Temperance Movement Research Articles

Bigamy and Bloodshed: The Scandal of Emma Molloy and the Murder of Sarah Graham by Larry E. Wood

Reviewed by: Bigamy and Bloodshed: The Scandal of Emma Molloy and the Murder of Sarah Graham by Larry E. Wood Carol Faulkner Bigamy and Bloodshed: The Scandal of Emma Molloy and the Murder of Sarah Graham. By Larry E. Wood. True Crime History. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2019. Pp. x, 230. Paper, $24.95, ISBN 978-1-60635-385-1.) Larry E. Wood’s sensational title invites readers into a sordid crime story of reform, marriage, and murder. The unexpected context is Frances Willard’s temperance movement, with its motto of “Do Everything” (p. 17). Though Emma Molloy will not be familiar to most readers, she earned modest fame as a newspaper editor and temperance lecturer after the Civil War. She also appeared occasionally on woman suffrage platforms. This twice-divorced reformer hustled to support herself and her extended family, which included Cora Lee and other adopted children. As a member of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union’s prison committee, Molloy befriended a lifelong young criminal named George Graham when he was in jail. As Wood observes, Molloy’s faith in Graham’s redemption was misplaced. Having written shorter pieces about the murder of Graham’s wife, Sarah Graham, Wood tells readers that “something kept drawing me back” (p. viii). In this book, Wood offers the full story as a well-paced mystery that does not fully explain his fascination. Historians will want more analysis. [End Page 134] Wood focuses on Emma Molloy’s culpability. After George Graham’s release from prison, he and his wife and children lived with Emma Molloy. Molloy employed him as a manager and an agent. When Molloy relocated from Indiana to a farm near Springfield, Missouri, George Graham came with her. Sarah Graham, who had been married to George twice, and divorced once, stayed behind with their two sons. In Missouri, Graham married Molloy’s adopted daughter Cora Lee. When Sarah traveled to Springfield with her sons, she disappeared. Sarah’s body was later found at the bottom of a well on the Molloy farm, and the coroner concluded she had been shot. George Graham was arrested for the murder, and Emma Molloy and Cora Lee were charged as accessories. The drama did not end there, though Molloy was eventually exonerated. Wood suggests that Molloy’s fame made her the target of an outraged public. As a speaker on controversial topics such as temperance and women’s rights, he argues, she pushed the boundaries of appropriate feminine behavior and offended many with her radical views. However, Wood overstates the uniqueness of Molloy’s public career. By the 1880s, Americans were well acquainted with women as writers and lecturers. Even so, activist women had to defend themselves against those who questioned their respectability or accused them of advocating free love. Molloy and other women’s rights activists viewed the liquor industry as their principal enemy. After her arrest, Molloy’s fellow reformers stood by her, and it would be interesting to know why, as well as how they understood Molloy’s situation. Molloy’s entanglement with George Graham was certainly unusual, and perhaps Frances Willard viewed Molloy as another victim of male power and privilege. The scandal surrounding Sarah Graham’s murder is riveting, but that does not make it significant, except to those involved. This interesting episode raises further questions about the impact of reform on women and their families, the decentralized networks that supported social movements like temperance, and the ways nineteenth-century Americans tied their ambitions to particular causes. Carol Faulkner Syracuse University Copyright © 2021 The Southern Historical Association

