Temperature-dependent Material Properties Research Articles

Finite element modelling of lattice angle steel structures exposed to wildland fires

Essential civil infrastructure such as transmission line supporting towers and communication base towers that are traditionally formed from lattice angle steel structures are critical global assets, since their development promotes the establishment of electric power supply systems and modern telecommunication networks. Because this infrastructure is commonly located in rural and urban wildland areas, such towers may be prone to wildland fire attack, particularly in the current climate of severe heatwaves and droughts. Accordingly, a comprehensive study of the behaviour and response of lattice angle steel structures under fire loading is needed to assist in structural design to resist fire loading. In this paper, a finite element (FE) model of lattice angle steel structures is constructed using ABAQUS software. Several aspects that include material and geometric non-linearities, load eccentricities on component members, bolted joint slippage, and the use of the explicit dynamic analysis technique for a quasi-static loading procedure, are considered and applied in the FE model. The accuracy and reliability of the FE representation are validated by comparing its predictions with relevant existing experimental results. By incorporating the codified temperature-dependent material properties of structural steel as well as a calibrated load-slip relationship for bolted connections at elevated temperatures, the FE model is extended for performing structural fire analysis. The variations of the steelwork temperatures in wildland fires can be calculated based on representative temperature-time wildland fire curves and is adopted in the fire analysis. By invoking the FE model, an example of lattice angle steel structures is contrived to elucidate the fundamental behaviour of these structures in wildland fires, through both steady and transient state fire analyses. Parametric studies are also undertaken to evaluate the effects of the changes in the wind load direction, bolt pretension and the protection of critical panel sections on the behaviour of lattice structures when exposed to wildland fires.

Thermomechanical Behaviors of a Novel Double-Layer Corrugated Core Structure for Thermal Protection System

Corrugated core sandwich structures have great potential in the application to thermal protection system of aerospace vehicles. However, the traditional layout of web plates could inevitably lead to thermal short effects and high risk of buckling failure of the integrated thermal protection system (ITPS). In this paper, a novel double-layer ITPS is proposed by splitting and reorganizing a classical corrugated sandwich structure without additional introducing of weight. Distribution types of parallel, symmetric, and orthogonal of the double layers are designed and studied in detail. Basic theory of the thermomechanical problem as well as finite element simulation is carried out to study the responses of the ITPS. Numerical results show that the orthogonal type has more excellent yield resistance at high temperature and large temperature gradient than the others, while the parallel type has a relatively stronger buckling resistance. In addition, the structural stiffness variation caused by temperature dependencies of material parameters is greater than that caused by thermal stress, which shows the significance of consideration of temperature-dependent material properties in structure vibration analysis.

Nonlinear fully-coupled thermoelastic analysis of bidirectional porous functionally graded doubly-curved shell panels with optimum material distribution

This work focuses on the nonlinear fully-coupled thermoelastic solutions of bidirectional porous functionally graded doubly-curved panels under uniform-pressure and heat-flux. The material properties are assumed to vary in x-y directions and achieved using multivariable power-law based Voigt’s scheme. Three types of porosity distribution (even, uneven, and cosine) are considered for the analysis. The nonlinear model is developed, considering cubic-polynomial based temperature-dependent material properties and higher-order Green-Lagrange kinematics. The fully-coupled model is developed using the extended potential-energy principle and 2D-isoparametric finite-element approximations via Picard’s iterative scheme. Two-way coupling of deflection and temperature responses is adopted to estimate the thermomechanical behavior. Here, the effects of curvature ratio, power-law, and porosity indices on the longitudinal/transverse/out-of-plane deflections, and temperature-profile are demonstrated. Additionally, the optimum material-distributions are obtained using response surface method by minimizing the thermoelastic responses. Mixed hardening/softening nonlinearity behaviors of bidirectional FGM curved panels is observed for the coupled thermoelastic responses.

