Temperate Distribution Research Articles

Searchin' for Urchins: Utilising Museum Collections and Citizen Science to Assess Species on the Move in the Genus Tripneustes

ABSTRACTAimWith the global redistribution of species due to warming, accurately quantifying species distributions is critical to understanding patterns in biodiversity and range shift trajectories. The genus Tripneustes comprises globally important sea urchin taxa that graze seagrass and macroalgae and have the potential to transform ecosystems. In eastern Australia, there are two Tripneustes taxa, the tropical T. g. gratilla and the subtropical‐temperate T. australiae. The temperate distribution of T. australiae was considered to be a climate‐driven range extension of T. g. gratilla until recent taxonomic clarification. We quantified the present and potential future distributions of these taxa in eastern Australia, a global warming hot spot.LocationEastern Australia and the Tasman Sea, including Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, and the north of New Zealand.TaxonTripneustes (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Toxopneustidae).MethodsWe reassessed specimen identifications across four museum collections to synthesise distribution data and citizen science observations, determining the biogeographic range and realised thermal niches of Tripneustes. Habitat suitability models were used to determine current suitable habitat and predict future distributional change.ResultsWhilst T. g. gratilla has a wide tropical‐temperate distribution in the region from Papua New Guinea (9°56′2.4″ S) to Jervis Bay (35°7′12″ S) and a broad realised thermal niche (16.3°C–29.97°C), T. australiae has a subtropical‐temperate distribution (Byron Bay, 28°37′0.12″ S, to Narooma, 36°15′0″ S) and a narrower thermal niche (15.3°C–26°C). Tripneustes densities were highest in the subtropical ecoregions, where the two taxa co‐occur. Habitat suitability modelling indicated that T. australiae is a narrow‐range thermal specialist that will likely undergo a poleward range shift by 2100. In contrast, T. g. gratilla is a generalist that appears capable of occupying a broader range of conditions.Main ConclusionsDespite their similar ecological roles, congeneric Tripneustes in eastern Australia and the Tasman region have contrasting distributions and realised thermal niches, with distinct implications for their future distributions as the ocean warms.

International Biological Flora: Trapa natans†

Abstract This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Trapa natans L. (water caltrop and water chestnut) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity. The water caltrop is an annual herbaceous hydrophyte rooted in the sediment of water bodies, forming flexuous underwater stems that create a buoyant, light‐capturing leaf rosette at the water surface. The submerged stem nodes additionally bear linear leaves. These are replaced by photosynthetically active, pinnately branched structures and unbranched adventitious roots early on, which complement previously established roots on the hypocotyl, altogether facilitating anchorage, nutrient and water absorption, aeration and capture of subsurface irradiance. Solitary flowers pollinated primarily through autogamy and incidentally through entomophily give rise to a fully developed edible single‐seeded drupe with two to four barbed horns. Fruits are dispersed with the help of hydrochory, epizoochory and anthropochory. Throughout its lowland, global temperate, subtropical and tropical distribution in Eurasia and Africa, the thermophilic macrophyte is found in shallow, sun‐exposed, nutrient‐rich freshwater bodies with low‐velocity flows and steady water levels. These offer slightly acidic to mildly basic conditions. The accompanying soft substrate is usually characterized by a high organic matter content. Regularly co‐occurring with other macrophytes, some of which are also of conservation concern, such as those in rare stands of the association Trapetum natantis in Europe, the water caltrop has at times been outcompeted, though it may form monodominant stands, due to several competitive features. Formerly widespread in Europe, T. natans is today recognized as a rare, strictly protected macrophyte. It has been introduced to Australia and North America; on the latter continent, its naturalization, spread and aggressive overgrowth have led to extensive control efforts. Having been used as a crop since Neolithic times, it is still exploited in Asia for means of food production, phytoremediation, ornamental purposes, medication and alternative uses.

