It showed that there is a percentage of the effect gas carbon dioxide on the temperature up to 32.6%, and the relationship between the variables is positive, and the correlation coefficient is 0.571. Through analysis of variance to test the significance of the quality of the model, there is a linear relationship between the two variables, and the value of t indicates that there is an effect of carbon dioxide on temperatures.

Geo-Statistical Analysis of Meteorological Drought and Recurrence Intervals in the Context of Climate Change Over Extreme Northeastern Region of Nigeria

This study examined the occurrence of meteorological drought in the context of climate change over the extreme northeastern region of Nigeria using rainfall and temperature data spanning a period of 60 years (1961-2020) and 40 years (1981-2020), respectively. Linear regression, 5-year moving average and Cramer’s test were used to examine the changes in the rainfall and temperature. Rainfall Anomaly Index was used in depicting periods of different drought intensities in the region. The trend analysis of the climate data revealed that the region has been experiencing increasing rainfall and temperature in recent years. Findings also revealed that the droughts of the 1980s were more severe than the Great Sahelian Droughts of 1968-1973. The year 1987 was the driest in the whole period of study (1961–2020). Contrariwise, about 81% of the region from 2000 to 2020 experienced normal to very wet conditions. The mean probabilities of mild, moderate, and severe droughts in the area were 0.14 (recurrence interval of 8 years), 0.11 (recurrence interval of 11 years), and 0.07 (recurrence interval of 16 years), respectively. This study concludes that the number of drought occurrences has decreased in recent years. Therefore, government policies related to agriculture and water resources development in the area should take into account the increasing rainfall and temperature in recent years.&#x0D; Keywords: Climate Change, Meteorological drought, Rainfall, Recurrence Interval, Severe Drought, Temperature

Detection of the anthropogenic signal and urbanization effects in extreme temperature changes in eastern China

With its rapid rise in temperatures and accelerated urbanization in recent decades, eastern China may be affected by both global warming and the urban heat island effect. To investigate the influence of anthropogenic forcing and urbanization on extreme temperature, the authors conducted detection and attribution analyses on 16 extreme indices using extended observational data during 1958–2020 and the models that participated in CMIP5 and CMIP6. The extended observational data till 2020 show continued warming in extreme temperatures in recent years. Most of the indices display an increase in warm extremes and decrease in cold extremes. Both CMIP5 and CMIP6 models are able to reflect these warming features, albeit the models can over- or underestimate some extreme indices. The two-signal detection with anthropogenic and urbanization effects jointly considered showed that the anthropogenic and urban signals can be simultaneously detected and separated only in two frequency indices, i.e., the frequency of warm and cold nights. The anthropogenic forcing explains about two-thirds of the warming, while URB contributes about one-third for these two indices. For most of the other indices, only the anthropogenic signal can be detected. This indicates that the urban signal is distinct from the natural variability mainly for the nighttime frequency indices but not for the other extreme temperature indies. Given the important influence of nighttime extremes on human health, this suggests an urgent need for cities to adapt to both global warming and urbanization.摘要作为中国经济最发达的地区, 中国东部受到城市热岛效应和温室气体排放等人类活动的明显影响. 本文利用最新的观测和全球气候模式资料, 对极端温度强度, 频率和持续时间等16个极端温度指数进行了检测归因分析, 研究了人为强迫和城市化效应对中国东部极端温度变化的影响. 结果表明, 近年来极端温度持续增暖, 极端暖事件增加, 极端冷事件减少. 新一代全球气候模式能够合理地反映这些变暖特征, 但是部分模式可能高估或低估了观测到的变化. 基于最优指纹方法的双信号检测表明, 人为信号和城市化效应只能在暖夜和冷夜两个频率指标上同时被检测并分离, 其变化约三分之二可归因于人类活动, 剩余的三分之一可归因于城市化效应. 而在极端温度其他指数的变化中, 只有人类活动的影响能够被检测到.

