Temperature Distribution Profile Research Articles

Numerical solution of nanofluids mixing processes in T-mixer equipped titled gate

AbstractIn this study, a numerical simulation technique is employed to predicate the temperature distribution and velocity profile data of cold and hot nanofluids within a T-mixer was studied. The mixing of nanofluid flow with Al2O3 nanoparticles of 50 nm flows at Φ = 0.4 vol.% in a T-shaped mixer. The present numerical problem has been solved using the COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.4. Six angle of inclination was studied (θ = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90°) of the gate and evaluated its effects on the temperatures and velocity contour in the T-junction. The study's findings indicated that the presence of a gate in a stationary, non-rotating flow regime has a noteworthy impact on the stationary vortex flow. Also, the mixing occurs more quickly at angles of 45 or 60°. Mixing at a 30° or 90° angle took longer.

Charging of an Air–Rock Bed Thermal Energy Storage under Natural and Forced Convection

An air-rock bed thermal storage system was designed for small-scale powered generation and analyzed with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using ANSYS-Fluent simulation. An experimental system was constructed to compare and validate the simulation model results. The storage unit is a cylindrical steel container with granite rock pebbles as a storage medium. The CFD simulation used a porous flow model. Transient-state simulations were performed on a 2D axisymmetric model using a pressure-based solver. During charging, heat input that keeps the bottom temperature at 550 °C was applied to raise the storage temperature. Performance analysis was conducted under various porosities, considering natural and forced convection. The natural convection analysis showed insignificant convection contribution after 10 h of charging, as observed in both average air velocity and the temperature profile plots. The temperature distribution profiles at various positions for both convection modes showed good agreement between the simulation and experimental results. Additionally, both cases exhibited similar temperature growth trends, further validating the models. Forced convection reduced the charging time from 60 h to 5 h to store 70 MJ of energy at a porosity of 0.4, compared to natural convection, which stored only 50 MJ in the same time. This extended charging period was attributed to poor natural convective heat transfer, indicating that relying solely on natural convection for thermal energy storage under the given conditions is not practical. Using a small fan to enhance heat transfer, forced convection is a more practical method for charging the system, making it suitable for power generation applications.

Exploring convective entropy optimization and activation energy impact on magneto-nanofluid flow over a vertical stretched plate with Hall current and nonlinear thermal radiation using SQLM

This paper investigates the profound impact of entropy generation and activation energy on the dynamics of hydromagnetic nanofluids, focusing on nonlinear thermal radiation, viscous and Ohmic dissipation, and Hall current effects over a linear stretching sheet. Various nanoparticles are incorporated into the nanofluid formulation using the thermophoresis and Brownian motion model. Through similarity transformation, the system of nonlinear equations is solved with high precision using the Spectral Quasilinearization Method (SQLM). Comprehensive analyses of velocity, cross-flow velocity, temperature, concentration, and entropy generation profiles are conducted for numerous physical parameters. Results indicate that velocity and cross-flow velocity increase with the Hall parameter while temperature and concentration profiles decrease. Both the velocity and cross-flow velocity profiles enhance for mixed convection parameters closer to the sheet, whereas the temperature and concentration profiles exhibit the contrary tendency. Prandtl number diminishes the profiles of horizontal velocity, cross-flow velocity and concentration distributions. Temperature distribution profile hikes for both the Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter. The activation energy parameter enhances the cross-flow velocity, with a corresponding decline in temperature distribution and a similar trend is observed in the concentration profile. Further, entropy generation profiles increase with higher Brinkman and Reynolds numbers while exhibiting mixed tendencies with the Schmidt number. These findings reveal that Hall current introduces complex interactions within the nanofluid flow, significantly influencing thermal, concentration, and entropy generation characteristics, particularly in magnetic fields and activation energy.