Walt Whitman and the Washingtonian Temperance Movement

Walt Whitman and the Washingtonian Temperance Movement Maire Mullins (bio) "But stop—thought I to myself, my eyes being caught by the sight of my own soiled and tattered garments—am I a fit person for the company of well-dressed and cleanly people? What excuse should I make?" -Franklin Evans "I know about such men." -Louisa Van Velsor Whitman In November 1842, Whitman published Franklin Evans, or The Inebriate: A Tale of the Times as a newspaper supplement of the New World.1 Whitman was twenty-three years old when the novel appeared. Forty-five years later, he told his literary biographer, Horace Traubel, "'in three days of constant work I finished the book. Finished the book? Finished myself. It was damned rot—rot of the worst sort—not insincere, perhaps, but rot, nevertheless; it was not the business for me to be up to. I stopped right there: I never cut a chip off that kind of timber again.'"2 Critics have interpreted this remark in various ways, but mostly they agree with Whitman that Franklin Evans is not his best work: "While Franklin Evans is hardly as formulaic or predictably moralistic as most critics have asserted, it is without doubt a 'wobbly' text," Christopher Castiglia and Glenn Hendler note. Betsy Erkkila and Michael Moon see the temperance movement's strong influence on Whitman's conception of his reading public; Michael Warner notes that Whitman's temperance-informed newspaper readers shaped his writing.3 While Erkkila, Moon, Warner, and others have offered insightful readings of Franklin Evans, the importance [End Page 477] of the Washingtonian Temperance Movement as a formative influence on Franklin Evans merits expanded scrutiny. Most notably, Franklin Evans includes several episodes that feature the Washingtonian Temperance Movement's approach to alcoholism, especially its emphasis on confession, compassion, and moral suasion rather than evangelical conversion. The Washingtonian meetings assembled a receptive audience familiar with the plight of alcoholism and ready to hear sufferers' autobiographical speeches. The gatherings' atmosphere of support and nonjudgmental listening provided a platform for communal and individual healing. While Whitman incorporated this emphasis on confession in his novel, he also reshaped it. In several fractured, vexed scenes, the confessional moment's initial promise is followed by its failure. Evans recounts the loss of his job and his first marriage, but in both cases, he cannot articulate fully how his behavior implicates him in these catastrophes. His thoughts about the listeners' responses corrode his ability to confess fully, distracting him from discerning his culpability. Later (in chapter ten), Evans remembers a friend who develops the habit of drinking every day. The ensuing harsh reaction of family members, Evans reveals, is partly responsible for his friend's despairing death. This scene serves as a contrast to the receptiveness that a Washingtonian audience would have offered. While temperance was the motivating factor for Whitman's novel, it was the attitude of the Washingtonians toward the alcoholic that influenced many scenes in the narrative. Whitman's interest in temperance was part of American society's overarching concern with healthy daily habits. In the 1820s and 1830s, temperance societies allowed moderate drinking, but the Washingtonians rejected this approach. Whitman examines these differing views toward alcohol as he portrays the fates of two farmers: one in Franklin Evans who starts out as a moderate drinker, [End Page 478] and the other in the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass who abstains completely. Whitman shows how habit can lead to a life of dissipation or a life of fulfillment. Franklin Evans serves as a prototypical young urban male uprooted from his rural community, whose loneliness drives him to seek companionship in beer halls. Over time, Evans succumbs to drinking culture's negative influence, as Whitman underscores the Washingtonian emphasis on abstinence. Overall, the novel stresses the importance of cultivating beneficial habits, a theme Whitman explores a decade later in two longer prose pieces, "Life and Adventures of Jack Engle: An Auto-Biography" (1852) and "Manly Health and Training, With Off-hand Hints Toward Their Conditions" (1858).4 One of the distinguishing characteristics of the Washingtonian temperance movement was its focus on the working-class alcoholic. This emphasis especially appealed to...

ПРОГІБІЦІОНІСТСЬКИЙ РУХ У США: ПАРТІЯ СУХОГО ЗАКОНУ У КАРИКАТУРІ КІНЦЯ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ.

The present paper has three main objectives: 1) to cover the history of American temperance movements at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, and their key characteristics; 2) to trace the Prohibition Party history and activity; 3) to do a content-analysis of «Prohibition Cartoons» published in 1904 to support the Prohibition Party candidates to the House of Representatives. Research methodology provides a critical approach to interpreting cartoons based on E. Panofsky’s three strata analysis from the primary subject through conventional subject matter to intrinsic content. Quantitative and qualitative content analysis of images and accompanying texts revealed the frequency of specific themes, images, allusions that authors had used. The scientific novelty lies in studying the history of the Prohibition Party through the prism of its propaganda visual materials, the possibilities of their influence on voters. The Conclusions. Alcohol consumption was a part of Americans’ usual way of life and diet. The American Revolution and postwar economic and financial troubles were the main circumstances that formed this habit. Temperance organizations, both national and local, have been active since the 1820s and were closely associated with denominational groups. Saloons as a source of liquor, gambling, prostitution, and crime were the main objects of their criticism. They also condemned the governmental license system as a promoter of liquor traffic. Lack of systemic funding and propaganda, and the split of 1896 sharply reduced the Prohibition Party chances of becoming a real opponent for the Republicans or Democrats. Content analysis of cartoons demonstrated a range of symbols, allusions, and metaphors, which should influence public opinion. The majority of them called to vote for the Prohibition Party. Cartoons content a lack of emphasis on the harm of alcohol to human physical and mental health.

Green with Milk and Sugar: When Japan Filled America's Tea Cups by Robert Hellyer