Biogeographic analysis based on phylogenomic data supports multiple ancient dispersals that facilitated the eastern Asia–North America–Mexico disjunction in the subfamily Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae)

AbstractThe small subfamily Linnaeoideae of Caprifoliaceae exhibits a disjunct distribution in Eurasia and North America, including Mexico, with most taxa occurring in eastern Asia or Mexico and the monospecific Linnaea Gronov. ex L. having a circumboreal to north temperate distribution. We sampled 17 of the 20 species representing all Linnaeoideae genera and used nuclear (target enrichment) and complete plastome sequence data to reconstruct the phylogeny. Our results show strong topological conflicts between nuclear and plastid data, especially concerning Dipelta Maxim. and Diabelia Landrein, supporting hybridization events complicating the deep diversification. Nuclear data were used for divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction. The divergence time between the Mexican Vesalea M. Martens & Galeotti and the Linnaea clade was dated to 39.5 Ma, with a 95% highest posterior density of 28.2 Ma (mid‐Oligocene) to 45.2 Ma (mid‐Eocene). Reconstructed ancestral areas support a widespread common ancestor of Linnaea plus Vesalea in Mexico and at least another area (eastern Asia, North America, or Europe). The biogeographic analysis, including fossils, supports the ancestral range of Linnaeoideae to be widespread in central and western China + Europe + Mexico, or eastern and northern Asia + central and western China + Mexico, or central and western China + North America + Mexico. The North Atlantic and/or the Bering land bridges may be important in the widespread distribution across continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Our study highlights the importance of utilizing fossils in biogeographic inferences andusing data from different genomes while reconstructing deep and shallow phylogenies of organisms.

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity and phytoconstituents of lichen extracts with temperate and polar distribution.

The objective of this research was to characterize the chemical composition of ethanolic extracts of the lichen species Placopsis contortuplicata, Ochrolechia frigida, and Umbilicaria antarctica, their antioxidant activity, and enzymatic inhibition through in vitro and molecular docking analysis. In total phenol content, FRAP, ORAC, and DPPH assays, the extracts showed significant antioxidant activity, and in in vitro assays for the inhibition of pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase enzymes, together with in silico studies for the prediction of pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity risks, and intermolecular interactions of compounds, the extracts evidenced inhibitory potential. A total of 13 compounds were identified by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS in P. contortuplicata, 18 compounds in O. frigida, and 12 compounds in U. antarctica. This study contributes to the knowledge of the pool of bioactive compounds present in lichens of temperate and polar distribution and biological characteristics that increase interest in the discovery of natural products that offer alternatives for treatment studies of diseases related to oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome.

Investigating effects of pore-scale variables and pore geometries on the thermal behaviors of porous concretes

Thermal behaviors play significant roles in the design of porous concretes. However, the effects of pore geometries on microscopic thermal behaviors are not still well understood. This work aims to propose a microscopic analysis framework to construct different microstructure models and to study the effects of pore geometries on the thermal behaviors of porous concretes. The microstructures with pore and cement phases are generated using the random generation algorithm (RGA) and compared with realistic microstructures. Digital numerous simulations are conducted to investigate the temperate distribution and heat transfer properties in the pixelated microstructures. Pore-scale variables, such as pore fractal dimension, pore size and porosity, are defined to understand their effects on the thermal behaviors of concretes. Results show that the transient temperature variation behaviors occur in the microstructures, which may be caused by the non-equilibrium heat transfer in the transient time scale. The effective thermal conductivity (ETC) decreases with increasing the pore radius, circularity, porosity and pore number, and it increases as pore fractal dimension increases. The microstructures with square pores have the largest ETC than those microstructures with pentagon, hexagon, and circle pore geometries. Totally, the numerical ETC agrees well with the analytical ETC, showing the accuracy of the proposed microscopic analysis framework. The proposed microscopic concrete analysis framework can provide effective tools to the fire resistance design of concrete constructions used for the green buildings and deep projects such as the deep bury of nuclear wastes.

Length and age compositions, hermaphroditic traits and reproductive characteristics vary among five congeneric species of labrid in a large embayment

This study explored the extent to which the hermaphroditic and reproductive characteristics vary among five congeneric (Choerodon) and co-occurring species of the Labridae, a family in which hermaphroditism is widespread. Sampling was located in the large sub-tropical Shark Bay (26° S, 113° E), one of only twenty World Heritage Properties in Australia. Choerodon cephalotes, C. cyanodus, C. cauteroma and C. schoenleinii live within the main body of the embayment, which approaches the southern limit of their tropical, geographical ranges, whereas C. rubescens lives along its outer western boundary, close to the northern limit of its warm, temperate distribution. A combination of comprehensive length and age compositions, histological analyses of gonads and logistic regressions of lengths and ages at maturity and sex change are consistent with all five species being monandric protogynous hermaphrodites. Choerodon cephalotes, C. rubescens and C. schoenleinii are sexually dichromatic, with the lengths and ages of males at the extreme upper end of those of females and low proportions of males among adults (adult sex ratios, ASR: 11–33%). It is proposed that these species have polygynous mating systems, such as leks or harems. Although C. cauteroma has an ASR of essentially parity, its pronounced sexual dichromatism and the ages of its males typically lying at the upper end of those of its females indicate that this species also has a polygynous mating system. Limited sexual dichromatism and an ASR as high as 71% suggest that C. cyanodus is not polygynous. As the timing of the main spawning period of the four species within Shark Bay increases sequentially between early spring and late summer, the temperature trigger for spawning by those species also presumably increases progressively. This phasing of spawning, allied with some interspecific spatial variation, reduces the potential for competition among the larvae and early juveniles of the five Choerodon species. Choerodon rubescens spawns earlier in Shark Bay than in the cooler waters of the Abrolhos Islands, 230 km further south. The management implications of data for Choerodon species, and particularly of the size compositions and the ASRs of the two largest species, C. rubescens and C. schoenleinii, are discussed. The variations in the hermaphroditic and reproductive features of five congeneric species of labrid, in the region in which their distributions overlap, highlight the evolutionary/biological plasticity of this family and thereby contributes to its diversity and success.