Late pruning modifies leaf to fruit ratio and shifts maturity period, affecting berry and wine composition in Vitis vinífera L. cv. ‘Malbec’ in Mendoza, Argentina

Higher temperatures in recent years have advanced berry ripening and harvest date, decoupling berry sugar accumulation of anthocyanins final concentration and therefore reducing wine potential color. Late pruning is proposed as a tool to modify phenology and to delay berry ripening later in the season when temperatures are lower. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of late pruning on berry and wine composition in cv. Malbec. During three consecutive seasons, winter pruning (WP) was compared to three late pruning treatments: plants pruned at budburst (BB), at 2–3 unfolded leaves (2–3 L), and 8 unfolded leaves (8 L). Late pruning treatments showed higher concentration of soluble solids at the same cumulated degree days (GDD) from veraison. On the other hand, while berries from 8 L presented higher levels of acidity, they presented similar value of pH. In 2018, wines from 8 L presented a higher content of phenols and total tannins; while the concentration of anthocyanins was higher in wines from 2–3 L and 8 L. In 2019, wines from 8 L plants presented higher anthocyanin content, while the rest of the parameters were similar for all treatments. Late pruning could be a useful tool to maintain or improve the phenolic composition of berries and wine, although in our conditions it was not very effective in delaying the accumulation of soluble solids for harvest. The effects of late pruning on berry maturity and composition was mediated by changes in thermal regime during maturity and leaf to fruit ratio.

Investigation of the Effect of Glass Sand Used in SCC on the Behavior of the SCC Stress- Strain Relationship

Glass, who is found as a waste in nature, seems to be among the causes of fires in forest areas and landfills, especially with the increase in temperature in recent years. Within the scope of the study, waste soda glass bottles collected from waste sites and natural environment were separated by passing through 0.25-0.5 mm sieves after grinding. The self-compacting concrete (SCC) produced with this glass sand were replaced with the natural sand inside. Natural sand and glass sand were substituted in increments of 5% between 5% and 35% by volume. SCC were tested with fresh feature tests where it provides regulatory standards. Stress-strain relationships were obtained for 7- and 28-days old samples from the mixtures obtained. These relations were evaluated by comparing them with the concrete model, which is frequently used in the literature. It was observed that the resulting stress-strain relations converged well to the model chosen especially at the age of 7 days but diverged from the model used at the age of 28 days, especially in the initial part.

Yumuşak Çekirdekli Meyve Türlerinde Kuraklığın Etkileri

Elma, armut, ayva, trabzonhurması, yenidünya, muşmula ve alıç dünyada önemli üretim potansiyeline sahip yumuşak çekirdekli meyve türleri arasındadır. Sıcaklık yetiştriciliği sınırlandıran en önemli iklim faktörüdür. Son yıllarda küresel iklim değişikliğiyle birlikte kuraklığın artması ve su kaynaklarına erişimin azalması sıcaklığın en önemli etkileri olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Su stresi altındaki yumuşak çekirdekli meyve türlerinde ortaya çıkan morfolojik, biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve moleküler değişimlerin etkisi ile verim ve kalite parametrelerinin düşmesi dolayısıyla ağaçların ekonomik verim değerleri olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Dayanıklılık ıslahı, kaolin, melatonin, anti-transpirant (brasinolid), gövde azaltması, silika, nitrik oksit, besin maddesi uygulaması, mikorizal funguslar ve bitki gelişimini teşvik eden rizobakteriler ile aşılama, toprak işleme uygulamaları ve gölgelik örtü sistemleri farklı yöntemler ve uygulamalar stres faktörlerinin olumsuz etkilerini azalabilmek amacıyla yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada yumuşak çekirdekli bazı meyve türlerinde kuraklığın etkileri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Differences in Air and Sea Surface Temperatures in the Northern and Southern Part of the Adriatic Sea

The paper compares air and sea surface temperatures in recent years on two islands in the Adriatic Sea. The data measured at the climatological station Krk on the island of Krk and the main meteorological station Lastovo on the island of Lastovo are used. The island of Krk is located in the north of the Adriatic Sea and Lastovo in the south. Since a significant increase in air and sea surface temperatures has been observed over the last thirty years, the goal is to establish how they reflect at these two stations, 313 km apart. The goal of the analysis is to monitor the changes in these two islands to reduce the negative impacts they may cause. The analysis of sea temperatures showed that global warming has a greater impact in the northern Adriatic than in the southern Adriatic. Air and sea surface temperatures have a faster upward trend on Krk than on Lastovo. Similar to the Mediterranean Sea, a positive trend was observed in the Adriatic Sea for both sea surface temperature and air temperature.