The effect of temperature-dependent material properties on simple thermal models of subduction zones

Abstract. To a large extent, the thermal structure of a subduction zone determines where seismicity occurs through controls on the transition from brittle to ductile deformation and the depth of dehydration reactions. Thermal models of subduction zones can help understand the distribution of seismicity by accurately modelling the thermal structure of the subduction zone. Here, we assess a common simplification in thermal models of subduction zones, i.e. constant values for the thermal parameters. We use temperature-dependent parameterisations, constrained by lab data, for the thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and density to systematically test their effect on the resulting thermal structure of the slab. To isolate this effect, we use the well-defined, thoroughly studied, and highly simplified model setup of the subduction community benchmark by van Keken et al. (2008) in a 2D finite-element code. To ensure a self-consistent and realistic initial temperature profile for the slab, we implement a 1D plate model for cooling of the oceanic lithosphere with an age of 50 Myr instead of the previously used half-space model. Our results show that using temperature-dependent thermal parameters in thermal models of subduction zones affects the thermal structure of the slab with changes on the order of tens of degrees and hence tens of kilometres. More specifically, using temperature-dependent thermal parameters results in a slightly cooler slab with e.g. the 600 ∘C isotherm reaching almost 30 km deeper. From this, we infer that these models would predict a larger estimated seismogenic zone and a larger depth at which dehydration reactions responsible for intermediate-depth seismicity occur. We therefore recommend that thermo(-mechanical) models of subduction zones take temperature-dependent thermal parameters into account, especially when inferences of seismicity are made.

Instability of axisymmetric flow in thermocapillary liquid bridges: Kinetic and thermal energy budgets for two-phase flow with temperature-dependent material properties

AbstractIn numerical linear stability investigations, the rates of change of the kinetic and thermal energy of the perturbation flow are often used to identify the dominant mechanisms by which kinetic or thermal energy is exchanged between the basic and the perturbation flow. Extending the conventional energy analysis for a single-phase Boussinesq fluid, the energy budgets of arbitrary infinitesimal perturbations to the basic two-phase liquid–gas flow are derived for an axisymmetric thermocapillary bridge when the material parameters in both phases depend on the temperature. This allows identifying individual transport terms and assessing their contributions to the instability if the basic flow and the critical mode are evaluated at criticality. The full closed-form energy budgets of linear modes have been derived for thermocapillary two-phase flow taking into account the temperature dependence of all thermophysical parameters. The influence of different approximations to the temperature dependence on the linear stability boundary of the axisymmetric flow in thermocapillary liquid bridges is tested regarding their accuracy. The general mechanism of symmetry breaking turns out to be very robust.

Flexural buckling and post-buckling analysis of tapered columns in transient fire

This paper presents time-varying flexural buckling and post-buckling responses of tapered columns under a transient fire of which the temperature is non-uniform along the length. First, the transient temperature field within the column is determined by solving a dimensionally reduced transient heat transfer problem considering the convection-radiation boundary conditions and temperature-dependent (TD) material properties. Subsequently, the von Kármán geometric nonlinear theory is applied to obtain the nonlinear equilibrium equation. The nonlinear heat transfer and equilibrium equations are solved by the differential quadrature (DQ) method. According to a yield criterion, the ultimate load at which the material failure occurs is predicted. The influences of a transient localised fire on the temperatures, buckling and post-buckling responses of tapered steel tubular columns are discussed.

Traveling Wave Characteristics of a Rotating Functionally Graded Laminated Cylindrical Shell with General Boundary Conditions

The traveling wave modes of rotating functionally graded laminated cylindrical shells with general boundary conditions are studied by using different admissible displacement functions. Firstly, the effective temperature-dependent material properties of the functionally graded materials (FGMs) are described by the Voigt model and the Sigmoid-type volume fraction. Subsequently, considering Love’s thin shell theory, the motion equations of the FGMs shell subjected to the Coriolis force, the centrifugal inertial force, the hoop initial tension and the internal thermal force are derived. Thereafter, the displacement functions are expanded by six different sets of admissible displacement functions. The Rayleigh–Ritz method is utilized to derive the eigenvalue equations of the rotating FGMs laminated shells. In the end, the convergence rate and computational efficiency of the six polynomial functions are compared and parameter study is carried out. Results indicate that the Legendre orthogonal polynomials (LOP) are the best ones in terms of convergence rate and computational efficiency for predicting the traveling wave modes. The patterns of [Formula: see text] expressed by Sigmoid law are more sensitive to the modal frequency of the shell than the ceramic volume fraction exponents. The stiffness of the axial springs plays a more significant role in the traveling wave modes than the stiffness of other springs.

