Temperature-dependent Development Research Articles

Thermal Requirement and Development of <I>Liriomyza sativae</I> (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on Cucumber

The effect of temperature on developmental rate of vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), was determined at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C) on cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. 'Negin'. The total developmental period (oviposition to adult emergence) decreased with increasing temperature, although no development occurred at 10 and 40 degrees C. Using the linear model, the estimated lower temperature threshold for the egg, larval, pupal, and entire developmental period was 9.20, 9.75. 11.01, and 10.20 degrees C and the effective accumulative temperatures for these stages were 64.10, 81.97, 106.38, and 250 degree-days (DD), respectively. Data also were fitted to nonlinear temperature-dependent models. Evaluation of the models was based on fit to data, number and biological value of the fitted coefficient, number of measurable parameters, and accuracy of the estimation of the thresholds. Conclusively, linear and Briere models are recommended as the most efficient for the description of temperature-dependent development of L. sativae. Temperature-based developmental data can be used to predict occurrence, number of generations, and possibly population dynamics.

Effect of Temperature on Life History of <I>Aphidius colemani</I> and <I>Aphidius matricariae</I> (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Two Parasitoids of <I>Aphis gossypii</I> and <I>Myzus persicae</I> (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The performance of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemani Viereck and Aphidius matricariae (Haliday), against Aphis gossypii Glover on greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were evaluated at various constant temperatures. Biological parameters of both parasitoids including developmental time, pupal survivorship, percentage of parasitism, and sex ratio of the progeny were studied at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C. At 25 degrees C, an average of 10.0 +/- 1.1 and 9.8 +/- 1.1 d was needed for A. colemani to complete its development from oviposition to adult eclosion on A. gossypii and M. persicae, respectively. The corresponding average times needed for A. matricariae were 11.9 +/- 0.9 and 11.5 +/- 1.1 d, respectively. The lower developmental thresholds for A. colemani reared on A. gossypii and M. persicae were estimated from linear regression equations to be 2.97 and 2.65 degrees C, respectively, whereas these values for A. matricariae were 3.37 and 3.51 degrees C, respectively. Parasitization rate of both parasitoid species, recorded as percent aphids mummified, increased almost linearly with increasing temperature to reach a maximum at 25 degrees C and decreased at 30 degrees C. The optimal temperatures for development of A. colemani and A. matricariae were approximately 30 and 25 degrees C, respectively, and high mortality occurred at higher temperatures. The Lactin 2 and Briere 1 developmental models were accepted based on their excellent goodness-of-fit to the data (residual sum of square and coefficient of determination) and estimable temperature thresholds and are strongly recommended for the description of temperature-dependent development of A. colemani and A. matricariae.

Development and growth rates of Centropages typicus

This paper presents an updated review of our knowledge about Centropages typicus development and growth based on a synthesis of all data found in the literature on stage durations, development rates, size, weight, and C:N ratios. Developmental and growth characteristics have been recorded during field time series and cruises, as well as in controlled laboratory experiments. A few laboratory studies have contributed to an understanding of the impact of food quantity, food quality and temperature on growth and development. C. typicus has a sigmoidal development pattern when the contribution of the different stages to total development time is considered, CIV and CV having much longer durations than preceding stages. The development times of this species are closely related to temperature with a nearly equiproportional development. In turn, food conditions, both in quantity and quality, have less effect on development than on growth rate, leading to large variations in weight within stage, even larger than those predicted from changes in length and biovolume. Actual measurements of weight and biochemical composition are required to better understand the growth of C. typicus in relation to food composition. As a consequence, our review shows that weight–length relationships obtained in particular environmental conditions may be inadequate for others. The combination of a temperature-dependent development rate and a food-dependent growth rate may explain why shelf regions are a more favourable environment for C. typicus as compared to offshore regions, as they support large females, production of more and better quality eggs, and probably better survival of the offspring.

Estimates of in Situ Larval Development Time for the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

Abstract Larval development time is a critical factor in assessing the potential for larval transport, mortality, and subsequently, the connectivity of marine populations through larval exchange. Most estimates of larval duration are based on laboratory studies and may not reflect development times in nature. For larvae of the American lobster (Homarus americanus), temperature-dependent development times have been established in previous laboratory studies. Here, we used the timing of seasonal abundance curves for newly hatched larvae (stage I) and the final plankonic instar (postlarva), coupled with a model of temperature-dependent development to assess development time in the field. We were unable to reproduce the timing of the seasonal abundance curves using laboratory development rates in our model. Our results suggest that larval development in situ may be twice as fast as reported laboratory rates. This will result in reduced estimates of larval transport potential, and increased estimates of instan...

