Conditions Of Temperature Difference Research Articles

Effects of photoperiod on the growth and physiological responses in Ulva prolifera under constant and diurnal temperature difference conditions

Photoperiod and temperature are two main factors in the growth of macroalgae, and changes in photoperiod and diurnal temperature difference exist in natural condition. In order to study the effects of photoperiod and diurnal temperature difference on the growth of green algae Ulva prolifera, we cultured this species under three light/dark cycles (light: dark = 10:14, 12:12 and 16:08) with constant (22 °C for light and dark period, noted as 22-22 °C) and diurnal temperature difference (22 °C and 16 °C for light and dark period, respectively, noted as 22-16 °C) conditions. The results showed that: 1) Compared with 10:14 light/dark cycle, the growth of U. prolifera under 12:12 light/dark cycle was significantly enhanced by 39% and 16% for 22-22 °C and 22-16 °C treatments, respectively, while the increase proportion decreased when the daylength increase from 12 h to 16 h. 2) The enhancement in growth induced by diurnal temperature difference was observed under 10:14 light/dark cycle, but not for 12:12 and 16:08 light/dark cycle treatments. 3) The Chl a content and photosynthetic rate increased under short light period and 22-22 °C conditions, while under 22-16 °C conditions, higher photosynthetic rate was observed under 12:12 light/dark cycle and no significant difference in Chl a content was observed. 4) Under 22-22 °C conditions, compared with 10:14 (L:D) treatment, the expression levels of proteins in light-harvesting complexes, PSII and carbon fixation were down regulated, while the photorespiration and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were up regulated by 16:08 light dark cycle. Then we speculate that the higher photosynthetic rate may be one compensation mechanism in short photoperiod, and under long light period condition the up regulations of photorespiration and PPP can be in charge of the decrease in enhancement growth induced by longer daylength.

Study on the thermodynamic and economic performance of power generation cycle with small temperature difference

The low thermal efficiency and low economic benefits of power generation systems under small temperature difference conditions have always hindered their practical operation. In order to explore effective ways to achieve performance optimization of thermodynamic cycle electrical power generating systems under small temperature difference conditions, this study constructs a static analysis model of an organic Rankine cycle with small temperature difference, selects six different commonly used refrigerants, and investigates the influence of key parameters on the thermodynamic and economic performance of the system using difference working fluids. The outcomes indicate that key parameters such as evaporation temperature and condensation temperature play a critical role in the thermodynamic and economic performance of the power generation system. For the working fluids, R227ea provides the highest net power output, while ammonia (R717) is the best performer in regard to system thermal efficiency and economic performance.

Reliability Analysis of Compressive Fatigue Life of Cement Concrete under Temperature Differential Cycling

Cement concrete, as an extensively used engineering material, is omnipresent in various infrastructure projects such as bridges and roads. However, these structures often need to operate for extended periods under varying and harsh environmental conditions, facing not only complex vehicular loads but also the effects of temperature differential cycling. Consequently, understanding how temperature differential cycling impacts the compressive fatigue life of cement concrete has become a pivotal research topic. In this study, through a comprehensive experimental design, the fatigue life of cement concrete under typical temperature difference conditions (20–60°C) and different number of temperature differential cycling (60, 120, 180, 240, 300) was tested at three stress levels (0.70, 0.75, 0.85). Statistical analysis was conducted to obtain the Weibull distribution parameters of the compressive fatigue life of cement concrete. The Pf–S–N relationship of concrete considering reliability was analyzed, and a fatigue life prediction model under different reliability probabilities was established. The results show that the fatigue life of concrete subjected to temperature differential cycling follows a two-parameter Weibull distribution well. From the Pf–N curve, it can be seen that, regardless of the stress level, the calculated fatigue life under the same reliability probability decreases with the increase of temperature differential cycling times. At a 95% reliability probability, the decrease can reach 77.5%–87.5%. Based on the exponential function, a concrete fatigue life prediction model based on different reliability levels was established. Using this model, the S–lgN curve was plotted, and it was found that, regardless of the temperature differential cycling, an increase in reliability probability could lead to a 7.3%–14.4% reduction in logarithmic fatigue life (lgN). Additionally, this study also defined a fatigue life safety factor related to the number of temperature differential cycling and reliability probability, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the design of cement concrete materials under the coupled environment of temperature differential cycling and fatigue loading.