Generalized thermoelasticity study in ultrashort pulsed laser machining of ceramic considering material removal and variable material properties

Ceramic materials are widely used in engineering due to their excellent properties, but they are difficult to be machined by conventional techniques. Ultrashort pulsed laser is an applicable tool to achieve high-quality processing of these hard-brittle materials. However, the ultrashort thermalization time and complex interactions in laser processing bring great difficulty to describe thermal-mechanical responses precisely. For this purpose, we establish a model for ceramics irradiated by femtosecond pulsed laser in the context of Green-Lindsay generalized thermoelastic theory, considering the effect of material removal and temperature-dependent material properties. Thermoelastic responses and the effect of laser parameters in the machining considering material removal are obtained by means of Finite Element Method. Results show that classical thermoelastic theory underestimates thermal stresses, while G-L thermoelastic theory predicts more accurate responses. Laser parameters, including laser intensity and pulse duration, significantly affect the thermoelastic responses and the process of material removal, which indicates the necessity of laser parameter optimization for reduced thermal stresses and higher processing efficiency. Temperature-dependence of material properties must be considered, as it has pronounced influences on thermoelastic responses. This study can be used as the preparation for the structural safety design in ultrashort pulsed laser machining.

Improved inherent strain extraction algorithm based analytical surface modeling for Ti-6Al-4V and SS316L selective laser melting part

Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the most popular metal additive manufacturing (AM) techniques relied on powder bed and has been widely used in numerous fields. Printing surface modeling is a critical step for product development and quality control of SLM parts as the surface profile has a great impact on the structure and functional performance of printed parts. However, it is still a challenge to predict the printing surface geometry of the SLM part accurately and quickly due to the complex physical processes and thermomechanical behaviors in SLM. To address this barrier, a comprehensive bottom-up modeling approach based on an improved inherent strain method (ISM) is proposed to estimate the surface fluctuation between designed and printed parts and further predict the printing surfaces of SLM parts. The improved inherent strain is extracted from multi-physics analytical calculation considering the thermal influences of in-plane scanning tracks, interlayer re-melting and interlayer strain accumulation. Specifically, temperature filed is obtained from the quasi-static heat analytical model integrating residual temperature involving the heat contribution of in-plane scanning tracks via virtual heat source technique. The interlayer strain accumulation and interlayer re-melting effects are embedded into the inherent strain terms through the layer-lever fluctuation superposition and re-melted depth parameter respectively. Strain compositions are solved through thermo-elastic Green function models and modified elastic-plastic McDowell analytical models, where temperature-dependent material properties are employed. The proposed method has been validated by experimental observations from the literature via two SLM parts using two distinct materials (Ti-6Al-4 V and SS316L).

Experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal properties and related microstructural influences of an interpenetrating metal ceramic composite at elevated temperatures

An interpenetrating metal-ceramic composite (IMCC), consisting of an open-porous alumina preform (26vol%), infiltrated with an AlSi10Mg alloy is investigated for its thermal properties and the microstructural impact on the thermal cycling behavior. Specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and the coefficient of thermal expansion are investigated experimentally. Next to dilatometry experiments, an in-situ SEM setup with digital image correlation of the natural microstructure of the composite is used as a recognizable pattern on the sample surface to evaluate strain and microstructural changes during heating and cooling. The interpenetrating phase composite is also modelled based on reconstructed and generated microstructures. Extensive numerical studies are conducted with varying boundary conditions, interface properties, initial cooling temperatures, temperature dependent material properties and inclusion of pores. Microstructural investigations show phenomena of plasticity, creep, crack formation and interface detachment which is supported by numerical findings. Microstructural changes during heating and cooling in form of crack formation occur in the metallic phase and metallic precipitation. The influence of the microstructural processes on the thermal expansion behavior are discussed in comparison to existing hypotheses from literature.

Topology optimization of thermo‐elastic structures with temperature‐dependent material properties under large temperature gradient

AbstractIn this work, high temperature and large temperature gradient are addressed for the first time in the topology optimization of thermo‐elastic structures. The conventional assumption of constant material properties (CMPs) is broken through with the full consideration of temperature‐dependent material properties (TDMPs) including thermal conductivity, elastic tensor, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Nonlinear heat conduction is thus implemented to give varying temperature fields in thermoelasticity. The maximum displacement of the specified region is taken as the objective function in the formulation of the optimization problem. The Kreisselmeier‐Steinhauser (KS) function is employed to approximate the regional maximum displacement/temperature. Corresponding sensitivity analyses, which are carried out using the adjoint method, theoretically reveal how TDMPs affect the thermo‐elastic optimization problem. Typical numerical examples are investigated to validate the proposed approach. The results show that the use of TDMPs produces optimized structures of high fidelity with displacements precisely predicted and temperature constraints rigorously satisfied under large temperature gradient, while thermo‐elastic analysis and optimization with CMPs lead to undesirable designs with significant inaccuracy.