Temperature-dependent development and somatic growth in two allopatric populations of Acartia clausi (Copepoda: Calanoida)

This study compares the effect of temperature on the post-embryonic development time and weight-specific growth rate in 2 populations of Acartia clausi from different biogeographic areas (northern and southern Europe). Development was followed from nauplius I to adult at 3 tempera- tures (10, 15 and 18°C) at saturating food conditions. The relationship between development time and temperature was established by fitting Belehradek's function. The northern population had a shorter generation time at all temperatures. At 10°C, the development time was estimated to be 33.9 and 36.4 d decreasing to 16.3 and 17.4 d at 18°C for the northern and southern populations, respec- tively. Prosome length decreased with temperature, and the southern population had longer individ- uals at all temperatures. ANCOVA revealed a significant (p < 0.001) positive effect of temperature on the growth rates, and nauplii grew faster than copepodites (except at 18°C in the southern population and 20°C in the northern population). Significant differences between populations were noted dur- ing larval growth, with nauplii from the north growing faster at high temperatures (18°C). The results indicate that the 2 A. clausi allopatric populations subjected to different temperature regimes have different temperature responses, in particular at high temperatures.

Development and Life Table ofAcalymma vittatum(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a Vector ofErwinia tracheiphilain Cucurbits

Acalymma vittatum (F.) is a cucurbit herbivore specialist and the vector of Erwinia tracheiphila (E. F. Smith) Holland, the causal agent of bacterial wilt in cucurbits. We determined the temperature-dependent development, survivorship, longevity, sex ratio, and fecundity of this vector. Egg-to adult development was modeled as y = e(0.225 × T)−e[0.225 × 36.017 − (36.017 − T)/4.425], which suggests a maximum development rate of 4.29%/d at 32°C. Linear extrapolations suggest a lower threshold of 13°C and 432 DD needed for A. vittatum development. Survivorship of immature stages, which ranged from 60% at 27°C to 4% at 33°C, was strongly influenced by temperature, and no beetles survived to the adult stage at 36°C. Sex ratios did not deviate from 1:1. Adults were long-lived, with continuous egg production, which ranged from 0 to 4 eggs/female/d, after an 8-d preovipositional period at 27°C. Life table statistics were generated using these data. Together, these phenology models and life table information can be used to further develop integrated pest management programs for both A. vittatum and E. tracheiphila in cucurbits.

Temperature-dependent development of the citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psylloidea), and the predicted limit of its spread based on overwintering in the nymphal stage in temperate regions of Japan

The citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama transferred huanglongbing (HLB) are distributed in the southern Islands (Yaku, 30°20� N, 130°30� E) of Japan. To predict the northern limit of the spread of the insect, I examined temperature-dependent development and determined the developmental zero of the insects in a laboratory. Eggs and nymphs were reared at temperatures of 15.0 to 32.5°C at an interval of 2.5°C with 16L : 8D on shoots of orange jasmine, Murraya exotica L. Nymphs at 15.0°C fail to develop to adults, and the mortality of those at 32.5°C increased. The incubation period decreased at higher temperatures, varying 15.0 to 2.5 d. These nymphs became adults in 36.3 d at 15.0°C and in 10.7 d at 30°C, but 16.8 d at 32.5°C. The developmental zero and effective accumulative temperatures were 13.66°C and 46.93 d-degrees in the egg group, 11.56°C and 192.27 d-degrees in the nymph group, respectively. Based on these results and winter temperatures, the northern limit of nymphal overwintering of the psyllid in Japan was predicted: the northern limit may be off the southern shores of Kyushu Island, southern Japan, and ca. 31°N.

Climate change and the epidemiology of protostrongylid nematodes in northern ecosystems:Parelaphostrongylus odocoileiandProtostrongylus stilesiin Dall's sheep (Ovis d. dalli)

We describe the epidemiology of the protostrongylid parasites Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and Protostrongylus stilesi in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada (65 degrees N; 128 degrees W). Peak numbers of 1st-stage larvae of both parasites were shed by Dall's sheep on their winter range from March until May. In larval development experiments in the Mackenzie Mountains, peak numbers of infective 3rd-stage larvae of P. odocoilei were available in gastropod intermediate hosts in August-September. For both protostrongylids, the majority of transmission likely occurs on the winter range, with infection of gastropods when they emerge from hibernation in spring, and infection of Dall's sheep upon their return in fall. We validated a degree-day model for temperature-dependent development of larval P. odocoilei in gastropods, and applied degree-day models to describe and predict spatial and temporal patterns in development of P. odocoilei and P. stilesi in northern North America. Temperature-dependent larval development may currently limit northward range expansion of P. odocoilei into naïve populations of Dall's sheep in the Arctic, but climate warming may soon eliminate such constraints. In Subarctic regions where both P. odocoilei and P. stilesi are endemic, the length of the parasite 'growing season' (when temperatures were above the threshold for larval development) and amount of warming available for parasite development has increased over the last 50 years. Further climate warming and extension of the seasonal window for transmission may lead to amplification of parasite populations and disease outbreaks in host populations.