Thermal and hydrodynamic analysis inside a channel partially filled with porous material

AbstractIn this work, the transfer of heat and changes in fluid pressure within a rectangular channel fairly packed with porous material have been studied numerically for various Darcy numbers and dimensionless porous layers. The model was run with the following assumptions: laminar flow, forced convection, isotropic porous material, local thermodynamic equilibrium, constant wall temperature boundary condition, and no thermal dissipation. The study covers a broad range for the dimensionless porous layer, 0 ≤ hr < 1, and the Darcy number, 10−4 < Da < 10−2. The fully developed and developing flow over the channel is investigated in numerical study. It was observed that the inertia effect may be disregarded when Da < 10−4. The local dimensionless bulk temperature distribution, pressure drop, and velocity profiles were all shown to be impacted by the Darcy number and dimensionless porous layers, according to the numerical analysis results. The maximum heat transfer rate was attained when the ratio of the porous layer inside the channel was 0.8, and the pressure gradient was the highest. Partial packing of the channel with a porous material has two advantages: it increases the rate heat transmission rate and results in a much smaller pressure drop than a filled porous medium.

Effect of free vibration on mechanical characteristics of Bi-directional functionally graded beams under hygrothermal effect

ABSTRACT The effect of free vibration on mechanical characteristics of bi-directional functionally graded material (BDFGM) beams under the influence of hygrothermal effects involves the application of the harmonic differential quadrature method (HDQM). The material parameters are supposed to vary in both axial and thickness directions. The temperature distribution is employed along the length direction of the BDFGM beams while maintaining a constant moisture concentration. An exponential law with axial thermal variation under moisture effect is investigated to analyse vibration behaviour in the BDFGM beams using the HDQM. Hamilton’s principle is used to obtain governing equations. Three kinds of temperature distribution profile were considered i.e. uniform (UTR), linear (LTR) and nonlinear temperature rise (NLTR). Free vibration analysis is performed using the HDQM. The precision of the HDQM is validated by comparing it with prior studies. Various configurations of boundary conditions, including supported, clamped, and free, are considered. Parametric results are investigated to explore the effect of the exponent parameters, temperature profile and constant humidity content. Results indicate that temperature, constant moisture content, material properties, and different end conditions significantly influence natural frequency. The outcomes can be applied to designing two or more directional FGM structures for different environmental conditions.

Computational investigation of methanol-based hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux

Abstract This study investigates heat transfer rates in (AA7075-AA7072/Methanol) hybrid nanofluid flows, considering non-uniform heat sources and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux, with significant implications for aerospace engineering by enhancing thermal management in aircraft engines. The findings could revolutionize automotive cooling system efficiency, optimize heat dissipation in electronic devices, and advance the design of renewable energy systems such as concentrated solar power plants. The study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of (AA7075/Methanol) nanofluid and (AA7075-AA7072/Methanol) hybrid nanofluid flow, examining heat transfer rates, non-uniform heat sources, and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux theory around a stretching cylinder. Thermal radiation and the Biot number are also evaluated. Two different nanoparticles, AA7072 and AA7075, are used with methanol to create AA7075/Methanol nanofluid and AA7075-AA7072/Methanol hybrid nanofluid. The study compresses the resultant non-linear partial differential equation system and applies suitable similarity transformations to reduce the governing partial differential equations with boundary conditions to dimensionless form. The BVP4C shooting method in MATLAB is employed to numerically and graphically solve these dimensionless ordinary differential equations. The results indicate that higher curvature parameter values correlate with increased velocity and temperature distribution profiles. A rise in nanoparticle volume fraction reduces the radial velocity profile but increases the temperature profile. Temperature distribution profiles increase with higher thermal radiation parameter and Biot number values, while higher thermal relaxation parameter values decrease temperature. Additionally, thermal distribution profiles rise with increasing values of both the time-dependent heat source constant and space-dependent heat source parameter.