Discovery of an underground chamber to protect kings and queens during winter in temperate termites

Overwintering is a critical part of the annual cycle for species that live in temperate, polar, and alpine regions. Consequently, low-temperature biology is a key determinant of temperate species distribution. Termites are distributed predominantly in tropical regions, and a limited number of species are found in the temperate zone. Here, in the termite Reticulitermes speratus, we report the discovery of an underground chamber that protects kings and queens to survive the winter, which is separate from the one they used during the warmer breeding season. In the spring, the royals inhabited decayed logs on the ground, then moved to their underground chamber located in the roots of stumps in the fall. The winter minimum temperature measured in the royal chamber was higher than that in the logs on the ground. In overwintering termites, the kings and queens had higher cold tolerance than workers and soldiers. Air temperatures dropped below the critical temperature multiple times, as evidenced from the past 140 years of weather records in Kyoto. These results demonstrated the survival strategies of reproductives to overcome the environment at the latitudinal limits. This study helps further the understanding of the termite’s seasonal phenology, long-term survivorship, and life cycle.

Eurythenes sigmiferus and Eurythenes andhakarae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) are sympatric at the abyssal Agulhas Fracture Zone, South Atlantic Ocean, and notes on their distributions

Cryptic species in the deep ocean are rapidly being identified with molecular evidence and as a result, new species are being described. Consequently, our understanding of distributions among the revised landscape of species needs to be reassessed. A model example is the large scavenging amphipod, Eurythenes gryllus (Lichtenstein in Mandt, 1882), which historically was thought to have a eurybathic and cosmopolitan distribution. Molecular evidence has since led to the separation of E. gryllus into ten named species and truncating its range to bi-polar bathyal depths. This study focuses on two species; Eurythenes sigmiferus and Eurythenes andhakarae d'Udekem d'Acoz and Havermans, 2015, and presents new records of both species from 5,493 m in the previously unsampled Agulhas Fracture Zone, South Atlantic Ocean (42.77°S, 10.05°E). We paired morphology with DNA barcoding at two mitochondrial regions to achieve robust identification and assessed their wider geographic range by reassessing historical records. Their overlapping presence at the Agulhas Fracture Zone expands their known ranges to the non-polar South Atlantic Ocean. Specifically, for E. sigmiferus, the data suggests this species has a multi-ocean tropical to temperate distribution from abyssal to shallow hadal depths (3,410–6,097 m). Eurythenes andhakarae is not restricted to the Southern Ocean but is distributed across the Antarctic Polar Front to the temperate South Atlantic Ocean between abyssal and hadal depths (3,069–7,099 m), with a presence at bathyal depths requiring molecular confirmation. This study highlights that pairing new expeditions with a re-inspection of rich historical collections exploration can fill in data gaps across species ranges and, ultimately, biogeography.

Plant Diversity and Quantitative Characteristics Of Wetland Community on the North Bank of Hanjiang River in Cheng GU, Shaanxi Province, China