Effect of Temperature on Development and Fecundity of the Predaceous Plant Bug Deraeocoris brevis Reared on Ephestia kuehniella Eggs

Temperature-dependent development and oviposition component models were developed for Deraeocoris brevis (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Miridae). Egg development times decreased with increasing temperature and ranged from 35.8 d at 15 °C to 6.7 d at 32 °C. Total development times of nymphs reared on frozen Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs decreased from an estimated 55.6 d at 15 °C to 9.2 d at 32 °C and 10.0 d at 34.6 °C. By fitting linear models to the data the lower developmental threshold temperatures for eggs, small nymphs (1st to 3rd instar), large nymphs (4th to 5th instar), and all nymphs combined were calculated as 10.5, 12.5, 11.8, and 11.9 °C, respectively. The thermal constants were 144.1, 90.3, 95.0, and 190.8 degree-days for each of the above stages. The non-linear model was based on a Gaussian equation, which fit the relationship between development rate and temperature well for all stages. The Weibull function provided a good fit for the distribution of development times of each stage. Adult longevity decreased with increasing temperature and ranged from 52.9 d at 21.7 to 16.8 d at 32.0 °C. D. brevis had a maximum fecundity of 471 eggs per female at 24 °C, which declined to 191 eggs per female at 32 °C. Also, three temperature-dependent components for an oviposition model of D. brevis were developed including models for total fecundity, age-specific cumulative oviposition rate, and age-specific survival rate.

Analysis of Underground Pipelines Subjected to Frost Heaving Forces

This paper examined the fundamental problem of an interaction between a soil medium that experiences frost heave in a closed system and an underground pipeline. The coupled thermal transfer and structural analysis, considering the material nonlinearity of freezing soil, for an underground pipeline subjected to the low cyclic load was focused on the development of computational scheme by introducing the effective heat capacity concept and the effective thermal expansion coefficient into the study. The effective heat capacity model in the thermal transfer analysis took into consideration the phase-change effect in the frozen fringe of a soil medium. The comparative analyses between the theory and the actual performances were valuable in establishing a level of confidence in the application of introduced theory to the field. The numerical results in the paper illustrated the influence for the frost heave of a soil medium on the temperature-dependent development of stress fields on metallic underground pipe walls in South Korea.

Temperature-dependent development of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson in Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The influence of temperature on the development rate of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson in Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) 3rd-instar larvae was studied under constant temperature regimes. A non linear model was used to describe temperature-dependent vegetative and reproductive development rates of the fungus. The temperature required to reach the highest vegetative development rate was estimated to be 25.5ºC while lower and upper developmental thresholds were 11ºC and 30ºC, respectively. The rate of development for conidia release was stable from 18ºC to 26ºC. The estimated lower and upper thresholds of vegetative development coincide with conditions during the natural epizootics in central Argentina. Non-linear effects of temperature on vegetative and reproductive development rates and probability distributions of N. rileyi under in vivo conditions are described.

Effect of Temperature on Development and Population Parameters ofCopitarsia decolora(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature on survival, development, and reproduction of Copitarsia decolora. Both linear and nonlinear models were used to model temperature-dependent development and population growth for C. decolora reared on asparagus and artificial diet. We used @Risk Software to bootstrap model parameters so that variability in observations could be incorporated into model predictions. C. decolora eggs required ≈69 DD to complete development with a base temperature of 7.8°C. C. decolora developed through four to six instars depending on temperature and food source. Development of larvae from neonate through prepupa required 341.4 DD above a base of 7.3°C on asparagus, whereas 254.5 DD were needed on artificial diet, where the base temperature was 7.7°C. Pupae required ≈236 DD (base temperature 8.2–8.4°C) to develop when reared on asparagus or artificial diet. Female moths laid significantly more eggs at 14.6 and 20.1°C than at higher or lower temper...