Retrofitting Natural Gas–Fired Boiler for Hydrogen Combustion: Operational Performance and NOx Emissions

Abstract The effects of hydrogen fraction (HF: volumetric fraction of H2 in the fuel mixture of CH4 + H2) from 0% to 100% by volume, on the thermal and environmental performance of a 207-MW industrial water tube boiler, are investigated numerically at a fixed excess air factor, λ = 1.15. This study aims to determine the hardware modifications required for boilers to be retrofitted for pure hydrogen operation and investigates how NOx emissions are affected by hydrogen enrichment. The results showed insignificant increases in maximum combustion temperature with increasing the HF, though the distributions of temperature profiles are distinct. In reference to the basic methane combustion, H2 flames resulted in a positive temperature rise in the vicinity of the burner. Increasing the HF from 0% to 2% resulted in higher average thermal NOx emissions at the boiler exit section from 37 up to 1284 ppm, then it decreased to 1136 ppm at HF = 30%, and later it leveled up to 1474 ppm at HF = 100%. The spots for higher differences in NO formation compared to the reference case are shifted downstream at higher HFs. The effect of hydrogen enrichment on CO2 and H2O as radiation sources, as well as the volumetric absorption radiation of the furnace wall and the heat flux at furnace surfaces, has all been presented in relation to the effect of hydrogen addition on boiler performance.

Indirect mode solar drying of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) leaves: experimental and numerical investigation of fluid flow pattern, moisture, and temperature distribution profile

Indirect mode solar drying of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) leaves: experimental and numerical investigation of fluid flow pattern, moisture, and temperature distribution profile

Temperature dependent cut‐resistance properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene based knitted textiles

AbstractThe increasing awareness of safety standards for personal protective equipment in various industries and everyday life has significantly increased the demand for effective cut‐resistance clothing to prevent injuries. Ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), renowned for its strength, is predominantly used to produce cut‐protective clothing for sectors such as automotive, manufacturing, glass, and metal. These cut‐resistance clothing are often exposed to harsh workplace conditions, including elevated temperatures, which can compromise their structural integrity and diminish their cut‐protection efficacy. The present work investigates the effect of temperature on the cut‐resistance performance of core‐spun UHMWPE yarns integrated with stainless‐steel and glass filament‐based knitted fabrics. Cut‐performance was assessed across industrial work handling temperatures ranging from 30 to 75°C. Furthermore, thermal cut performance was analyzed by structural characterization and surface morphology of the samples. The results revealed a general decline in cut performance with increasing temperature for all samples, with stainless steel‐reinforced UHMWPE fabrics experiencing the most pronounced reduction % compared with their glass fiber‐reinforced and 100% UHMWPE counterparts. These results are substantiated by analyses of surface temperature distribution profiles and x‐ray diffraction outcomes. This study benefits industry workers, guiding them in selecting effective protective clothing for varied thermal conditions.

Thermal and reactive effects in nanofluid flow around a contracting cylinder under magnetic field influence

This study investigates the dynamic behavior of natural ester-based ferrous oxide (Fe3O4) nanofluid flow around an unsteady contracting cylinder under the influence of a magnetic field, heat generation, and homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. The governing equations for the flow, heat transfer, and chemical reactions are solved numerically using appropriate mathematical models. The bvp4c built-in MATLAB package is applied to address the complexity of the problem. The effects of magnetic field, heat generation, and reactive chemistry on the flow field, temperature distribution, and species concentration profiles are analysed comprehensively. As part of the validation process, we validate the reliability of our findings by comparing them to established benchmarks. Motivated by the increasing interest in environmentally friendly and sustainable fluid mediums, natural esters are chosen as the base fluid due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, and excellent insulating properties. This research aims to provide valuable insights into optimizing processes involving nanofluid flow in magnetohydrodynamic systems with reactive heat generation, utilizing natural esters as a promising alternative to conventional fluids. Insights gained from this study offer potential applications in various engineering and industrial contexts, contributing to the advancement of eco-friendly technologies.