Four water ecological surveys were carried out on the north bank of Hanjiang river in two seasons from 2020 to 2021. Based on the field wetland quadrat survey and literature data, the species diversity index was determined. The research showed that there are 360 species of wetland plants belonging to 108 families and 264 genera on the north bank of Hanjiang river, and the geographical composition of seed plants is at the genus level, mainly temperate distribution types, with 160 species. In the community species diversity index, the mean value of Patrick index was 18.80 ± 5.19. The mean Shannon Wiener diversity index was 2.15 ± 0.39. The mean value of Simpson dominance index was 0.81 ± 0.10. The average Pielou evenness index was 0.75 ± 0.10. The mean value of Margalef index was 3.44 ± 0.87. The Patrick index and Margalef index of the Bidens pilosa form were the lowest. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index，the Simpson index，and the Pielou index of the Potamogeton malaianus form were the lowest. The Patrick index of the Colocasia esculenta form was the highest,and the Pielou of the Sapium sebiferum form was the highest. The Shannon- Wiener diversity index and Simpson index of the Populus canadensis form group were the highest, and the Margalef index of the Flueggea virosa form was the highest. The research results provide basic data and scientific basis for the protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems and management of wetland resources in Yuan'an and similar areas. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 839-848, 2022 (December) Special

Seabed morphology and bed shear stress predict temperate reef habitats in a high energy marine region

High energy marine regions host ecologically important habitats like temperate reefs, but are less anthropogenically developed and understudied compared to lower energy waters. In the marine environment direct habitat observation is limited to small spatial scales, and high energy waters present additional logistical challenges and constraints. Semi-automated predictive habitat mapping is a cost-effective tool to map benthic habitats across large extents, but performance is context specific. High resolution environmental data used for predictive mapping are often limited to bathymetry, acoustic backscatter and their derivatives. However, hydrodynamic energy at the seabed is a critical habitat structuring factor and likely an important, yet rarely incorporated, predictor of habitat composition and spatial patterning. Here, we used a machine learning classification approach to map temperate reef substrate and biogenic reef habitat in a tidal energy development area, incorporating bathymetric derivatives at multiple scales and simulated tidally induced seabed shear stress. We mapped reef substrate (four classes: sediment (not reef), stony reef (low resemblance), stony reef (medium – high resemblance) and bedrock reef) with overall balanced accuracy of 71.7%. Our model to predict potential biogenic Sabellaria spinulosa reef performed less well with an overall balanced accuracy of 63.4%. Despite low performance metrics for the target class of potential reef in this model, it still provided insight into the importance of different environmental variables for mapping S. spinulosa biogenic reef habitat. Tidally induced mean bed shear stress was one of the most important predictor variables for both reef substrate and biogenic reef models, with ruggedness calculated at multiple scales from 3 m to 140 m also important for the reef substrate model. We identified previously unresolved relationships between temperate reef spatial distribution, hydrodynamic energy and seabed three-dimensional structure in energetic waters. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the spatial ecology of high energy marine ecosystems and will inform evidence-based decision making for sustainable development, particularly within the growing tidal energy sector.

Five new species of Yoyetta Moulds (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae) from south-eastern Australia.

Five new species are described in the genus Yoyetta Moulds, each belonging to the Yoyetta tristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) species group. Yoyetta australicta n. sp. occurs in southern eucalypt woodlands in two separate populations, one extending from the foothills of the Mt Lofty Ranges and southern fringes of Adelaide north to the Flinders Ranges, and the other from Warrumbungle National Park and from Clandulla, near Orange and near Grenfell in New South Wales south to Mt Taylor in the Australian Capital Territory. Yoyetta corindi n. sp. has a restricted, coastal and subcoastal warm temperate distribution in north-eastern New South Wales open forest communities between Trustums Hill and Arrawarra, extending inland from south-west of Grafton to Tyringham. Yoyetta delicata n. sp. has an inland warm temperate distribution in eucalypt woodland and open forest from near Killarney and west of Warwick in south-east Queensland south to Cassilis and near Wyong in central New South Wales. Yoyetta ignita n. sp. is found from Flinders Peak and Mt Tamborine in south-east Queensland, south along the Great Dividing Range (and inland to Mt Kaputar) in New South Wales, with a disjunct population on the eastern slopes of Mt Ainslie in the Australian Capital Territory. Yoyetta robusta n. sp. is found from the Granite Belt in south-east Queensland south to the Glenn Innes area in northern New South Wales. The new species are all smallmedium sized cicadas (1525 mm body length) with male calling songs that are distinguishable from one another and from other species in the genus. In three of the new species (Y. australicta n. sp., Y. corindi n. sp. and Y. robusta n. sp.), the songs are characterised by sharp, high energy ticks or clicks, produced mainly in flight. Each of these species also produces ticks or clicks, sometimes in combination with a short buzz, while stationary. Of the remaining two species, one (Y. delicata n. sp.) produces a soft, coarse buzzing song while stationary and the other (Y. ignita n. sp.) produces a combination of buzzes and clicks while stationary. A key to species in the Y. tristrigata species group is provided.