Thermomechanical vibration and buckling response of magneto-electro-elastic higher order laminated nanoplates

This study investigated the free vibration and buckling behavior of a magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) sandwich porous nanoplate under nonlinear thermal loads and electric and magnetic potentials. The equation of motion of the nanoplate consisting of barium-titanate and cobalt-ferrite components, with a functionally graded (FG) porous core and two face plates, was modeled by a sinusoidal higher-order shear (SHSDT) and the nonlocal strain gradient (NSGT) theories. Due to the significant effect of the temperature in the dynamics of the magneto-electro-elastic nanoplate, the temperature-dependent material properties of barium-titanate (BaTiO3) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) were defined and applied to the modeling for the first time in the literature. The laminated plate consists of upper and lower surface auxiliary plates and a main FG core plate. The core plate consists of functionally grading cobalt-ferrite and barium-titanate, while face plates can be in three different material compositions consisting of pure cobalt-ferrite, pure barium-titanate, or a combination of the two. It has been shown in this study that the dynamic behavior of the core plate, exposed to high temperatures, can be controlled through auxiliary surface plates. Especially in nanosensor applications, the disadvantage of thermal load can be reduced by the electric and magnetic field's strength applied to the surface plates. This study will make an essential contribution to the design and application of nanosensor or nanoelectromechanical systems, especially by controlling nanosensor responses in high-temperature applications.

Interfacial thermal damage and fatigue between auxetic honeycomb sandwich and underneath substrate

A general model to evaluate the interfacial thermal damage and predict the fatigue life of the auxetic honeycomb-substrate structure (H-SS) is built. To improve the accuracy, all material parameters in the model are temperature-dependent. The transient temperature field and the associated thermal stresses associated with the temperature changes in the structure are determined by the finite difference method. The interfacial thermal stress intensity factor is employed to characterize the stress concentration behavior. Based on the stress field and the stress concentrations at the interface, interfacial thermal damage evolution and fatigue life prediction of the structure are made. The results show that the auxetic property can significantly enhance the fatigue life of the structure. The fatigue life will be undervalued when the effect of temperature-dependent material properties (TDMPs) is neglected. Furthermore, the influence of TDMPs on the fatigue life of the structure will increase as the absolute value of the internal cell angle increases. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the thermal damage and fatigue life of auxetic H-SSs and can serve as a solid theoretical foundation for future applications of related structures in extreme temperature environments.

Interlaminar mechanical performance of a multi-layered photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid device

A concentrated photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid device made up of a six-layer composite structure is considered. The hybrid device is composed of, from top to bottom, photovoltaic cell, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) layer, tedlar polyester tedlar (TPT) layer, ceramic layer, electrode, and thermoelectric legs. Under the service condition, the poor interlaminar mechanical performance of the hybrid device induced by the high interlaminar stresses level can give rise to very poor power generation performance. To understand this, an analytical model is built to study the influence of the thermal contact resistance and interfacial slip stiffness on the interlaminar stresses of the hybrid device. In particular, effects of the material parameters and geometric dimensions of the hybrid device are also studied by using the state space method. It is found that the thermal contact resistance mainly affects the interlaminar stresses of the photovoltaic module. The interlaminar stresses without considering the temperature-dependent material properties are greater than the actual stresses. The highest interlaminar shearing stress appears at the lower surface of the photovoltaic cell and the maximum peeling stress occurs at the interface between the EVA layer and TPT layer. A lower interfacial slip stiffness is conducive to reducing the interlaminar stresses. The interlaminar stresses decrease with decreasing elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of the EVA layer. In addition, a thinner thermoelectric layer contributes to lower the interlaminar stresses. The results offer helpful suggestions for the optimization of the interlaminar mechanical performance of the hybrid device.

In silico quantification of 3D thermal gradients and voids during fused filament fabrication deposition to enhance mechanical and dimensional stability

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most widely used additive manufacturing techniques for polymeric materials. However, the mechanical and dimensional quality of the final printed parts are still deviating from the maximal performance, due to the presence of voids, and incomplete inter- and intralayer bond formation implying suboptimal molecular chain entanglement. The current work puts forward a three-dimensional Ansys Polyflow® computational study in which temperature gradients and void formation are analysed for the deposition of up to eight strands, accounting compared to the state of the art for (i) bond formation at the strand interfaces by material deformation; (ii) non-Newtonian viscosity variations; (iii) measured temperature dependent material properties, including conductivity, specific heat capacity and viscosity; and (iv) convection. Selecting acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as polymeric material, it is demonstrated that a dynamic heat transfer is obtained with contributions from the heated bed to layers printed above, and from just printed warmer layers to colder layers printed before in both the vertical and transversal direction. These extra heat transfers renew the interlayer contact between two strands, as the temperature at the weld line can be pushed several times above the glass transition temperature. A tuning of this renewable welding is possible based on a variation of the bed and nozzle temperature; the latter more relevant upon increasing the number of layers printed. It is further highlighted that the void shape and size is different close and away from the bed (2.5-8% void percentage variation). Moreover, a novel computational method is put forward to quantify the surface roughness based on edge analysis (80-120 μm variation).