Research on discharge process of Bi2Te3 module under different thermal stimulation conditions

In the actual working process, the working environment temperature of the thermoelectric device is constantly changing, and rarely remains stable, a thermoelectric device is composed of more than one thermoelectric module monomer (PN junction), each of which can be used as an independent research object. To address this issue, the thermoelectric properties of thermoelectric modules (p, n-type Bi2Te3) are measured under different temperature environments. A self-constructed thermoelectric performance test platform, an infrared thermal imager, and a voltage acquisition system are used to monitor different temperature difference conditions in real-time. A transient discharge evaluation model was established to calculate the real-time discharge amplitude of the thermoelectric module based on its temperature gradient distribution. The results show that the error of the transient discharge evaluation model is about 5%, which is reliable. For large-sized thermoelectric modules, the maximum discharge amplitude under open circuit voltage can be obtained solely based on the overall temperature gradient of the thermoelectric module; the amplitude of the electrical output signals increases uniformly when the temperature difference between the two ends of the module is increasing uniformly; and the stable electrical output signals are also produced at both ends of the module when the temperature difference is stabilized. After stabilization, when the temperature drops uniformly, the amplitude of the electrical output signal decreases uniformly. In the range of T = 298–573 K, the greater the temperature difference between the two ends of the thermoelectric module is, the greater the amplitude of the stabilized electrical output signal is; and vice versa. The greater the rate of thermal loading, the faster the increase in the amplitude of the electrical output signal at both ends of the thermoelectric module. This also reduces the time needed to reach steady state equilibrium, enabling the thermoelectric module to produce a stable electrical output earlier than individual p and n-type Bi2Te3 modules.

Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation in the Interior-Most Flats of an Apartment Building with Different Corridor Vent Opening Condition

In the present work, computational simulations are conducted for an apartment building to investigate the bouncy-driven airflow in the corridor and inside the rooms. Two types of corridor vent openings are provided through which the hot light air moves to the ambient. Two floors are considered for the study. The simulations are conducted with three different temperature difference conditions between walls and room inside air such as; ∆T=10OC, ∆T=15OC, ∆T=20OC for two different corridor vent opening configurations. When the corridor vent openings are kept only in front of the doors and windows, recirculation zones below the roof near the air entry region are observed and part of the air escaped through the inlet. In the case of a wide corridor vent opening, air does not escape through the inlet. With increase in ΔT, the airflow increases irrespective of vent positions. Mainly the area of the rooms is well ventilated closer to the door position. It is also observed that the lower floor is relatively well-ventilated as compared to the upper floor. The ACH increases with increase in vent opening and it also increases with increase in ∆T.

CFD simulation and optimization study on the shell side performances of a plate and shell heat exchanger with double herringbone plates

The purpose of this study is to investigate the flow and heat transfer performance of the plate and shell heat exchanger (PSHE) with double herringbone plates under low temperature difference conditions, while introducing the CFD-ANN-NSGA II method to optimize the corrugated parameters. A PIV experimental bench is built to validate the flow field distribution in the shell side, and the average velocity error between simulation results and experiment results is 2.93%, with a maximum relative error of 13.24%, confirming the accuracy of the turbulence model and numerical method. The flow characteristics analysis and parameter study are conducted within the research scope. For the considered parameters, i.e., the corrugation angle β, corrugation depth b, and corrugation pitch λ, the maximum heat transfer efficiency is achieved when β is 60°. Moreover, the corrugation angle has the greatest impact on both pressure drop and heat transfer performance. β = 30°, λ = 7.4 mm, and b = 7.5 mm are the best performance indicators for the respective operating conditions. Using CFD results as samples, the R2 of ANN training is greater than 0.99, and the multi-objective optimization yields the best configuration of β, λ, and b, which are 33.1°, 11.8 mm, and 7.5 mm, respectively, with the optimal thermal-hydraulic performance.