Reviewed by: Green with Milk and Sugar: When Japan Filled America's Tea Cups by Robert Hellyer William Wayne Farris Green with Milk and Sugar: When Japan Filled America's Tea Cups. By Robert Hellyer. Columbia University Press, 2021. 304 pages. ISBN: 9780231199100 (hardcover, also available as e-book). Did you know that three early American presidents—George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln—drank green tea? This intriguing fact is only one small way by which master storyteller Robert Hellyer draws readers into Green with Milk and Sugar. This outstanding book chronicles the tea trade between Japan and the United States over more than a century, from 1858 to about 1960. The author's interest in the tea trade is personal, as his family acted as tea exporters from Japan to the United States from about 1880 until the 1970s. Yet at the same time that Hellyer makes contributions to Japanese and US history, he more importantly takes a significant step toward elucidating world tea commerce through a deft accounting of [End Page 400] events in China, India, and Great Britain as well. Green with Milk and Sugar is really a world history firmly anchored in sources spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to what Hellyer terms "teaways" (p. 3), meaning the methods in which the beverage was consumed and displayed in society. After a brief history of tea in premodern Japan, the author describes the tea trade between China and Great Britain and ultimately the American colonies. Under the Canton system, the British surrendered silver to Qing China in return for both black and green teas as well as silk and porcelain. Once the United States was formed in 1787, the new country took control of its own trade. Even at this initial stage, US consumers drank more green than black tea, despite the Chinese use of pigments and other additives (such as prussic acid) in the former. From 1830 to 1836, the amount of tea sent to the United States doubled. As the new nation expanded westward, pioneers took tea with them. Another surge in tea consumption followed the Opium Wars (1839–1842). In chapter 2, "Civil Wars," Hellyer constructs parallel narratives of the internal conflicts that wracked Japan and the United States in the 1860s. After the unequal treaties opened some Japanese ports beginning in 1858, American importers (including one William Alt, who would eventually hire the Hellyer brothers around 1868) worked with Japanese brokers to ship tea to the United States. The author describes the firing of tea leaves in pans or baskets in Japan to make ready for the long journey across the Pacific and beyond. Surprisingly, Chinese experts provided supervision for about a thousand Japanese workers—men, women, and children—at first in Nagasaki. During the US Civil War, Chicago became a major rail hub, shipping 1.5 million pounds of mostly Japanese green tea to the thirsty residents of Illinois. Tea was dispensed to Union soldiers as provisions, while tariffs on this commodity helped pay for the war effort. By 1865, Japanese green tea was so common that Americans dubbed it "Japan Tea" (p. 52). The parallel narratives continue in chapter 3, which covers the period until about 1880. After the US Civil War, the federal government lowered tariffs, and Japanese and Chinese teas were sold in the United States at near parity. Yet Japanese tea carried an image in advertisements and trading cards that was decidedly more positive than that of the Chinese beverage. Both countries used additives in their tea leaves, but the adverse publicity seems mostly to have afflicted the Chinese. Illustrations for "Japan Tea" showed Japanese women in traditional garb with scenes from the archipelago, while the US temperance movement portrayed what it called "the Heathen Chinee" (p. 61). The Page Act restricted Chinese immigration to the United States as early as 1875, even as the Gilbert and Sullivan opera The Mikado served to boost the Japanese image starting in 1885. Still, US imports of tea should be kept in perspective with those of coffee (only 59 million pounds for the former versus 363 million pounds for the latter in 1879). Hellyer argues...

Prohibition in Southwestern Michigan by Norma Lewis and Christine Nyholm

Reviewed by: Prohibition in Southwestern Michigan by Norma Lewis and Christine Nyholm Chriss Lyon Norma Lewis and Christine Nyholm. Prohibition in Southwestern Michigan. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2020. Pp. 127. Bibliography. Illustrations. Paper: $21.99. Authors Norma Lewis and Christine Nyholm explore the controversial topic of the Eighteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, known as Prohibition, in Prohibition in Southwestern Michigan. Passed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and ratified on January 16, 1919, the Volstead Act became law the following year and had both its supporters and dissenters. The book's title suggests that the focus will be southwestern Michigan; however, this is too narrow because the material presented covers a much greater area, including the entire Lower Peninsula. The format of the book is a combination of captioned photographs with short text chapters. The chronological flow gives the reader a history lesson much earlier than the 1920s, noting that the idea behind the evils of alcohol were rooted in earlier settlements. Conversations about "wet" and "dry" counties and cities turned into large-scale rallies and outspoken folks on both sides of the issue. This was not unique to southwestern Michigan but certainly a part of the national debate. The authors accomplish this well by explaining the pre-Prohibition arguments for and against the future bill. They make it clear that people in the area were informed about the topic and certainly had an opinion either way. The book further examines the problems encountered during the years of Prohibition and the ultimate demise of the era with the passing of the Twenty-First Amendment. An appealing aspect of the book is the inclusion of several well-known figures in the Prohibition era. Notable among them is Carrie Nation, a very radical member of the early temperance movement against the use of [End Page 154] alcohol. She would use a hatchet to destroy booze bottles and the bars serving them. Obviously, Al Capone was a major player in the era and can be associated with the spikes in crime and violence as he headed "The Outfit" gang in Chicago. The authors also include some of the humorous propaganda posters urging people to choose sobriety over drunkenness. Noticeable are several errors not picked up by the publisher. They are mostly spelling inconsistencies, including the reference to myself incorrectly as "Lyons" in several places, and a typo in the name of my book. I would have liked to see the publisher use end notes or a more extensive bibliography to bolster the material and provide further reading for those interested in the topic. While minor errors are noted, the context of the book is certainly worthy of a recommendation. It is apparent that the authors spent much time researching locations and taking photographs of alleged "speakeasies" and other liquor establishments still currently in business. Lewis and Nyholm cover a topic that touched all in southwestern Michigan and beyond from the late 1800s to the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933 with the passage of the Twenty-First Amendment. Chriss Lyon Author of A Killing in Capone's Playground Copyright © 2021 Historical Society of Michigan