Annual life cycle of the copepod Eucalanus inermis at a coastal upwelling site off Mejillones (23�S), northern Chile

Eucalanus inermis is an abundant species in the eastern tropical and subtropical South Pacific, including the oceanic and coastal waters off Chile and Peru. Its annual life cycle was studied through a time-series sampling (weekly intervals) during 2002, at a fixed coastal station at an upwelling site (Mejillones Bay, 23°S) off northern Chile. The more-or-less continuous occurrence and abundance of naupliar and copepodid stages indicated that the species reproduces during most of the year, with two peaks: one during the austral spring and the other during the summer. Thereafter, an abrupt decline in the population was observed during winter. The abundances of E. inermis copepodids and nauplii were positively correlated with sea surface temperature, suggesting temperature-dependent development and growth during the spring–summer period. Three cohorts could be distinguished during one annual cycle, with generation times >30 days. The estimate of mean weight-specific daily growth (0.12 day−1) is lower than that of other species in the area, but it is consistent with a slower development rate. The distribution of this copepod is associated with the equatorial subsurface waters characterized by low-oxygen content ( 200 m depth), probably in a lethargic mode, within the oxygen minimum zone in the adjacent oceanic area.

Selection of culture media and in vitro assessment of temperature-dependent development of Nomuraea rileyi

In vitro development - radial growth and sporulation - of Nomuraea rileyi isolates from Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner and Plusiinae larvae was studied on four culture media: Sabouraud, maltose, agar and yeast - SMAY; SMAY plus rice extract - SMAYR; complete medium for N. rileyi - CMNr and maltose agar yeast with potato extract - MAYP. Their development on a selected medium (MAYP) was analysed at five temperatures. Two mathematical models were fitted to in vitro and in vivo temperature dependent radial growth rates and thermal requirements were estimated. The medium with potato and yeast extract induced the highest growth rate in most cases, while SMAY induced the lowest rates for the tested isolates. Estimated optimum temperatures for mycelium in vitro growth ranged from 22ºC to 26ºC. No differences between the proportion of sporulation of colonies maintained at 20ºC and 26ºC were detected. Few or no colonies sporulated at 12, 16 and 30ºC. The relative production of conidia per fungal biomass was very variable, ranging from 0.5 to 16 conidia per centigram of mycelium. Therefore, this was not a useful criterion for selecting a culture medium. Based on present findings, a medium based on potato extract, or enriched slices could be used for N. rileyi experimental and eventually mass production. Because of the similarities found between in vitro and in vivo thermal requirements, thermal traits of the mycosis could be simply estimated on the basis of the environmental temperature.

Influence of temperature on the development, reproduction and longevity of Ceratothripoides claratris (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on tomatoes.

Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) is a serious pest attacking tomatoes in Thailand. Temperature-dependent development of C. claratris was studied at seven constant temperatures, i.e. 22, 25, 27, 30, 34, 35 and 40 degrees C. Pre-adult survivorship was greatest (95%) at 25 and 30 degrees C and shortest at 22 degrees C. Egg-to-adult time decreased within the range of 20 to 30 degrees C and at 34 degrees C it started to increase. The lower thermal threshold for egg-to-adult development was estimated at 16 and 18 degrees C by linear regression and the modified Logan model, respectively. The optimum temperature for egg-to-adult development was estimated at 32-33 degrees C by the modified Logan model. The influence of temperature on reproduction and longevity of C. claratris was determined at 25, 30 and 35 and 40 degrees C. Both inseminated and virgin females failed to reproduce at 40 degrees C. Virgin females produced only male offspring, confirming arrhenotoky. The sex ratio of the offspring of fertilized females was strongly female-biased, except at 25 degrees C. Mean total fecundity per female and mean daily total fecundity per female were highest for both virgin and inseminated females at 30 degrees C. Female longevity was longest at 25 degrees C and shortest at 40 degrees C. Male longevity was longest at 30 degrees C and shortest at 40 degrees C. The net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was greatest at 30 degrees C while, mean generation time (G) and the doubling time (t) were highest at 25 degrees C. The finite rate of increase (lambda) was fairly constant (1.1-1.5 days) over the three temperatures tested. The pest potential of C. claratris for tropical Asia is discussed.

Light-induced oxygen-ordering dynamics in(Y,Pr)Ba2Cu3O6.7: A Raman spectroscopy and Monte Carlo study

We investigated the time and temperature dependence of photobleaching effects in $R{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ single crystals $(R=\mathrm{Y},\mathrm{Pr})$ by Raman spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulations based on the asymmetric next-nearest-neighbor Ising model. In a temperature range between 40 and $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ the bleaching slows down on cooling, displaying a pronounced change in dynamics around $160\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for $R=\mathrm{Y}$. To model this behavior we extended the Ising model by introducing a single energy barrier which impedes oxygen movement in the plane unless the oxygen atoms are excited by light. We obtain a time- and temperature-dependent development of superstructures under illumination with the fastest change at intermediate model temperatures. The chain-fragment development in the simulation thus matches the experimental low-temperature dynamics of Raman photobleaching, providing further support for oxygen reordering in the chain plane being at the origin of Raman photobleaching and related effects.