Research on Key Technology of Steel Box Girder Construction Based on Measured Temperature Mode

The temperature effect has a great impact on the reasonable completion state of the steel box girder. The relevant research has an important role in promoting the design, construction and operation and maintenance of the steel box girder. Firstly, the effects of uniform temperature difference and gradient temperature difference are analyzed, and three gradient temperature difference modes are compared; Based on the construction monitoring project of a continuous steel box girder, the longitudinal bridge displacement of the support under different uniform temperature difference conditions is calculated. The results show that the overall displacement and relative displacement are considered in the pre deflection of the support; The beam end angle under three different gradient temperature difference modes is compared, and the calculation formula of the top and bottom plate cutting caused by the beam end angle is proposed. This paper systematically studies the influence of uniform temperature difference and gradient temperature difference on the positioning of steel box girder support and the closure of weld seam, and puts forward countermeasures, which will provide some theory and engineering experience for similar projects in the future.

Multiparameter optimization of the thermoelectric module under the constant heat flux condition

Thermoelectric (TE) technology enables direct heat-to-electricity conversion and offers an alternative way to carbon neutralization. Conventional TE device design is usually conducted under the constant temperature difference (CTD) condition. However, the constant heat flux (CHF) condition dominates in realistic applications. Here, using finite element simulation, we investigate the relationship between the geometric parameter and the TE performance under the CHF condition. Our results reveal that the thermal properties are the governing factors under the CHF condition. The simulations suggest that both the maximum output power and conversion efficiency increase with the height, decrease with the fill factor, and share a parabolic tendency as the cross-sectional area ratio changes. Instead of using the module parameters optimized under the CTD condition, the TE performance can be enhanced by 43% after geometric optimization under the CHF condition, suggesting that the optimization under the CHF condition is of significance for realistic applications.

Influence of cross-jet temperature and pressure differences on the separation efficiency of air curtains in buildings

Air curtains (ACs) are of interest in building applications to support energy efficiency and air quality by restricting heat and mass transport across continuously open entrances. Environmental conditions to which ACs are generally subjected, such as differences in temperature and pressure, induce loads on ACs that alter their flow pattern, hence can considerably influence their separation efficiency. Therefore, proper design and implementation of ACs demands detailed knowledge of the impact of these parameters both individually and combined. This is addressed here by a systematic evaluation of the AC separation efficiency under moderate environmental temperature (5 °C ≤ ΔT ≤ 25 °C) and pressure (1 Pa ≤ ΔP ≤ 8 Pa) difference conditions. RANS CFD simulations of an AC are conducted on verified computational grids, validated with experimental data and calibrated with field measurements. Results show a strong yet non-linear dependency of AC performance on environmental parameters and indicate there is an optimal separation efficiency (based on total mass transfer) in which competing effects between a given jet momentum flux on the one hand and cross-jet loads caused by temperature or pressure differences on the other hand are counterbalanced. Findings suggest to dynamically control the supplied AC jet momentum as a function of variable environmental conditions in order to continually deliver an optimal performance.

Jellyfish search algorithm based optimal thermoelectric generation array reconfiguration under non-uniform temperature distribution condition

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can convert heat to electricity based on the temperature difference between their hot and cold sides. However, during practical operations, low thermoelectric conversion efficiency is usually caused by non-uniform temperature difference (NTD) conditions; thus, reliable and effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under NTD conditions is imperative for TEG arrays. Therefore, in this study, a jellyfish search (JS) algorithm-based TEG array reconfiguration strategy is proposed to realise MPPT under NTD conditions, upon which the overall power loss is effectively decreased, the energy conversion efficiency is efficiently enhanced, and the MPPT speed is improved. In particular, the simulation results demonstrate that the JS algorithm-based TEG array reconfiguration using a random pattern can enhance the maximum output power by 23.32% for 9 × 9 symmetric TEG arrays and 15.78% for 10 × 15 asymmetric TEG arrays. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test was conducted on the RTLAB platform to verify its feasibility for hardware implementation.

Introducing water factors improves simulations of maize stomatal conductance models under plastic film mulching in arid and semi-arid irrigation areas