«Геть отрую з наших хат!»: протиалкогольний дискурс газети «Наш лемко»

The article examines the anti-alcohol policy of Nash Lemko newspaper (Lviv, 1934–1939) to determine its main aspects. According to the materials of the newspaper, the rapid intoxication of Rusins had a socio-psychological nature: burdened with landlessness, foreign bureaucracy arbitrariness and raising taxes, a typical resident of a mountain village lost the purpose of existence. Drawing on the experience of activists of the European and Ukrainian temperance movements, Nash Lemko systematically promoted a healthy lifestyle among its readers, appealing to their minds both with statistics and criminal chronicles and by means of artistic influence. Despite the unsightly moments (primarily anti-Semitic rhetoric), this policy resulted in a growing understanding among the Lemkos that their problems were mainly caused by their own reckless attitude towards alcohol and nicotine. The authors conclude that the Lemkos adequately responded to this social problem, as was evidenced by the rapid growth in the number of the “Revival” circles in mountain villages, which united Rusins-abstainers. This consolidation was very important for the Lemko community on the eve of the Second World War.

ХУДОЖНЬО-ПУБЛІЦИСТИЧНА СПАДЩИНА СОФІЇ ПАРФАНОВИЧ: СЛОВО – ЛЮДИНА – ДОБА

The article focuses on the journalistic and literary achievements of Sofia Parfanovych – a doctor, writer, opinion journalist, editor, and a public figure – in the context of interdisciplinarity. Her active public stance as one of the leaders of the Ukrainian temperance society Vidrodzhennia, a member of the Ukrainian Medical and Hygienic Society, and Shevchenko Scientific Society encouraged educational activities in the Galician interwar press. She collaborated with periodicals such as Vidrodzhennia, Zhinocha Dolia, Likarskyi Vistnyk, Narodnie Zdorovlia, Nova Khata, etc. They published articles, stories, and discussions on a healthy lifestyle, healthy eating and threats posed by tobacco and alcohol, special attention was given to women’s health and child care. Many publications combined journalism and literature. For purely literary works – short stories and essays – O. Parfanovych used her experience as a medical practitioner. They were first published in the press (Nazustrich, Dilo, etc.), and later were included in the collections Tsina Zhyttia (Lviv, 1937) and Inshi Dni (Augsburg, 1948), producing strong reverberations in the Ukrainian literary environment. The article elaborates on a broad panorama of reception – i.e., reviews published in 1937 in the periodicals such as Dzvony, Zhinocha Dolia, Nova Zoria, Nova Khata, and Ukrayinska Knyha, written by by M. Hnatyshak, O. Duchyminska, O. Mokh, M. Rudnytskyi, as well as reviews by Yu. Sherekh and V. Nesterovych of the MUR (Artistic Ukrainian Movement) era. Critics argued that the first collection mostly includes «observations of life», and the second focuses on studying the laws of life with greater philosophical and psychological depth. The reviewers’ debates are analysed on a comparative basis, factors associated with mentality and gender are shown to account for differences in approaches while emphasizing the clear-cut national principles of the writer’s creative work. Keywords: Sofia Parfanovych, Galician interwar press, medicine, abstinence, literary criticism, interdisciplinarity.

Significance of the Temperance Movement Examined through Elizabeth Phelps’s Temperance Novels

Significance of the Temperance Movement Examined through Elizabeth Phelps’s Temperance Novels

Further implications of the harm to others framework for drug policy debates.