Impact of Aluminum Oxide & Silicon Dioxide on Nanofluid Flow Over a Stretching Sheet with Heat Transfer: Analytical Solution

A stretchable surface is one of the products features that numerous industrial and engineering field has been taken into consideration due to of its benefit. However, most of the fluid mechanic simulation for stretchable surface has been solved numerically and there is very limited theoretical study discovering this problem. Therefore, the present study investigated the convective Casson nanofluid flow and heat transfer over a linear stretching sheet. The aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide are considered. The analytical resolution of the governing problem yields velocity and temperature solutions using the Laplace transform method. Graphical representation illustrates how nanoparticle volume fraction affects velocity and temperature distribution profiles. Higher nanoparticle volume fractions slow down nanofluid flow and elevate temperature profiles. This investigation establishes a robust foundation for future research utilizing numerical methods.

Experimental and computational thermoelectric generator for waste heat recovery for aeronautic application

This study is a comprehensive exploration of a polymer nanocomposite-based Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) developed within the European project InComEss, specifically designed for aeronautical applications. The focus lies on evaluating the TEG's performance under thermal conditions representative of various aircraft flight stages. The TEG module, consisting of four sections with 17 p-n strips each, is constructed from aerospace-grade polycarbonate, exhibiting dimensions of 50 * 1 * 0.3 mm. In the laboratory phase, the TEG's performance is systematically assessed through a series of experiments. Temperature gradients, ranging from −15 °C to 55 °C, emulate conditions experienced during ascending and descending flight stages. The results indicate promising outcomes, showcasing the potential viability of polymer-based TEGs for aeronautical applications. Specifically, temperature gradients of 40–70 °C, representative of atmospheric conditions and wing leading edge skin conditions, are applied across four test trials. The model validation demonstrates creditable agreement between computational outcomes and experimental data. Insights gained from COMSOL Multiphysics simulations includes temperature distribution, electric potential, and flow dynamics. Simulations conducted under varied temperature ranges provide valuable insights into the TEG's performance variability. Key findings include temperature distribution profiles, electric potential outputs under open and closed-circuit conditions, and a detailed flow analysis within a controlled thermal environment. The validated computational model not only enhances understanding of the TEG's behaviour, but also establishes a foundation for optimizing design parameters to enhance thermoelectric efficiency. The error analysis underscores the model's reliability, exhibiting an average error of 5.68 % between computational and experimental results, reinforcing its suitability for scientific investigations of this nature.

Performance Analysis of Wet Porous Moving Fin under the Influence of Spherical Shaped TiO2- Ag Hybrid Nanoparticles in a Water Based Fluid

The study investigates the flow characteristics of spherical shaped TiO2 –Ag hybrid nanofluid with water as a base fluid passing through a wet porous rectangular moving fin with a focus on understanding the effects of nanoparticle concentration on the heat transfer rate. The fin under consideration are subjected to boundary conditions, insulated and convective tips. Hybrid nanofluid that combine nanoparticles with conventional base fluids have potentially enhanced thermal conductivity and heat transfer properties in engineering applications. The energy balance equation containing the parameters that effect the flow of heat transfer rate is non- dimensionalized and solved numerically using 3-stage Lobatto - IIIa formula with appropriate boundary conditions. The simulation result shows the impact of different parameters on the flow and heat transfer properties of the hybrid nanofluid obtained by mixing spherical shaped TiO2 –Ag hybrid nanoparticles with water as base fluid. It is observed that the fin shows significant heat transfer rate in a convective tip relative to an insulated tip. The findings contribute to the understanding of hybrid nanofluid flow and its potential application in the design and optimization of thermal management system. It also facilitates the ground work for research in the field of nano fluid based cooling system. The observation from the graphical illustration shows that the rise in the thermal conductivity of the base fluid by 23% increases the conduction heat transfer as well as the temperature distribution by 10%. The natural convection and radiation are the key parameters that determines the heat transfer rate from the surface to the surrounding. In our investigation, enhancing the Nc,Nr parameters by 50% and 25%, the temperature distribution profile is reduced by about 13% and 6% respectively. The increase in the Pe number by 100% results in a rise in the temperature distribution by 8%.