Design, fabrication, nonlinear analysis, and experimental validation for an active sandwich beam in strong electric field and thermal environment

In the present work, an efficient one-dimensional finite element (1D-FE) framework considering layerwise mechanics with full electro-mechanical coupling has been developed for the laminated smart sandwich beams submitted to active damping. Nonlinear constitutive relations of piezo-thermo-elasticity at large electric field with temperature-dependent material properties have been considered. The efficient layerwise theory (ELWT) considers the normal deformation of the piezoelectric sensing/actuating patches/layers due to the more significant value of piezoelectric strain coefficient d33. The electric potential variation across the thickness of the PZT sensor/actuator has been assumed quadratic. The state space format of the dynamical system has been constructed based on a reduced order model in modal space. The feedback linearization approach has been applied to the nonlinear system of equations to design an equivalent linear optimal control strategy. An experimental facility has been developed to test the accuracy of the present nonlinear FE model. This facility consists of a thermal chamber with a heating system, air gun, actuation & sensing units with band-pass filters, a smart sandwich beam equipped with PZT-SP5H patches, a data acquisition system, and a computer with LabVIEW software. Open- and closed-loop responses from the present 1D-FE model have been compared with those obtained through experimentation at different temperatures. It has been observed that the current nonlinear FE model correctly captures the dynamic behavior of the vibrating smart sandwich beam at different operating temperatures and strong electric field. The study shows a strong dependence of the PZT materials on thermal chamber temperature and actuation field. New results for a smart sandwich beam are also presented to study the performance of PZT-SP5H patches as sensors/actuators for nonlinear active shape and vibration control in a thermal environment. The effect of piezoelectric actuator/sensor thickness, patch size, position, and applied mechanical load on the active shape and vibration control has been discussed.

Analysis of High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads: Multiple Solutions, Thermal Runaway, and Protection

The multiple steady states of Ag/Bi2212-composite high-Tc superconducting leads modeling current delivery to a superconducting magnet have been numerically calculated. The model is based on longitudinal conduction combined with convective heat dissipation from a helium gas stream along the conductor. Because of the nonlinearities introduced by the voltage–current relationship and the temperature-dependent material properties, up to three solutions have been identified within the range of parameters considered. Linear stability analysis reveals that two of them are stable, i.e., the superconducting and the normal branches, while the remaining one is unstable. The limit points separating the stable from the unstable steady states form the blow-up threshold, beyond which any further increase in the operating current results in a thermal runway. Interesting findings are that for low filling ratios no bounded solution exists when the length of the lead exceeds the lower limit point, while very high maximum temperatures may be encountered along the normal solution branch. The effect of various parameters such as the conduction–convection parameter, the applied current, and the reduction in coolant flow (LOFA) on the bifurcation structure and their stabilization effect on the blow-up threshold are also evaluated. Apart from the steady and unsteady operating modes, the multiplicity analysis is also used to identify the range of the design and operating variables where safe operation, with a sufficient margin from the onset of instabilities, may be established, thus facilitating the protection of the leads and the device connected to it.

Adaptive modal identification of honeycomb thin-walled composite structures with pit defects under thermal modal testing using variational mode decomposition technique based on digital image correlation

The active imaging blue light high-speed three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) system was combined with a transient aerodynamic heating system and random pulse excitation technology to establish a high-frequency thermal vibration optical test system capable of multi-temperature zone testing at 900 °C to accurately obtain the thermal modal parameters of thin-walled structures. The full-field temperature distribution of a novel honeycomb thin-walled composite structure (HTWCS) with pit defects under non-uniform temperature was accurately simulated through reinforcement learning. The first six modal frequencies of honeycomb thin-walled composite structure with pit defects at room temperature increased compared with the non-destructive honeycomb thin-walled composite structure, and the third and fourth modal shapes interchanged. An adaptive modal parameter identification method for full-field three-dimensional vibration measurements under high-temperature environments was developed by combining the successive multivariate variational mode decomposition (VMD) with the modal superposition method. This method can effectively identify close modes. The area ratio-based approach was used to evaluate the damping of the measured response. The finite element model (FEM) of the HTWCS with pit defects at different temperatures was updated using a multi-state step-by-step model updating method and the temperature-dependent material properties were established. The results showed that the introduction of a damping ratio improved the accuracy of the updated FEM of HTWCS with pit defects. The proposed technique is anticipated to provide an effective method for high-frequency thermal vibration optical measurement and modal identification of thin-walled structures under multi-temperature regions.