Spatiotemporal Modes Characteristics and SARIMA Prediction of Total Column Water Vapor over China during 2002–2022 Based on AIRS Dataset

The total column water vapor (TCWV) is a relatively active component in the atmosphere and an important detection object of climate change. Exploring the spatiotemporal modes characteristics of TCWV and predicting its changing trends can provide a reference for human beings to deal with climate change and formulate corresponding countermeasures. The TCWV data over China region by using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) dataset from 2002 to 2022 were obtained. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, linear regression, Mann-Kendall (M-K) mutation test, Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model and other methods were used to discuss the spatiotemporal modes characteristics of TCWV in the China region on the monthly, seasonal, and annual scales and verify the rationality of the forecast of the monthly average trend of TCWV in the next year. The obtained results show that: (1) The annual and seasonal scales spatial distributions of TCWV in China are roughly consistent, with obvious latitudinal distribution characteristics. That is, the TCWV in the low latitude region, especially in the tropical region, is larger, and it gradually decreases with the increase of the latitude. Furthermore, the TCWV in the eastern region is higher than that in the western region at the same latitude; (2) The EOF analysis results show that its first mode can better reflect the typical distribution characteristics of the southeast-northwest positive distribution in China; (3) From 2002 to 2022, the TCWV in China shows an upward trend and the TCWV increases at a rate of 0.0413 kg/m2 per year, which may be related to the long-term increase of air temperature in recent years; (4) The inter-monthly variation of TCWV shows a slightly positive skewed ‘bell-shaped’ curve, with the maximum in summer, the minimum in winter and the similar distribution in spring and autumn. As can be seen from the M-K curves of the four seasons, each season has different mutation points; (5) Forecasting the TCWV was done using time series monthly average values from September 2002 to February 2022. SARIMA (3, 1, 3) × (0, 1, 1, 12) was identified as the best model. This model passed the residual normality test and the forecasting evaluation statistics show that MAPE = 2.65%, MSE = 0.3229 and the R2-score = 0.9949. As demonstrated by the results, the SARIMA model is a good model for forecasting TCWV in the China region.

Fire after clear-cut harvesting minimally affects the recovery of ecosystem carbon pools and fluxes in a Great Lakes forest

Effective forest carbon (C) management requires an understanding of how stand-replacing disturbances affect C pools and fluxes over successional timescales, and how the growth of secondary forests compares with that of undisturbed forests. In the upper Great Lakes region, fires that followed clear-cut harvesting shaped a century-old cohort of secondary forests, but the long-term effects of fire on C cycling in this relatively fire-averse landscape remain poorly understood. We examined how two different stand-replacing disturbances – one with and the other without fire – influenced C pools and fluxes through a century of stand development, comparing secondary aspen-dominated (Populus) forests with legacy late successional stands encompassing the ages and species compositions that would be prevalent today in the absence of stand replacement. Our work at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) used experimental forest chronosequences established following clear-cut harvesting or clear-cut harvesting followed by fire, along with three > 130-yr-old late successional deciduous broadleaf (DBF), evergreen needleleaf (ENF), and mixed (MIX) forest functional types. The successional trajectories and values of total (above- and belowground) ecosystem C mass, net primary production (NPP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) were similar regardless of whether fires occurred following clear-cut harvesting. Moreover, 80 + year old secondary forests’ C pools and fluxes were comparable to late successional ENF and MIX, but were at times lower than DBF. While the century-old secondary forests and legacy stands served as consistent C sinks over the last century, more extreme temperatures in recent years may be eroding NEP by accelerating C losses from soils. We conclude that the compounding effects of fire and clear-cut harvesting were similar to those from clear-cut harvesting alone, possibly because of the disturbance-adapted properties of pioneer species, most notably aspen; however, our results also suggest that changing climate rather than prior disturbance may jeopardize the future of this long-term terrestrial C sink.