A spatially explicit computer model for immature distributions of Glyptotendipes paripes (Diptera: Chironomidae) in central Florida lakes

Density and spatial distribution data of immature Glyptotendipes paripes Edwards (Diptera: Chironomidae), in relation to selected water and sediment characteristics prevailing in three central Florida lakes, were used to develop and calibrate a qualitative model of G. paripes distributions with the purpose of developing more efficient sampling plans for research or population management. For the model, each lake habitat was defined by a two-dimensional matrix, while a three-dimensional matrix was used to simulate the life stage-structured population. A Lefkovitch population matrix was used to project survival and development of the population in each spatial unit. The model incorporated lake bathymetry, sediment dry weight, water level, food availability (as a function of Secchi disk transparency) and strength of density dependence as influences on immature survival and adult fecundity. Temperature-dependent development data for G. paripes were incorporated to estimate development time. A simple redistribution function was used to simulate the dispersal of adults over the simulated habitat for oviposition. Immatures and relevant environmental data taken for eight dates, at each of two other central Florida lakes were used to validate the model. The mean correct prediction rate of the model for field density distributions within 0.5 log(n+1) immatures/m2 density in spatial habitat cells was 0.64 and 0.66 for the validation lakes. Presence/absence correct prediction rates were 0.61 and 0.76, while matching to a proposed sampling stratification based on a treatment threshold was 0.85 and 0.88. These values indicate that the model is efficient for preparing stratified immature G. paripes sampling plans for central Florida lakes.

Temperature-dependent development and mortality of Australian cockroach, Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius) (Blattodea: Blattidae

The effect of temperature on the development of the 1&lt;SUP&gt;st&lt;/SUP&gt; instar of &lt;I&gt;Periplaneta australasiae&lt;/I&gt; (Fabr.) was studied at the four constant temperatures of 21°C, 24°C, 27°C and 30°C in temperature-controlled chambers. Mortality was 50% at 30°C, and 10% at 21°C, 24° and 27°C. Thermal constants were established by plotting linear regression to development rate. The thermal threshold for the development was 17.1°C and the thermal constant for 1&lt;SUP&gt;st&lt;/SUP&gt; instar larvae was 147.1 day-degrees. As “safe temperature” (&lt;I&gt;t&lt;SUB&gt;s&lt;/SUB&gt;&lt;/I&gt;) – the temperature to be maintained in stores or food premises to prevent the development of a pest species – we recommend 16°C.

Comparative Temperature-Dependent Development ofNephus includens(Kirsch) andNephus bisignatus(Boheman) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Preying onPlanococcus citri(Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): Evaluation of a Linear and Various Nonlinear Models Using Specific Criteria

The effect of temperature on the development of the predators Nephus includens (Kirsch) and Nephus bisignatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was studied. The duration of the development of immature stages and the pre-oviposition period of the two predators, reared on Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) at eight constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32.5, 35, and 37.5 ± 1°C), have been recorded. The developmental zero (lower temperature threshold) was estimated to be 10.9 and 9.4°C, and the thermal constant was 490.5 and 614.3 DD for N. includens and N. bisignatus, respectively, using the linear model. Data were fitted to various nonlinear temperature-dependent models, and the thermal developmental thresholds (lower and upper), as well as the optimum temperature for development, have been estimated. Evaluation of the models took place, based on the following criteria: fit to data (residual sum of squares and coefficient of determination or coefficient of nonlinear regression), number and biological value of the fitted coefficients, number of measurable parameters, and accuracy on the estimation of the thresholds. Conclusively, linear and Lactin models are highly recommended for the description of temperature-dependent development of these two predators and possibly of other coccinellids.

Temperature-dependent development of Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830) and Ophyra capensis (Wiedemann, 1818) (Diptera, Muscidae)

The influence of rearing temperature on the development rates of two “dump flies” Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830) and Ophyra capensis (Wiedemann, 1818) is analysed. The development times of these species are determined. Flies were reared at three constant temperatures (17±1, 24±1 and 30±1°C) with a photoperiod of 12:12 and at a relativity moisture of 75–95%. The minimum duration for each development stages, from eggs to pupae and from eggs to adult emergence of O. aenescens and O. capensis are reported. The development rate increases in both species as the rearing temperature rises. A temperature-dependent development model is calculated for each species. The larval and total development of these two species can be estimated if the environmental temperature is between 17 and 30°C. Compared to O. aenescens, O. capensis has a higher threshold of development and a longer larval development time.