Plastic film mulching (PFM) in the cropland may alter biophysical conditions for crop growth, which may not be accounted for in existing stomatal conductance models. This can affect the accuracy of carbon–nitrogen-water cycle simulations for the soil-crop systems and hamper our understanding of internal mechanisms that control plant leaf stomatal conductance (gsw). To evaluate the simulations of PFM effects on gsw, the three models (i.e., Ball-Woodrow-Berry (BWB), Ball-Berry-Leuning (BBL), and unified stomatal optimization (USO) models) were used. The two model modification factors were leaf-air temperature difference (ΔT) and a water response function (f(θ)). A two-year maize (Zea mays L.) field experiment was conducted under different PFM (black, transparent, and no-mulch). The performance of the BWB model was poor under varying water status in the arid irrigation area. As for the BBL and USO models, the coefficient of determination and modified efficiency coefficient of the modified models increased 5.8%–90.6% and 6.5%–145.4%, respectively, compared with the initial models. The root mean square error and relative error of the modified models decreased 3.5%–67.9% and 4.8%–65.6%, respectively. The ΔT and f(θ) factors effectively improved the BBL and USO models, but the f(θ)-modified models performed better than ΔT-modified models under PFM. Overall, our results suggest that the maize land implemented with plastic film mulching has altered biophysical conditions, leading to significant changes in crop photosynthesis, leaf-air temperature difference and top-soil water conditions. Accurate estimates of stomatal conductance require the model to consider water response functions and leaf-air temperature difference, particularly in environmental conditions associated with different extents of water deficit or drought.

Mid-wave infrared polarization detection of ship targets for small temperature difference conditions.

Ship detection under small temperature difference conditions is an important research direction for infrared (IR) detection of typical targets at present. To solve the problems of low contrast and difficult recognition of ship IR imaging due to small temperature differences, the degree of polarization (DOP) images is applied to the field of low-temperature aberration imaging based on the polarization principle. Meanwhile, the misalignment problem caused by the lens jitter in the polarization calculation is solved by the proposed mutual information iterative algorithm. We demonstrate improvement in the target/background local contrast of low-temperature aberration imaging by using the difference in polarization characteristics between the target and the background. The effectiveness of the method was verified by experiments. The results show that the contrast of DOP images combined with multi-angle polarization information is about 30 times higher indoors and three times higher outdoors than IR intensity images. Therefore, the IR polarization detection technique based on DOP images can effectively deal with the problem of low imaging contrast caused by small temperature differences.

A New Approach for Assessing Heat Balance State along a Water Transfer Channel during Winter Periods

Ice problems in channels for water transfer in cold regions seriously affect the capacity and efficiency of water conveyance. Sometimes, ice problems such as ice jams in water transfer channels create risk during winter periods. Recently, water temperature and environmental factors at various cross-sections along the main channel of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China have been measured. Based on these temperature data, the heat balance state of this water transfer channel has been investigated. A principal component analysis (PCA) method has been used to analyze the complex factors influencing the observed variations of the water temperature, by reducing eigenvector dimension and then extracting the principal component as the input feature. Based on the support vector machine (SVM) theory, a new approach for judging the heat loss or heat gain of flowing water in a channel during winter periods has been developed. The Gaussian radial basis is used as the kernel function in this new approach. Then, parameters have been optimized by means of various methods. Through the supervised machine learning process toward the observed water temperature data, it is found that the air–water temperature difference and thermal conditions are the key factors affecting the heat loss or heat absorption of water body. Results using the proposed method agree well with those of measurements. The changes of water temperature are well predicted using the proposed method together with the state of water heat balance.

Study on thermal deformation of hybrid printed circuit heat exchanger for advanced nuclear reactor

The intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) is one of the key components in advanced nuclear reactor power generation system. Printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) with mini-channels is a good candidate for the IHX. But the whole PCHE with tens of thousands of mini-channels is hard to be modeled and calculated at high temperature. Thus, the homogenization method, which can calculate the thermal deformation of the whole hybrid mini-channel PCHE, is conducted in this study and both the elastic and elastic-plastic finite element analysis methods are used. Here, the performance of the PCHE is assumed to be isotropic in the simulation. The results show that the macroscopic thermal deformation of the whole PCHE follows a gradually downward trend from hot side to cold side, while obvious thermal stress concentration is observed around the junctions between the PCHE core and cover plate. The stress and strain calculated by elastic and elastic-plastic methods under different constraints show quite different patterns. For the thermal deformation analysis of PCHE under weak constraint or small temperature difference conditions, the stress and strain results by elastic analysis and elastic-plastic analysis are similar so that the elastic analysis can be used. Under the strong condition, the stress of PCHE calculated by elastic analysis is much higher than that of elastic-plastic analysis, while the strain is lower than that of elastic-plastic analysis. The relative deviations of stress are 100.883% and 120.786% along path 1 and path 2 respectively. And the relative deviations of strain are 6.987% and 10.139% along path 1 and path 2 respectively. The elastic-plastic analysis should be used instead of the elastic analysis.