Effects of acute heat stress on liver damage, apoptosis and inflammation of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is a sub-cold water fish species with high aquaculture potential. Its culture is seriously affected by increasing summer temperatures in recent years. Aim to investigate the effects of heat stress on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and the immune response in pikeperch. the fish were heat stressed at 30 °C, 32 °C and 34 °C for 2h respectively, followed by a 48h recovery period. The results showed that as temperature increased, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the liver increased significantly. Meanwhile, acute heat stress results in progressive deleterious alterations in liver tissue, especially vascular rupture, blood infiltration, and severe vacuolation at 34 °C. TUNEL staining revealed that the apoptosis level increased significantly with the rising temperature. Acute heat stress significantly induced the mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes, including tumor suppressor (p53), B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2), bcl-2-associated X (bax), apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (apaf-1), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (caspase-3 and caspase-9), and the expression of p53 was also positively correlated with bax expression and the bax/bcl-2 ratio. Additionally, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity increased significantly at 34 °C compared with the control group (23 °C). Innate immune genes, including tumor necrosis factor (tnf-α), interleukins (il-7, il-8, il-10 and il-1β), complement 3 (c3) were activated under acute heat stress, and H2O2 content was positively correlated with the expressions of tnf-α and il-1β. After the temperature reached again 23 °C, most measured indexes in heat-stressed groups didn't return to stress-free levels, and liver tissue also didn't return to its normal state in the histopathology. It was found that p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was triggered in pikeperch under acute heat stress, and there may be a vicious cycle between oxidative stress and inflammation. In summary, the present study is helpful to elucidate how acute heat stress mediates liver injury of pikeperch through mitochondrial pathway, inflammation and oxidative stress.

From room temperature to harsh temperature applications: Fundamentals and perspectives on electrolytes in zinc metal batteries.

As one of the most competitive candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems, the emerging rechargeable zinc metal battery (ZMB) is inevitably influenced by beyond-room-temperature conditions, resulting in inferior performances. Although much attention has been paid to evaluating the performance of ZMBs under extreme temperatures in recent years, most academic electrolyte research has not provided adequate information about physical properties or practical testing protocols of their electrolytes, making it difficult to assess their true performance. The growing interest in ZMBs is calling for in-depth research on electrolyte behavior under harsh practical conditions, which has not been systematically reviewed yet. Hence, in this review, we first showcase the fundamentals behind the failure of ZMBs in terms of temperature influence and then present a comprehensive understanding of the current electrolyte strategies to improve battery performance at harsh temperatures. Last, we offer perspectives on the advance of ZMB electrolytes toward industrial application.

Seasonal activity of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in the era of progressive climate change in eastern Poland

Dermacentor reticulatus ticks are one of the most important vectors and reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens in Europe. Changes in the abundance and range of this species have been observed in the last decade and these ticks are collected in areas previously considered tick-free. This may be influenced by progressive climate change. Eastern Poland is an area where the local population of D. reticulatus is one of the most numerous among those described so far. At the same time, the region is characterized by a significant increase in the mean air temperature in recent years (by 1.81 °C in 2020) and a decrease in the average number of days with snow cover (by 64 days in 2020) and in the number of days with frost (by 20 days in 2020) on an annual basis compared to the long-term average. The aim of our research was to investigate the rhythms of seasonal activity and the population size of D. reticulatus in the era of progressive climate change. To this end, questing ticks were collected in 2017–2020. Next, the weather conditions in the years of observation were analyzed and compared with multi-year data covering 30 years preceding the study. The research results show that, in eastern Poland, there is a stable population of D. reticulatus with the peak of activity in spring or autumn (up to a maximum of 359 individuals within 30 min of collection) depending on the year of observation. Ticks of this species may also be active in winter months. The activity of D. reticulatus is influenced by a saturation deficit.

Вплив енергетичних культур на якість екосистемних послуг чорнозему опідзоленого важкосуглинкового

The article presents the results of research on the impact of energy crops on the quality of such ecosystem services of Luvic Chernic Phaozem as providing, regulating and supporting. The observation was conducted during 2019-2020 in the SE "Experimental Farm "Grakivske", Novyi Korotych village in Kharkiv region of Ukraine. Energy perennial crops grown in the experiment: Miscanthus giganteus (plantings 2016 (I) and 2019 (II) years); Sida hermophrodita (2018); Silphium perfoliatum L. (2018). Control variables: determination of soil organic carbon content; pH level; number of microarthropods in the soil; plant stem length. An increase in organic carbon content was found in the upper soil layers beneath energy crop plants, especially in the root zone of Sylphium. Due to the root excretions of the crops a slight decrease in pH is also observed in all the variants compared to the control. A positive effect of the plants is also observed on the numbers of soil invertebrates – microarthropods, namely columbines and oribatids. The increase in their numbers indicates the formation of favorable conditions for these living creatures, in the root zone of all energy crops. For example, in May 2019 compared to the control (2706 ex. / m2) under four-year-old Miscanthus almost tripled (6126 ex. / m2), under annual Miscanthus – 4860 ex. / m2, under Sylphium – 5040 ex. / m2, and under Sida – 4320 ex. / m2. Positive changes in soil structure under the influence of Miscanthus giganteus cultivation, especially in the upper layer, were also noted. The coefficient of structure on the variants increased from 1.39 on the control, to 2.26 in layer 0-20 under Miscanthus. Measurements of stem height, showed that all of the selected crops were able to function normally despite reduced rainfall and increased temperatures in recent years. The plants are not depressed under drought conditions and only increase their biomass over time. Thus, the results indicate an overall improvement in the quality of soil ecosystem services in energy crop plantations. In particular, provisioning services – obtaining energy raw materials; regulating services – improving soil quality; and ecosystem services – depositing organic carbon, are improved.