Harm to others research has a long association with advocacy for alcohol control. However, because current drug laws create harms specifically arising from the prohibition of markets, such research could also support drug policy reform advocacy. Wilkinson and Ritter's excellent paper on the alcohol harm to others (AHTO) paradigm raises some critical questions. It should stimulate much-needed debate on how approaches developed within alcohol research apply across other substances. The authors note that a primary motivation for the recent development of AHTO research was ‘to increase political will for enacting alcohol policy’ [1]. This places AHTO in a much longer lineage. Specifying and quantifying the social costs of drinking was a key strategy in the 19th and early 20th-century temperance movements [2, 3]. Then, as now, advocates understood that focussing on social harms, rather than only individual risks, could more effectively shift the political dial. The explicitly instrumental, policy-oriented purpose of AHTO research reflects the degree to that the alcohol research community has accepted the principle that research should serve the purposes of public health advocacy and support specific policy solutions [4, 5]. This is understandable in the context of enormously powerful and badly regulated ‘addiction industries’ [6]. Nevertheless, Wilkinson and Ritter rightly warn against this leading to biases in research, such as attribution errors arising from a lack of attention to wider social and psychological contexts. They could also have added that reporting proportions of respondents experiencing ‘one or more’ harms from a list that varies considerably in severity may, while producing more eye-catching headline numbers, imply all harms are equal [7]. The paper also notes that AHTO research, by necessity, side-lines the critical role that pleasure plays in individual drinking choices. This is not insignificant, even when the purpose of a study is specifically to quantify harm [8, 9]. How many respondents reporting issues like nuisance would also, given the opportunity, add that alcohol has more often been a source of pleasure? Highlighting the trade-offs and ambivalences that characterise attitudes to alcohol provides deeper sociological insights, but is liable not to feature in research designed to support stronger control policies. In focusing on the relationship between AHTO research and advocacy, this paper raises an important—as yet unanswered—question. Could, or should, AHTO research be used to advocate for drug policy reform? The harms of alcohol fall primarily on the side of consumption and the risk of increased consumption under lax regulation. By contrast, an enormous proportion of the harms to others currently associated with illegal drugs arise from the prohibition of supply: from the violence and exploitation endemic in the supply chain, to the adulteration of products and the widespread stigmatisation of even low-level use [10]. Starting where we are, it is hard to imagine that a body of research that considered ‘all harms inclusive of supply and consumption’ [1] would not, to some degree at least, strengthen the case against drug prohibition. The paper also highlights (both explicitly and implicitly) an unfortunate, but often unavoidable consequence of existing drug laws on the conceptual framing of substance use: the widespread tendency to divide psychoactive substances into alcohol on the one side and ‘drugs’ on the other. This misleading dichotomy is rooted entirely in social history and legal status, not effects, risk, chemistry or patterns of use [6, 11, 12]. Phrases such as ‘alcohol and drugs’ entrench this problem, and alternatives (such as ‘alcohol, tobacco and other drugs’) go only some way to resolving it. Although sociologically meaningful (insofar as it is a condition within which ‘drug cultures’ and consuming behaviours emerge) it is, in other respects, absurd that substances as different as, say, psilocybin and heroin are lumped together in the analysis of harm or the implementation of policy, whereas drugs with at least superficial parallels in use patterns and risk profiles (e.g. alcohol and cocaine) are dealt with separately [11]. This paper shows the real need for harm to (or from) others studies to be applied to illegal drugs, but also that such research needs to be granular. This would greatly improve our ability to comparatively assess the harms caused by illegality with those directly linked to use. It would help with modelling how the latter may increase, or decline, under a range of alternative regulatory systems: a vital question in addressing the future development of drug policy. Hopefully, this paper will create momentum toward such programmes of work. Transform Drug Policy Foundation receives donations from a range of trusts and foundations, including the Open Society Foundation, as well as individual donors. Transform does not accept funds from cannabis, tobacco, alcohol or pharmaceutical companies.

Rebekah Hyneman’s Leaves of the Upas Tree: A Tale of (In)temperance and (Im)morality

Abstract The intent of this paper is to examine the use, by nineteenth-century American authors, of the temperance novel, a popular literary sub-genre in antebellum America, as a literary means for presenting the widespread controversy in the nation as regards the achievements of temperance societies. Moreover, my goal is to show that the popularity of temperance novels, in spite of their didactic and moralistic nature, displays the public’s readiness to consume temperance literature, thus reciprocating the attempt of writers to promote social ideals and heal social ills. Finally, since Rebekah Hyneman, a convert to Judaism, is the only Jewish-American writer who wrote a temperance novel, and is one among a small number of female writers who used this genre, it is interesting to examine if and how her double “Otherness” (being a Jew and a female novelist) distinguishes her from her literary Christian male and/or female counterparts. Hyneman’s novel Leaves of the Upas Tree: A Story for Every Household (1854–55) serves as a case in point of a temperance novel that demonstrates how a dysfunctional American family operates as a microcosm and how temperance and other charitable societies fail to cope with individuals’ tribulations. More importantly, the novel aims to attest that a familial defective unit, affected by excessive drinking, breeds a ruthless societal macrocosm, lacking compassion, empathy, and social and communal support. The merciless, xenophobic and anti-Semitic community depicted in the novel serves as a prism through which the author presents much more acute plagues afflicting America.

Rosa Sonneschein’s Fin-the-Siècle Fiction: The Clashing Worlds of Zionism, Reform Judaism, Feminism and Conformity

Abstract Rosa Sonneschein (1847–1932) was an important figure in late nineteenth-century American journalism, activism, and fiction. While a few brief studies were dedicated to her biography and to her role as a Jewish social activist, editor, and contributor to The American Jewess, no critical work has been devoted as yet to her literary production. The aim of this essay is to rectify this critical neglect by examining Sonneschein’s wide literary opus and by investigating its connection, if any, to the views she expressed as a journalist and a public speaker. This essay will explore Sonneschein’s threefold literary oeuvre, consisting of the following genres: Jewish fiction, non-Jewish fiction, and literary sketches. It will also try to explicate Rosa’s often conflicting stance with regard to Judaism, feminism, and Zionism, a standpoint which should be examined in the context of the fin-the-siècle’s turbulent changes American society had to cope with, especially pertaining to massive immigration, religious and social reforms, suffrage and temperance movements, etc.