Genetic Variation in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Ticks across Arizona.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Latreille, 1806), the brown dog tick, is the most widely distributed tick species in the world. The two dominant lineages, a temperate group and a tropical group, are recognized as important disease vectors for both dogs and humans. The temperate and tropical lineages overlap in range in some regions of the world, including the southwestern United States, where recent outbreaks of Rocky Mountain spotted fever are linked to R. sanguineus s.l. While it is unclear to what extent they may differ in their capacity to transmit pathogens, finer-scale resolution of temperate and tropical lineage distribution may provide insight into the ecology of these two tick groups and the epidemiology of R. sanguineus s.l.-vectored diseases. Using diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assays, we examined the geospatial trends in R. sanguineus s.l. lineages throughout Arizona. We found the temperate and tropical lineages were well delineated, with some overlap in the eastern part of the state. In one county, tropical and temperate ticks were collected on the same dog host, demonstrating that the two lineages are living in sympatry in some instances and may co-feed on the same host.

Phytogeographical origin determines Tropical Montane Cloud Forest hydraulic trait composition

Abstract Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) have unique climatic conditions, which allow the coexistence of plant lineages with different phytogeographical origins from tropical versus temperate climates. Future climate projections suggest TMCFs will be subjected to increasing drought stress due to fog uplift and higher temperatures, possibly leading to tree mortality and local extinctions, and consequently changes in forest composition and functioning. Characterizing community functional composition, trade‐offs among traits and the drivers of community assembly is of utmost importance to improve our capacity to predict the response of montane plant communities to forecast climate change. Here, we aimed to test whether species from different phytogeographical origins (i.e. tropical – evergreen × deciduous − and temperate) differ in drought vulnerability and how the coexistence of these groups change the hydraulic composition of TMCFs. We used a framework based on measurements of key hydraulic traits (i.e. xylem embolism resistance, hydraulic safety margin, stomata control, turgor loss point, minimum water potential) of 16 dominant species (>70% of the forest basal area) within a TMCF in the Atlantic Rain Forest Domain in southeast Brazil. We used community‐weighted means to model whether removing each species group would change the community hydraulic functional composition. Temperate, tropical deciduous and tropical evergreen groups differ in their hydraulic functioning and these differences explain forest functional composition and taxa dominance. Temperate and tropical deciduous taxa were consistently more vulnerable hydraulically (i.e. lower safety margins and embolism resistance). The coexistence of different phytogeographical lineages is a key determinant of TMCF hydraulic composition. We also used models including phylogeny to evaluate the variation of hydraulic traits across phytogeographical groups, and the results suggest some niche conservatism associated with plant hydraulic functioning. Our results provide evidence of the importance of species phytogeographical origin on TMCF functioning, and niche conservatism in the evolution of hydraulic traits. The higher drought vulnerability observed in temperate group might be a mechanistic explanation for the restriction of temperate taxa distribution to wetter places during past colder and drier climate. Thus, we suggest hydraulic functional traits may be useful to predict future dynamics of TMCFs under changing climatic conditions.

Uncovering Hidden Diversity: Three New Species of the Keratella Genus (Rotifera, Monogononta, Brachionidae) of High Altitude Water Systems from Central Mexico

The correct identification of species is an essential step before any study on biodiversity, ecology or genetics. Keratella is a genus with a predominantly temperate distribution and with several species being endemics or restricted geographically. Its diversity may be underestimated considering the confusing taxonomy of species complexes such as K. cochlearis. In this study, we examined genetic diversity and morphology among some Keratella populations from Mexico in order to determine if these populations represent different species. We analyzed a dataset of previously published and newly generated sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene and the nuclear ITS1 marker. We conducted phylogenetic analyses and applied three methods of species delimitation (ABGD, PTP and GMYC) to identify evolutionary significant units (ESUs) equivalent to species. Morphological analyses were conducted through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and morphometry under a compound microscope. In the present study, three new species Keratella cuitzeiensis sp. nov., Keratella huapanguensis sp. nov., and Keratella albertae sp. nov., are formally described. These species were collected in high-altitude water bodies located in the Central Plateau of Mexico. Combining DNA results through COI and ITS1 molecular markers and morphology it was possible to confirm the identity of the new species.