EIN3-Mediated Ethylene Signaling Attenuates Auxin Response during Hypocotyl Thermomorphogenesis.

The gaseous phytohormone ethylene plays vital roles in diverse developmental and environmental adaptation processes, such as fruit ripening, seedling establishment, mechanical stress tolerance and submergence escape. It is also known that in the light, ethylene promotes hypocotyl growth by stimulating the expression of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) transcription factor, which triggers microtubule reorganization during hypocotyl cell elongation. In particular, ethylene has been implicated in plant responses to warm temperatures in recent years. However, it is currently unclear how ethylene signals are functionally associated with hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis at the molecular level. Here, we show that ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3)-mediated ethylene signals attenuate hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis by suppressing auxin response. At warm temperatures, when the activity of the PIF4 thermomorphogenesis promoter is prominently high, the ethylene-activated EIN3 transcription factor directly induces the transcription of ARABIDOPSIS PP2C CLADE D7 (APD7) gene encoding a protein phosphatase that inactivates the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase proton pumps. In conjunction with the promotive role of the PM H+-ATPases in hypocotyl cell elongation, our observations strongly support that the EIN3-directed induction of APD7 gene is linked with the suppression of auxin-induced cell expansion, leading to the reduction in thermomorphogenic hypocotyl growth. Our data demonstrate that APD7 acts as a molecular hub that integrates ethylene and auxin signals into hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis. We propose that the ethylene-auxin signaling crosstalks via the EIN3-APD7 module facilitate the fine-tuning of hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis under natural environments, which often fluctuate in a complex manner.

Formation of the vegetation cover in the desert pasture phytocenoses

Rising global temperatures in recent years have led to a sharp increase in the area of desert areas. Desert areas are widely used as pastures. The productivity of desert pastures in Uzbekistan is very low, ie 1-3 ts/ha. This limits the year-round use of desert pastures. One of the resource-saving and long-term effective ways to increase their productivity is to plant enclosures, as well as reclamation and forage rows in these desert pastures using plants such as Haloxylon aphyllum, Calligonum caput-medusae, Salsola paletzkiana. This is because protected areas have been scientifically proven to show their positive properties in other areas (around mountainous and irrigated fields). In these areas, enclosures not only perform a protective function, but also serve as a source of fodder for livestock in the autumn-winter seasons.

Perceptions and Adaptation Strategies to Changing Climate: Evidence from Farmers of Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka

This study elicits and understands farmers’ perceptions and indigenous adaptation strategies to mitigate climatic variability in northern dry zone of Karnataka. Pre-tested and structured interview schedule was used to collect data from the farmers using multi-stage random sampling technique. Statistical tool like Garret ranking technique was employed to identify and rank various adaptation strategies practiced by farmers towards changing climate. Results revealed that farmers experienced varying climatic condition in terms of decreasing and unpredictable rainfall, increase in temperature in recent years and frequent failure of monsoon. Climatic variability affected farming in terms of declining crop yields, frequent crop failure, sinking water level in bore wells and open wells and increased emergence of new pest and diseases. Farmers manifested resilience against changing climate by adopting combination of indigenous and modern scientific adaptation strategies such as crop diversification, mixed farming, water conservation structures, changing planting dates, seeking off-farm employment and adopting drought and heat tolerant varieties. Main barriers to adaptation were lack of knowledge about climate change, lack of timely availability of weather information and farm inputs. To enhance access and timely dissemination of weather forecasts information, timely availability of farm inputs and crop insurance mechanisms will have the scope to enhance farmers’ resilience to changing climate and adaptation.