Thermoelectric Response Characteristics of Bi2Te3 Based Semiconductor Materials

Abstract In actual operation, the operating environment temperature of thermoelectric devices are constantly changing and rarely remain stable, and the electrical output characteristics of thermoelectric devices are largely determined by thermoelectric materials. In response to this question, the thermoelectric properties of thermoelectric materials (p and n type Bi 2 Te 3 {\mathrm{Bi}_{2}}{\mathrm{Te}_{3}} ) are measured under different temperature difference environments. The Seebeck coefficient, resistivity, and thermal conductivity of the specimens at T = 300 – 600 K T=300\text{--}600\hspace{0.1667em}\text{K} were measured by CTA-4 and CLA1000 (laser flash method), respectively; the thermal and electrical output responses of the thermoelectric materials under different temperature difference conditions were collected in real time by using a self-built thermoelectric performance test platform, thermal/electrical test system with infrared thermal imager, and voltage acquisition system, respectively. The experimental results show that when the temperature difference between the two ends of the specimen increases uniformly, the electrical output signal amplitude also increases uniformly; when the temperature difference is stable, the two ends of the specimen also produce a stable electrical output signal. After stabilization, the electrical output signal amplitude also decreases uniformly when the temperature decreases at a uniform rate. In the temperature range of 298 ∼ 573 K 298\sim 573\hspace{0.1667em}\text{K} , the larger the temperature difference between the two ends of the specimen was, the larger the amplitude of the electrical output signal was after stabilization; and vice versa. The greater the loading rate of the thermal load was, the greater the rate of increase of the electrical output signal amplitude at both ends of the specimen was, and the steady-state equilibrium time required was less.

Bald eagle search algorithm based optimal reconfiguration of centralized Thermoelectric Generation System under non-uniform temperature distribution condition

Fossil energy is becoming increasingly scarce, and technological innovation to promote clean energy consumption and achieve the “dual carbon” goal has increasingly become the focus of discussion. Compared with the full coverage thermoelectric module design scheme, the optimized layout scheme uses fewer thermoelectric generation (TEG) modules, thus confirming that the more TEG modules that are not arranged, the better. This research provides a possible way to improve the output power of TEG system. This paper proposed a bald eagle search algorithm (BES) scheme to optimize centralized TEG array reconfigures, which has not been previously employed to achieve a fast and effective tracking of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under non-uniform temperature difference (NTD) condition. In order to efficiently seek the global MPP (GMPP) under NTD condition, a BES algorithm is adopted to TEG reconfigures arrays to evidently improve the global searching ability of BES algorithm through the previous searching results. Furthermore, the main method in this paper is preliminarily verified on MATLAB. Both simulation and experimental results show that BES algorithm can significantly improve the convergence accuracy and output power.

Performance improvement of air-source heat pump heating system with variable water temperature difference

Heating electrification is a trend for the current carbon neutrality setting. The air-source heat pump (ASHP) has been widely used in residential or commercial buildings to replace household coal-burning stoves due to its higher operating efficiency. Previous studies mainly focused on the heat pump equipment, ignoring the whole system performance in practical application. Among the auxiliary system of the ASHP heating system, the power consumption of water pump cannot be ignored, especially in residential district heating with a large amount of pipeline. This paper proposes the coefficient of performance (COP) improvement of the ASHP heating system through variable temperature difference and flow rate of circulation water loop, showing the feasibility and benefit of large temperature difference with small flow rate. A high-fidelity dynamical model is first built using Dymola, followed by the experiments verification at the environmental laboratory. On all testing conditions, the system COP of large temperature difference with small water flow rate shows average 6% to 8% improvement compared to small temperature difference with large water flow rate. Further, a demonstration heating project of the ASHP system was tested onsite under a realistic operating condition. The recorded hourly operation data showed an average system COP of 2.15 at the condition of large temperature difference, which is about a 7% improvement compared to the small temperature difference condition for the typical heating day.