Fluid–structure-interactive elasto- and thermo-hydrodynamics of electrokinetic binary fluid flows in compliant micro-confinements

We explore the intricate two-way fluid structure interaction arising due to the flow of a binary system of immiscible Newtonian fluids, composed of upper electrically conducting and lower electrically insulating fluids, flowing within a compliant microchannel, whose walls behave as linear elastic solids. The transport of the fluids along the domain occurs due to the collective impact of pressure gradient and applied electric field. We solve the closed-form system of equations and obtain semi-analytical expressions for the velocity fields and channel wall deformation from the coupled elasto-hydrodynamic problem. We then delineate the effect of four pivotal parameters: (a) Debye–Hückel parameter κ¯, (b) upper wall slip length, ls¯, (c) viscosity ratio, μr, and (d) elasticity ratio, Nr, on the morphological evolution of the wall deformation characteristics and the spatial distribution of the velocity profile of the fluids. Observations establish a positive co-relationship of wall deformation with fluid pressure, showcasing an increased collapsibility with augmented pressure gradients. Consequently, the channel walls show enhanced deformation with a decrease in κ¯, ls¯, μr and with an increase in Nr. We also demonstrate from our model that by properly tuning the applied pressure gradient and electric field, it is possible to achieve counterflow of the two fluids. We also consider the effect of heat generation in the fluids due to viscous dissipation and Joule heating, which dissipates to the surrounding by the mechanism of conjugate heat transfer. Accordingly, we provide semi-analytical expressions for the temperature profile distribution within the channel, and discuss their variation with three thermo-physical parameters: (a) Biot number of the top wall (Bi1), (b) Peclet number of the top fluid (Pe1), and (c) ratio of the thermal conductivities of the upper conducting fluid to that of the upper solid wall (kr2). We establish from our investigation that with the increase in Pe1 and with the decrease in Bi1 and kr2, the overall system temperature enhances. Finally, in order to design a thermally efficient system, we compute the global entropy generation rate in the system and evaluate optimum values of, Pe1, Bi1, and kr2 for which the system exhibits highest second law efficiency. We expect our findings to contribute toward the development of optimized microfluidic devices fabricated from deformable elastic materials.

Vibration characteristics of multilayer functionally graded microplates with variable thickness reinforced by graphene platelets resting on the viscoelastic medium under thermal effects

Due to their improved mechanical properties and adaptability, microplates with tailored variable thickness profiles are becoming essential parts of advanced micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). This study conducts a thorough analytical analysis of the vibration properties of thermally loaded, multilayer functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced composite (FG-GPLRC) microplates of linearly or parabolically varying thickness resting on viscoelastic medium under different boundary conditions. The Halpin–Tsai micromechanical model and the law of mixtures are employed to calculate the effective material characteristics for various reinforcement distributions in the microplate. These distributions encompass uniformly symmetric and asymmetric arrangements. The study utilized the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) in conjunction with the modified strain gradient theory (MSGT) and Hamilton's principle to generate the dynamic governing equations for the structure, accounting for size-dependent effects. The resulting equations are afterwards solved using the utilization of the Galerkin technique. This enables the evaluation of the proposed solution's correctness and precision. The impact of various factors on vibration behavior is investigated through numerical analysis. These factors encompass length scale parameters, temperature fluctuations, temperature distribution profiles, boundary conditions, the distribution pattern of the GPL, taper constants in both unidirectional and bidirectional scenarios, the weight fraction of the GPL.

Stability analysis of GO‐EG and GO‐blood base nanofluids by implementing of thermal radiation phenomena

AbstractThis work leaves to explore the stability of a 2‐D, time free, thermal boundary layer of graphene oxide ethylene glycol (GO‐EG,) where GO‐blood is taken as base nanofluids over a stretchable surface by executing a magnetic field (MHD), coupled stress effects, heat source/sink, and sun‐oriented radiations. This work is done due to the reason that nanofluids have a higher heat conductivity level rather than regular liquids. Nonlinear partial differential equations (N‐PDEs) are modeled utilizing the notable boundary layer equations. Dimensionless ordinary differential conditions (ODEs) are made from the created NPDEs by utilizing dimensional analysis and group theoretic approach. We examine the obtained ODEs through the notable homotopy analysis technique (HAM). The impacts of different parameters on temperature distribution and velocity profiles are shown graphically. However, some tables are constructed in support of the presented study to confirm the stability and convergence of the solutions. The main intentions in this work are to underline the enhancement of traditional heat transfer's thermal conductivity.