Ethanol Content in Australian and New Zealand Beer Markets: Exploratory Study Examining Public Health Implications of Official Data and Market Intelligence Reports

The Anglo-Celtic colonists of Australia and New Zealand brought with them heavy beer-drinking customs, and each country later developed similar temperance movements and alcohol policies. Yet their beer markets differed throughout the 20th century; for example, Australian men typically drank lager with 5% alcohol-by-volume (ABV), whereas New Zealand men drank ale with 4%ABV. We investigated the public health implications of recent developments in product availability, marketing, and country-level consumption patterns. We analyzed official data reporting beverage- and strength-specific volumes of ethanol available for sale in beer from 2000 to 2016, a period in which the countries had similar consumption trends; and did a thematic analysis of "market intelligence" reports. Per capita ethanol beer sales fell in both countries, accompanied by increases in market share of higher %ABV categories. Different definitions of beer strength hampered comparison between countries. In Australia, consumption of ethanol in mid-strength beer (3.01%-3.5%ABV) increased, whereas consumption of low-strength beer (<3%ABV) decreased. In New Zealand, consumption of high-strength beer (4.351%-5%ABV) increased whereas that of traditional mid-strength beer (2.501%-4.35%ABV) decreased substantially. Market reports cited consumer health concerns and demand for "craft beer" (typically high-strength) as competing influences in both markets, and reduced-alcohol beer as "the alcoholic drinks industry's-potentially lucrative-shield against accusations of irresponsibility." Declines in both high- and low-strength beer in Australia have potentially important implications. In New Zealand, the failure of low-strength beer to establish significant market share, along with increased consumption of high-strength beer, are noteworthy developments. Trend data on product ethanol content warrants scrutiny in public health surveillance globally, whereas research is needed on the role of ethanol content within industry strategy.

ОБЩЕСТВА ТРЕЗВОСТИ В ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГЕ И ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГСКОМ УЕЗДЕ ПЕРМСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ В 1907–1914 гг.

The aim of the article is to show the importance of temperance societies in Yekaterinburg Uyezd of Perm Governorate, a geopolitically significant region of Russia, during the peaceful period between the end of the revolution of 1905–1907 and the beginning of the First World War. The objectives of the study are to identify the significant characteristics of the temperance societies: (1) the time when they appeared; (2) their number, size, social composition, and ideological orientation; (3) their activities; (4) their significance. The author used a combination of authentic and representative sources: the notes of Yekaterinburg Ecclesiastical Consistory secretary to the Clerical Office of the Holy Synod Chief Procurator of 10 February 1911, about church temperance societies of the eparchy with the charters of nine of them; the biweekly journal Ekaterinburgskie Eparkhial’nye Vedomosti [Yekaterinburg Eparchy Journal]; the materials and reports of all-Russian temperance congresses and unions; reference books. The methodology of the study included the compilation of a list of temperance societies on the basis of a dedicated questionnaire, the analysis and synthesis of the resulting data. The temperance movement was young; as of 01 January 1911, the average age of the society was two and a half years, which means they appeared somewhere in mid-1907. By 01 January 1911, 17 societies (1682 members), or 3.6 societies per 100,000 people, were identified. Sixteen of them were Orthodox parochial, and one, in Yekaterinburg, was non-religious (secular). Out of ten known leaders of societies, six (60%) were priests, two (20%) peasants, one was a worker (10%), and one was a teacher (10%). As for the members of 16 church societies, nine rural societies (56.2%) had mostly peasants, six factory settlements (37.5%) had workers, one (6.25%), in Konevsky village, had mostly peasants and alluvial miners. Thus, most members of the societies were workers and peasants. The main activities of the societies in 1907–1910 were: anti-alcoholic talks, sermons, and the acceptance of temperance vows. In 1911–1914, some societies started to implement mutual help and charity activities, hold public events: sacred processions, temperance festivals, sober weddings; they inspired public censures against bootlegging (illegal wine sale), state-owned wine shops, and private beerhouses. During this period, the number of temperance societies and their membership grew, their influence increased. In the spring of 1914, there were as many as 40 societies with more than 5,000 members. Apart from external reasons, this was facilitated by the support of Mitrophan, the active governing Archbishop of Yekaterinburg and Verkhoturye (1910–1914). Thus, temperance societies in Yekaterinburg Uyezd, as well as in the whole Russia, had a protective and reforming character. They counteracted alcoholic and other (acts of violence, etc.) destruction of the community. As a result, the territories in which these societies were spread and active experienced the gradual physical and spiritual recovery of the community on the local and regional levels.