Thermal–Mechanical Coupling Analysis of Wheel–Rail Sliding Friction under Two-Point Contact Conditions

The generation of wheel–rail-sliding frictional heat is often accompanied by transverse displacement of a wheel. To study the thermal problem of wheel–rail sliding friction at two-point contact, this paper uses an LM tread wheel and a 60 kg·m−1 rail as examples. A thermal–mechanical-coupled finite-element model of equal proportion wheel–rail sliding is established. A direct-coupling method is used to analyze the thermal–mechanical coupling of the wheel–rail interface under sliding contact. This model considers the temperature-dependent material properties and boundary conditions, such as thermal convection and thermal dissipation, in the process of nonstationary frictional-heat conduction. Firstly, the effects of different sliding speeds, axle loads, and contact modes on the temperature and stress fields of the contact area are analyzed. Then, the lubrication and cooling effects of friction modifiers on the rail top and rail gauge angle are compared. The results show that, at a sliding speed of 2 m/s and an axle load of 30 t under a sliding condition of 200 mm, on the top and side of the rail, the temperatures at the contact patch centers are 813 °C and 547.7 °C, respectively. Under different operating conditions, the rail-side temperature is 55–75% of that of the temperature at the rail top, and the rail-side contact and friction stress values are 76–96% of those at the rail top. This indicates that frictional thermal damage on the rail side cannot be ignored. With a lower sliding speed, the thermal response of the two contact patches is closer. The impact of axle load on the frictional temperature and stress on the rail side is more critical than the sliding speed. The optimal lubrication choice is overall lubrication, which can decrease the rail top temperature by 47.2% and frictional stress by 56.2%, as well as decreasing the rail side temperature by 70.3% and frictional stress by 77.4%.

Optimization of Brake Disc Profile Based on the Thermal Performance for Electric Vehicles

The brake disc market has reached the value of USD 20.9 billion in 2021 at a CAGR of 4.9% and it is expected to grow to USD 26.5 billion by 2026. However, the difficulties associated with the brake discs are significant rise in the temperature which results in, early wear, thermal cracks and brake fade leading to uneven braking and premature replacement. In this context many researchers have been studying the parameters like brake disc material and type of ventilation. The objective of the work was to study of the effect of ventilation types on thermal responses and optimize the brake disc profile for better thermal performances. Center of gravity and dynamic load transfer were calculated for two wheeler electric vehicle experimentally which was followed by computing the force required for braking process and heat flux on the brake disc analytically. Ventilation of type cross drilled holes (CD) was adopted in brake disc modelling, and was carried out in SOLIDWORKS 2022 and finite element model for the brake disc was created in ANSYS 17.2 with mesh size of 2 mm for lamellar graphite iron (LGI) with temperature dependent material properties. The transient thermal analysis for three braking cycles were carried out with the considerations such as: initial velocity of the vehicle of 96 km/h, ambient temperature of 22°C, conduction and convection modes of heat transfer and 5 s of deceleration and acceleration time. Transient thermal analysis was carried out by applying the heat flux on the frictional surface of the brake disc. For the solid disc without ventilation, it was found that the maximum temperature at the end of first braking cycle (0 to 5 s) was 157.72°C, at end of second braking cycle (10 to 15 s) was 256.95°C and at the end of third braking cycle (20 to 25s) was 349.73°C. As the wear rate for lamellar graphite iron grows exponentially beyond 300°C, ventilations were provided on the brake disc to reduce the temperature on the disc. For the optimized brake disc with ventilation type VT-12, it was found that maximum temperature at the end of first braking cycle (0 to 5 s) was 139.43°C, at end of second braking cycle (10 to 15 s) was 222.68°C and at the end of third braking cycle (20 to 25s) was 299°C. The overall character of these shows a quick rise in temperature at the start of the process, followed by the achievement of the maximum value and, eventually there is a drop in temperature. In this research the future work can be carried out by implementing the noise, vibration and harness studies which would benefit the industry with better braking system.