Detailed numerical simulation and experiments of a steadily burning micron-sized aluminum droplet in hot steam-dominated flows

Detailed numerical simulations are conducted in comparison with experimental results to study the flame structure and burning rate of a steadily burning aluminum droplet in hot steam-dominated environments. The droplet surface temperature, flame temperature, and flame stabilization position are measured along with the droplet burning rate estimated from the droplet size evolution. A numerical model accounting for detailed transport properties and chemical kinetics is presented and applied to unveil the flame structure, species and temperature distributions, and heat/mass transfer between the droplet and the surrounding gas. The numerical results of the temperature, velocity, and species distribution profiles demonstrate that the aluminum vapor flame is of classical diffusion flame structure, where near the droplet, there is a non-negligible amount of AlOAl apart from the main product Al2O3(l). This supports the deposition and formation of an alumina cap on the surface proposed in the literature. The simulation correctly captured the flame temperature and flame stabilization distance for a range of droplet sizes. Net heat flux analysis shows that conduction heat from the flame front accounts for less than 30% of the heat needed in aluminum evaporation, which warrants further quantification on other heat sources. The experimental and numerical results enrich the knowledge of the heat/mass transfer and chemical reactions near the droplet, which helps deepen the understanding of aluminum droplet burning.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF CARREAU FLUID FLOW ALONG AN EXPONENTIAL CURVED STRETCHING SURFACE

A two-dimensional incompressible boundary layer Carneau fluid flow with heat-transfer analysis over a curved stretching surface is analyzed. The energy equation with the inclusion of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation effects is considered. The governing partial differential equations which govern such flow phenomena are transformed into suitable form of ordinary differential equations for integration by using stream function formulation. The developed non-linear problem has been solved by computational approach based on shooting technique using sixth-order Runge-Kutta method and Matlab built-in function bvp4c program. The effects of non-dimensional controlling parameters on temperature and velocity profile are analyzed with the aid of tables and figures. The surface drag force and Nusselt numbers are studied for the different values of the governing parameters. It is predicted that velocity of the fluid and boundary layer thickness is decreased when radius of curvature parameter δ is increased. Furthermore, the temperature profile dwindles for the growing values of δ. Other important information is that for shear-thinning fluid the velocity profile shows its increasing nature, whereas for shear-thickening fluid the opposite trend has been observed. For increasing values of curvature parameter δ from 2 to 1000, the temperature distribution and velocity profile is decreased. The radiative heat flux is included to enhance the temperature of the system, so, for the increasing values of radiation parameter <i>R<sub>d</sub></i> from 0.2-0.5 the temperature distribution is increased. Further, as the Biot number and Eckert number are increased from 0.2-2 and 0.1-1, respectively, the temperature distribution is increased.

CFD Simulation on The Effect of Impeller Immersion Depth and Impeller Rotational Speed on The Flow Pattern and Temperature Drop of Molten Ferronickel During Desulphurization Process