In League Against King Alcohol: Native American Women and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1874–1933 by Thomas John Lappas

Reviewed by: In League Against King Alcohol: Native American Women and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1874–1933 by Thomas John Lappas Sarah Eppler Janda In League Against King Alcohol: Native American Women and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1874–1933. By Thomas John Lappas. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020. Pp. 344. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.) Many historians have examined the complex ways in which gender, race, religion, class, and culture shaped the American Temperance Movement. However, the ways in which Native American women navigated, shaped, and were shaped by temperance ideals has too often gone overlooked or has been examined in more one-dimensional ways. Thomas J. Lappas's book, In League Against King Alcohol: Native American Women and the Women's Christian Temperance Union, 1874–1933, offers a thorough examination of the motivations and ideals of Indigenous women who sought opportunities to improve the circumstances in their communities [End Page 218] through the work of temperance. Lappas does an excellent job of contextualizing the place of Native American women in their communities and in their efforts to eradicate alcohol consumption. The book is divided into six chapters, each of which explores the interplay between the ideals than underpin temperance and the role of Native American women. The first few chapters focus more directly on Native American women and their relationship to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). These chapters are particularly noteworthy for bringing attention not only to the roles played by individual women, such as Lilah Denton Lindsey (Creek) and Jane Stapler (Cherokee), but also for examining how these women viewed temperance through their own cultural lens. Additionally, Lappas examines the depiction of Native Americans in WCTU literature, as well as efforts to promote temperance culture at Indian boarding schools and the efforts to organize temperance unions in Indian Country. The cultural bias implicit in the characterizations of Native Americans and the denigration of Native traditions, sometimes intentionally and sometimes not, ultimately helps explain what Lappas describes as the "mixed legacy" of WCTU work. While this book discusses the work of the WCTU throughout the United States, it is especially noteworthy for the focus on temperance in the Southwest. For example, chapter 4 explores temperance work in Indian Country, revealing the significance of women's networks in community-based efforts to eradicate alcohol consumption. Helen M. Stoddard, the president of the Texas WCTU, spent a month in Indian Territory working with organizers. Female networks, including cross-cultural alliances, proved central to the successes of the WCTU. Lappas balances his commitment to showing the role of Native American women in the Temperance Movement with a strong inclination toward contextualizing their work in connection to their communities, cultures, religious beliefs, and larger networks that included non-Native women. The book is thoroughly researched and draws on archival materials from over thirty repositories across the country. Lappas skillfully uses these sources to give voice to Indigenous women while also shedding light on the shared social and religious culture generated by those immersed in the WCTU. Ultimately, Lappas concludes that the WCTU "should be seen as having a mixed legacy in Indian work" (248). Although the organization had lofty aims of eradicating alcohol and all of the social and economic problems that came with it, their reform framework too often came at the expense of Indigenous culture and tradition. This book makes a strong contribution to the historiography of temperance and women's networks, but also to the history of Native American women, particularly in Indian Country. [End Page 219] Sarah Eppler Janda Cameron University Copyright © 2020 The Texas State Historical Association

Drinking in Victorian and Edwardian Britain: Beyond the Spectre of the Drunkard, by Thora Hands

Reviewed by: Drinking in Victorian and Edwardian Britain: Beyond the Spectre of the Drunkard by Thora Hands Lacey Sparks (bio) Drinking in Victorian and Edwardian Britain: Beyond the Spectre of the Drunkard, by Thora Hands; pp. xiv + 195. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, £26.90, $31.00, and free as an eBook at springer.com. For every working-class drunkard stumbling down Gin Lane, and for every corresponding middle-class temperance activist trying to save him, millions of unremarkable, moderate drinkers toasted another evening to each other’s health. Thora Hands’s Drinking in Victorian and Edwardian Britain: Beyond the Spectre of the Drunkard interrogates the habits of those ordinary drinkers, finding the power and meaning of their rituals and embedding their practices in a heady brew of social, economic, political, and medical contexts. A social history, Drinking also contains elements of the history of food and drink, medicine, drugs, gender, and empire by turns. Ideal in particular for an undergraduate audience, a free eBook on an enjoyable topic, written in Hands’s clear, direct prose, can serve as a gateway drug to more in-depth studies of Victorian history and culture. Fundamentally, according to Hands, “[h]istory has shown that it does not matter how often or to what extent alcohol consumption has been problematized or prohibited—people still continue to drink. Therefore, the key to understanding drinking behavior is to try and understand why people drink” (2). To that end, she draws on other social and cultural histories of alcohol, undergirding her analysis with frameworks from [End Page 695] theorists such as Pierre Bordieu and Michel de Certeau. Deftly maintaining her analytical legibility, she uses their theories with a light touch to situate the intersections of consumption and everyday life within their broader contexts, sometimes upholding and sometimes challenging the status quo. As Hands convincingly illustrates, alcohol consumers were rational actors; at the same time, their actions were influenced, often explicitly, by broad, deep contexts, from medical discourse to popular culture to advertisements. Hands begins at the endpoint of Brian Harrison’s Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815–1872 (1997), an analysis of the nineteenth-century temperance movement until 1872, which she identifies as a pivot-point in the global drink trade, a lucrative enterprise expanding so rapidly that profits tempered the temperance movement. Hands’s most significant scholarly contribution is her reframing of Victorian and Edwardian histories of drink to encompass all drinkers rather than reproducing the nineteenth-century fixation on alcohol abuse. Hands centrally argues that Victorian and Edwardian intoxication existed along a continuum of behaviors and motivations for drinking. The choice of what, where, and how much to drink lay at the center of a dense web of social and cultural forces. Hands skillfully captures the fundamental tension at the core of her narrative, which came to a head when an anti-drink temperance movement based on morality met a pro-drink movement based on laissez-faire principles, encompassing both drink merchants’ freedom of trade—on an industrialized, global scale—and consumers’ freedom of choice. Late-Victorian attitudes toward drink distilled into the desire for both the liberal freedom to drink and the moral judgment not to exercise that freedom. In representing this context, Hands organizes the book into three parts, and in the first section, “Drinkers,” she examines the political discourse surrounding drinking and drunkenness, mining parliamentary enquiries from the mid-to-late nineteenth century. She argues that these testimonies uncovered a range of drinking behaviors that varied according to “social class, gender, occupation, ethnicity and regional location” (11). Drawing on testimony including crime statistics, doctors’ interviews, and data from analytical chemists, parliamentarians increasingly realized that the working class drank because poverty conditions made them miserable. These enquiries further revealed that members of Parliament could conceive of a working-class man rationally exercising his right to drink in moderation in a pub; however, the quiet menace of the unfeminine working-class woman secretly drinking to excess continued to perpetuate sexist double standards of behavior. The second section, “Drinks,” provides three case studies for the marketing and selling of beer, spirits, and wine in the late-nineteenth century: beer...