Effects of Thermal Stress in Hot Dry Rock Fracturing

Summary China has rich geothermal hot dry rock (HDR) resources, but the development and usage of its thermal energy are still at an early stage. At present, few studies have investigated the variation law for fracturing pressure on the borehole wall and fracture wall under the influence of thermal stress. This study investigates the fracturing pressure around the borehole wall based on rock mechanics and thermal stress analysis. Two models were developed: one for borehole wall fracturing pressure with consideration for thermal stress and the other for temperature difference conditions related to the automatic opening of fractures. By analyzing the temperature variation in the fracture wall, the mechanism for the opening of branch fractures at the fracture wall was investigated based on rock mechanics, the theory of fracture extension in hydraulic fracturing, and the theory of thermal stresses. We developed a computational model for tensile or shear damage related to branch fractures in the fracture wall with consideration for thermal stress, as well as a model for temperature difference conditions for the automatic opening of branch fractures. The simulation results show that the fracturing pressure decreased significantly when thermal stress was considered. Under normal geostress and temperature conditions, large temperature difference conditions are needed for the HDR borehole wall to break naturally because of thermal stress alone. During fracture extension, branch fractures on the fracture wall are more likely to form because of thermal stress. Irrespective of the type of damage (tensile or shear), branch fractures on the fracture wall closer to the borehole required lower net fracturing pressure. The decline in the net fracturing pressure was greater in response to shear damage than to tensile damage. In a high-temperature thermal reservoir, when branch fractures in the fracture wall were subjected to the temperature difference conditions for automatic opening, shear damage was more likely to occur than tensile damage. From the results, the following conclusions were obtained: The developed mechanical model of fracture opening reflects the mechanism of fracturing at the borehole wall and the fracture wall during HDR fracturing, thereby revealing the mechanism of the formation of fracture networks under thermal stress. For HDR fracturing, thermal stress promotes the formation of branch fractures in the fracture wall and increases the occurrence of complex fractures in the near-well region. Under thermal stress, the main fractures are less likely to extend in the optimal direction but instead tend to develop into complex fractures, which is not conducive to fracture connectivity between wells.

Mesomechanical damage of fiber mortar under temperature difference

The present study aims to establish a mesomechanical damage model for the description of anisotropic damage by mesocracking under temperature difference condition. With the basic solution of Eshelby theory and the Clapeyron equation, a mechanics framework is developed for cement materials, which are considered to be heterogeneous materials consisting of a cement stone matrix and imbedded penny-shaped microcracks. From the mesomechanical analysis, the critical conditions corresponding to the failure of fiber mortar under different initial crack density conditions are obtained. Furthermore, the Clapeyron equation is used to describe the relationship between the stress and the initiation or expansion of the fiber mortar crack and the damage evolution rule is expressed by the energy equation of the stiffness coefficient. The proposed model can accurately quantify the factors such as fiber distribution, microcrack density, temperature differences and the relationship between directional microcracks and crack strength in mortar. The results verified by laboratory tests and numerical simulations show that as the temperature difference increases from 0 °C to 75 °C, the cracking strength of the fiber mortar decreases and the number of cracks increases in the form of a power exponential function, which proves the micromechanical damage the validity of the model.

Stretchable thermoelectric generator for wearable power source and temperature detection applications

Wearable thermoelectric generators are attracting tremendous interest due to their capability of converting the human body heat into electricity for powering electronics. In order to reduce the parasitic thermal resistance and enhance the efficiency of the energy harvesting process, the compliance of the device is required by introducing stretchable structures or materials. Thus, in this work, we present a novel stretchable thermoelectric generator (STEG) with 50 pairs of bulk thermoelectric legs connected by the kirigami-inspired flexible electrodes. The device was fabricated by a sacrificial layer assisted soldering fabrication method and its generation performances were characterized under natural and forced convection, as well as constant temperature difference conditions, respectively. The results indicated that the generated power density of the STEG under convection was enhanced by improving the cold-side air velocity, and the power density of the device under constant temperature difference conditions could be promoted with order of magnitudes to 2.7 mW/cm2 at ΔT = 50 K. Besides, the STEG features reliable during the cycling of 30 % tensile strain load and bending with a radius of 5 mm, respectively. Finally, various practical applications of the STEG were investigated including the wearable power supply and temperature detector for human proximity/contact testing and high-temperature alert. Our results demonstrate that the proposed STEG configuration displays high output performance that could be utilized for wearable electronics applications.