Desulphurization is the purifying process of molten ferronickel from sulphur impurity. During the desulphurization process using a ladle furnace equipped with an impeller, the fluid flow characteristics and the temperature drop of molten ferronickel are important things that must be observed. One approach that can be done to find out the fluid flow characteristics and temperature drops is through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The limitation of the simulation in the previous study did not simulate the effect of operating parameters such as impeller immersion depth and impeller rotational speed on the temperature drop of molten metal. Therefore, the simulation carried out in this study was a CFD simulation on the effect of impeller immersion depth and impeller rotational speed on the temperature drop of molten ferronickel during the desulphurization process. This study began by comparing the initial simulation results with a prototype experiment and simulation that another researcher conducted to validate the simulation model. After the selected model had been validated, the main simulations were carried out with variations in the immersion depth and impeller rotation speed. Variations in impeller immersion depth were 700 mm and 900 mm, while variations in impeller rotational speed were 30 rpm, 40 rpm, 50 rpm, and 60 rpm. The simulation began with creating a 3D design of an impeller and 2236 mm high ladle furnace using Ansys SpaceClaim. Then, the meshing and setup process was carried out using Ansys Fluent. The simulation was set by activating the Volume of the Fluid model, the Multiple Reference Frame model, the energy model, and the Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ɛ turbulent model. Based on the simulation results, the impeller immersion depth affects the size of the recirculation flow pattern and the characteristics of the molten ferronickel temperature profile. The impeller rotational speed affects molten ferronickel's vortex depth, velocity, and temperature drop. If the impeller is immersed deeper, the upper recirculation zone will be larger than the lower recirculation zone and the molten ferronickel temperature in the upper area will be hotter, while the bottom area will be colder. The faster the rotation of the impeller is the deeper the vortex, the higher the velocity of molten ferronickel, and the greater the temperature drop of molten ferronickel. The desulfurization process is influenced by a combination of mechanical operating parameters, such as the depth of immersion and impeller rotational speed, which result in ideal mixing characteristics. Impeller immersion depth of 900 mm and impeller rotational speed of 50 rpm are the ideal operational parameters for the desulfurization process in this study. A more uniform distribution of temperature profiles in the ladle's top and lower zones is produced by this parameter. There is slight difference in the size of the upper and lower recirculation flow zones when the impeller immersion depth is 900 mm. With an impeller rotating at 50 rpm, there is a temperature decrease of roughly 24 °C and a vortex depth that is almost at the top of the impeller.

Recent Advances in Computational Convective Heat Transfer Study in a Sub-Channel for Nuclear Power Reactor and Future Directions

A nuclear power reactor's primary use is to generate thermal energy, which in turn produces electricity. The primary heat source is a nuclear fission event occurring inside the fuel rod. The convection heat is transmitted through the coolant by the heat energy generated at the fuel rod wall boundary. Better heat transfer is produced in the flow area by turbulence and irregularity. As a result, turbulent flow heat transfer may present a significant challenge when predicting and assessing the thermal performance of nuclear power reactors. Computational techniques in convective heat transfer have become indispensable for solving challenging issues in the fields of science and engineering thanks to the development of current sophisticated numerical methods and high-performance computer hardware. The development of novel computational techniques and models for complicated transport and multi-physical phenomena is constantly in demand throughout applicable disciplines. This chapter's objective is to provide some recent developments in computational techniques for convective heat transfer, taking into account research interests in the community of mass and heat transfer, and to showcase relevant applications in nuclear power plant engineering domains including future directions. This study describes the most recent advancements in nuclear reactor convective heat transfer research utilizing the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, particularly at Ansys Fluent. This work examines the convective heat transfer and fluid dynamics fluid dynamics for turbulent flows across three rod bundle sub-channels that are typical of those employed in the PWR-based VVER type reactor. In this paper, CFD analysis is carried out using the software tool Ansys Fluent. Temperature distribution profile, velocity profile, pressure drop, and turbulence properties were investigated in this study. Boundary conditions i.e. temperature, velocity, pressure, heat flux, and heat generation rate were applied in the sub-channel domain. The main obstacles and bright spots for the CFD methods in nuclear reactor engineering are discussed, which helps to further its further uses. We intend to research a full-length fuel bundle model for VVER-1200 in the future to gather specific fluid characteristic data and use the findings to analyze safety and operate nuclear power facilities in Bangladesh. This paper presents a thorough analysis of the sub-channel thermal hydraulic codes used in nuclear reactor core analysis. This review discusses several facets of previous experimental, analytical, and computational work on rod bundles and identifies potential future directions based on those earlier studies.