Трезвенное движение на Среднем Урале в период мирного развития 1907-1914 гг.

Трезвенное движение на Среднем Урале в период мирного развития 1907-1914 гг.

The People’s Zion: Southern Africa, the United States, and a Transatlantic Faith-Healing Movement, by Joel Cabrita

The People’s Zion: Southern Africa, the United States, and a Transatlantic Faith-Healing Movement, by Joel Cabrita

How law shapes policing: the regulation of alcohol in the U.S., 1750–1860

ABSTRACT Scholars have been skeptical about the capacity of law to shape what police do, but that skepticism results from a myopic view of the relationship between legal systems and policing practices. This paper develops a more holistic view of that relationship by exploring the legal standards, social understandings, and policing practices that played a role in the regulation of alcohol and drunkenness from roughly 1750–1860 in the United States. From the late colonial period through the 1830s, alcohol regulation did not aim to reduce drinking but to prevent public disorder – a task that was well-suited to the character of the early American legal system. From the 1830s through 1860, however, the temperance movement successfully pressed legislators to enact more explicitly moralistic liquor laws, demanding that police ferret out private alcohol sales rather than merely regulating their impact on public order. That new mandate quickly unravelled, for it proved incompatible with a wide range of legal restraints, including traditional protections against searches of private homes, skepticism about the testimony by criminal accomplices, and liability rules related to official enforcement actions. No single restriction on policing tactics undermined antebellum prohibition, but the basic orientation of criminal procedure and the social understandings and practices through which it operated informed a wide range of specific restrictions on morals policing that collectively made prohibition unworkable. To understand that story, we need to take a broader view of the relationship between law and policing than most policing research has taken.

Radical Actions: Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Women’s Temperance Activism in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Australia

In the 1980s, Indigenous Aboriginal women in Australia began to agitate against liquor outlets perceived as affecting the remote communities in which they lived, and mobilized in a series of fluid grassroots public demonstrations against alcohol availability. The women supported dry zones, local prohibition, and abstinence and were opposed to reforms designed to improve drinking places and promote “social” drinking. In these and many other ways, Aboriginal women’s activism and ideology resembled that of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in Australia decades earlier, despite there being no direct influence from the WCTU. This article explores the commonalities in the tactics and strategies deployed by these “old” and “new” temperance movements and argues that for Aboriginal women, their dissent necessitated a complex negotiation around the social and cultural norms of their society.

“An auxiliary, not an usurper”: John Saunders, Temperance, and Secularisation

In his influential account of the political history of early colonial Australia, Michael Roe identified the temperance movement of the 1830s–1840s as a pivotal factor in the secularisation of Australian culture and institutions. The belief system that drove the movement, he argued, was not traditional Christian doctrine but a “new faith” of “moral enlightenment.” In this article I test the validity of Roe's claim, drawing on the work of a more recent generation of historians and sociologists who have argued for more “porous” and “reciprocal” accounts of concepts such as reason, religion, the Enlightenment, and the secular. Its focus is on the writings and activities of John Saunders, whose endeavours on behalf of the temperance cause were such that he was described by his contemporaries as the “life and soul” of the society, the “father” of the movement, and the “apostle of temperance.” It examines the role played by key Enlightenment motifs such as improvement, optimism, reason and cooperation within the rhetoric of Saunders's writings and the reasoning that informed his actions, exploring the various and complicated ways in which he articulated the relationship between evangelical religious conviction and the quest for the common good.