Plant diversity and ecology on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Plant diversity and ecology on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

NEW DATA ON THE BUMBLEBEE FAUNA (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) OF THE ONEZHSKY DISTRICT OF THE ARKHANGELSK OBLAST

This article presents new data on the bumblebee fauna gathered during field research in the Onezhsky District of the Arkhangelsk Region. In the lower course of the Onega River, 17 species of bumblebees were recorded. These species are typical for the taiga zone of North European Russia. The bulk of the studied local bumblebee fauna is species with wide distributions, predominantly Trans-Palaearctic with the temperate zonal distribution. In the lower course of the Onega River, we also encountered meadow-associated species, i. e. Bombus soroeensis, B. veteranus, and B. sichelii. These species are not typical inhabitants of native taiga habitats in North European Russia. They chiefly occur in anthropogenic meadow habitats located along large rivers of the Arkhangelsk Region. They are expectedly present also in the lower course of the Onega River, where these types of anthropogenic meadows and ruderal communities are widespread. A somewhat distinctive regional distribution pattern among species of the local bumblebee fauna of is demonstrated by B. schrencki, for which the lower course of the Onega River is a locality at the northwestern border of its distribution in North European Russia. The reason for this is the post-glacial formation history of the B. schrencki distribution range. Bumblebee communities of Kiy Island contained only 6 species typical for the White Sea islands. Understandably, a majority of bumblebee species found on the mainland are absent here.

Morphometric and physical characteristics distinguishing adult Patagonian lamprey, Geotria macrostoma from the pouched lamprey, Geotria australis.

The pouched lamprey, Geotria australis Gray, 1851, has long been considered monotypic in the Geotriidae family with a wide southern temperate distribution across Australasia and South America. Recent studies have provided molecular and morphological evidence for a second Geotria species in South America; Geotria macrostoma (Burmeister, 1868). The aim of this study was to determine morphometric and physical characteristics of adult G. macrostoma that further differentiate this re-instated species of Geotriidae from G. australis. The diagnostic features discriminating immature adult G. macrostoma from G. australis when entering fresh water, are distinct differences in dentition, oral papillae and fimbriae counts and differences in coloration. In addition, G. macrostoma display greater growth of the prebranchial region and oral disc and has a deeper body depth and higher condition factor. All current ecological knowledge of the genus Geotria is based on Australasian populations, which may not be applicable to G. macrostoma. To ensure the conservation and protection of the Patagonian lamprey as a re-identified species, further investigations are needed to understand its life history, biology and ecology throughout its range.

Crystalline temperate distributions with uniformly discrete support and spectrum

We prove that a temperate distribution on R whose support and spectrum are uniformly discrete sets, can be obtained from Poisson's summation formula by a finite number of basic operations (shifts, modulations, differentiations, multiplication by polynomials, and taking linear combinations).

Flora of Seed Plants in Jinyin Lake National Wetland Park

Using line method and typical sample method, the plant resources of the Jinyin Lake National Wetland Park were investigated in detail. There were 62 families, 113 genera and 135 species of seed plants. 4 families and more families were the dominant families of seed plants in this area. 1 genera were the main reasons for the diversity of seed plants in this area. The 62 families can be divided into 9 areal types and 5 forms, of which tropical families accounted for 61.36% of the total number of non-cosmopolitan families. The 113 genera can be divided into 13 distribution types and 2 variants, of which the temperate distribution is 61.39% of the non-cosmopolitan genus. The 135 species can be divided into 7 distribution types, mainly in the subtropical monsoon climate area, accounting for 45.19% of the total species. The research results provide basic information and scientific basis for the protection and management of plant diversity resources in the Jinyin Lake National Wetland Park.

Flora of Seed Plants in Longquan Mountain, Wuhan

In recent years, in order to provide theoretical and scientific basis for the protection and rational utilization of plant resources in Lon longquan mountain gquan Mountain, the seed plants in Longquan Mountain were taken as the research object, and the field investigation was carried out by using the method of line plus typical sample plot, so as to further study the characteristics of investigated area were further studied. The results show: There are 231 species of 191 genus in 90 families, including 5 families, 9 genus and 11 species of gymnosperms, and 82 species of 182 genus and 85 species of angiosperms. The 14 distribution types of seed plants belong to the statistics: North temperate distribution There are 72 genus, accounting for 37.7% of the total genus of the area, reflecting the obvious north temperate nature of the flora. In addition, there are many ancient taxa and Cretaceous and Tertiary relict plants. There are 163 genus of single genus and genus genus, accounting for 85.3% of the total genus of the region, indicating that the plant origin is relatively old, there are 7 genus in China, which indicates that the unique phenomenon exists, but it is not obvious.