Temperament Characteristics Research Articles

The Effects of Attachment, Temperament, and Self-Esteem on Technology Addiction: A Mediation Model Among Young Adults.

Excessive use of technology has become a worldwide problem due to its high prevalence, fast growth rate, and undesirable consequences. However, little is known about underlying psychological mechanisms that maintain excessive use of technology. We investigated the mediating role of self-esteem, novelty seeking, and persistence on the relationship between attachment dimensions and technology addiction among young adults. Data were collected from 727 young adults (females, N = 478; 66.3 percent), aged 23.44 ± 3.02 years. Participants completed self-report measures of secure and insecure attachment dimensions, personality, and temperament characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, novelty seeking, and persistence), technology addiction and frequency of technology use (i.e., own technology use, perceived use by peers and parents). The mediation model was tested through a path analysis. The effects of attachment insecurity on technology addiction were partially mediated by the levels of persistence and self-esteem, whereas the effects of attachment security on technology addiction were fully mediated. The effects remained robust even after controlling for the frequency of technology use. The model was gender and age invariant, suggesting that the mediation worked in a similar way for both men and women and across ages. Findings suggest that attachment dimensions exert not only a direct but also an indirect effect on technology addiction through self-esteem and persistence. Such findings may help to develop psychosocial interventions that are sensitive to young adults' attachment, personality, and temperament characteristics.

Depressive and Anxious Temperaments as Predictors of Late Onset Bipolar Disorder? Preliminary Results of a "Real World" Exploratory Study.

IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) onset typically occurs between 15 and 30 years, being diagnosed under the age of 50 in 90% of cases, named “non-late onset BD” (non-LOBD). However, clinical observation of late-onset BD (LOBD) raised some concern regarding a differential psychopathological pattern, outcomes and treatment, including a specific affective temperament vulnerability. Therefore, an exploratory study in the “real world” was carried out by investigating psychopathological and temperamental features of a psychogeriatric cohort of LOBD and non-LOBD subjects.MethodsA total of 180 patients affected with BD-I, BD-II, and Cyclothymic Disorder were screened in a Mood Disorder Outpatient Service, during the timeframe January 2019-August 2021. Out of 78 enrolled outpatients, 66 (33 non-LOBD, 33 LOBD) were recruited, by the retrospective collection of sociodemographic, cognitive, psychopathological and clinical assessment, including the short-version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego (TEMPS-M).ResultsLOBD is significantly associated with higher rates of BD-II diagnosis (χ2 = 27.692, p < 0.001), depressive episodes (p = 0.025), mixed states (p = 0.009), predominant depressive and anxious affective temperaments (p < 0.001). Non-LOBD is significantly associated with higher endocrinological (χ2 = 6.988, p = 0.008) and metabolic comorbidity (χ2 = 5.987, p = 0.014), a diagnosis of BD-I, manic episodes, and predominant hyperthymic affective temperaments (p = 0.001). GDS (p < 0.001) and MSRS (p = 0.005) scores were significantly higher in LOBD.ConclusionFurther longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and a control group are needed to determine whether LOBD may represent a distinct psychopathological entity from non-LOBD and evaluate differences (if any) in terms of prognosis and treatment between non-LOBD and LOBD.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOGRAPHS OF POLICE OFFICERS BY MAIN TYPES OF OFFICIAL ACTIVITY IN THE NATIONAL POLICE OF UKRAINE

The National Police of Ukraine is in a state of reform and needs to significantly improve its work towards optimizing the system of psychological training of employees and psychological support of their service activities. The presented article is devoted to the results of comparative analysis of psychographs of police professions (operative criminal investigation, pre-trial investigation body, district police officer, patrol police officer, security police officer), developed in the process of large-scale experimental research. Psychograms were created on the basis of a systematic approach based on the use of an optimal set of psychodiagnostic techniques, which made it possible to study the basic individual and personal characteristics of employees of the National Police of Ukraine. It is emphasized that psychological features determine the level of professional suitability of employees for activities according to the criteria of general abilities (verbal and nonverbal intelligence, creativity), personal characteristics (personal characteristics, leading personal tendencies, personal accentuations of character, temperamental features, types of interpersonal relationships) and motivational orientation (features of motivational orientation, self-actualization). The article presents common features that are common to all types of policing, as well as the main differences in the basic criteria and indicators of professional suitability of the individual to work, draws conclusions on improving the psychological selection of police officers and their appointment. It is argued that policing is characterized by a number of invariant features, which are due not only to the specifics of the professional activity, but also their variability depending on the specific type of service. The presented results of the comparative analysis of psychograms of police officers by main types of activity prove the differences in the studied criteria and indicators of professional suitability of the police officer's personality to official activity. This will be useful in the appointment of persons to positions and thus help to increase the effectiveness of the forecast of further success of the police.

Relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament in children 1–2 years old in Chinese birth cohort

BackgroundUnderstanding the relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament can provide new insights for the regulation of behavioral intervention in children, which is still lacking research. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament in a cohort of children in 1 year and 2 years old. MethodsThis study included a total of 37 children with completed information, in which 51 samples at age 1 and 41 samples at age 2 were received respectively. We collected birth and demographic information. Parents reported their child's temperament characteristics using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-revised (IBQ-R) and Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ). Fecal samples were collected from each child at 1 and 2 years old and sequenced with MiSeq sequencer. Multiple linear regressions and linear mixed effect models were used to analyze the relationship between the temperament and their microbiota composition as well as the diversity and effect of gender or age on this relationship. ResultsAt age of year 2, Faecalibacterium was negatively associated with high-intensity pleasure and surgency. Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with Perceptual sensitivity. Results showed no difference about three domains between year 1 and year 2, while gut microbiota showed diversity difference and genera difference. There was no gender and age difference on the relationship between temperament and the gut microbiota. ConclusionsTemperament was associated with the gut microbiota over time. The temperament remained stable and the relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament wasn't associated with age and gender.

Afektivni temperament - značaj u mentalnom zdravlju i poremećajima raspoloženja

Temperament includes genetic-bio logical components of behavior that include mood, the way of emotional reaction in terms of speed, intensity, duration and type of reaction, relationship to the environment, and sensitivity to external stimuli. Attempts to classify temperaments date back to the time of Ancient Greece, while the modern concept of temperament is based on the work of Kraepelin and Kretschmer. Hagop Akiskal continued the development of the modern concept of temperament and divided the types of affective temperaments into: depressive, hyperthymic, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament. In a healthy population, temperament represents an important, biological, basis of personality. However, dominant affective temperaments are thought to potentially lie on a continuum between healthy emotional reactivity and affective disorders. Also, dominant affective temperaments in an accentuated form can represent subclinical manifestations of affective disorders, as well as precursors for the emergence of these disorders. Based on strong genetic and neurochemical foundations, affective temperaments have developed and persisted throughout evolution because they carry distinct evolutionary and social advantages. Thus, in addition to pathological, temperamental characteristics can also have an adaptive value. Additional research on understanding of affective disorders as a continuum as opposed to their categorical classification, with respect for the transitional forms they take from mental health to mental disorders, would contribute not only to a better understanding of the emotional life of a man, but also to timely, targeted and better treatment of various psychopathological forms.

The Effects Parent-Child Interaction Exercise Program Based on Child's Temperament Characteristics on Childcare Anxiety and Parenting Self-efficacy

The Effects Parent-Child Interaction Exercise Program Based on Child's Temperament Characteristics on Childcare Anxiety and Parenting Self-efficacy

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Background:Temperament is the constitutional core of personality characteristics that gives rise to normal affective state. Hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperament are the predominant traits for bipolar illness while dysthymic temperament is more common in individual with unipolar depression. According to Akiskal’s hypothesis, mixed affective state results from inverse temperamental characters into manic or depressive syndrome.Aim:To study the affective temperamental characteristics among various subtypes of Bipolar disorder.Materials and Methods:Patients diagnosed with Bipolar Affective Disorder according to ICD-10 were included in the study. Indian adaptation of TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and Sandiego Auto questionnaire) was used to assess the affective temperament in bipolar patients in remission. Chi square test was applied to analyse the statistics.Results:The total number of BPAD patients included in the study was 60. 80% of the Bipolar mania patients were having hyperthymic temperament and 63% of the bipolar depression patients were having depressive temperament . In case of Bipolar mixed patients, 45% were having depressive temperament and 36% were having cyclothymic temperament .Conclusion:Bipolar depression patients had predominant depressive temperament. Hyperthymic temperament was more predominant in pure mania patients .Patients having bipolar mixed state had predominant depressive and cyclothymic temperament.

The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in the Relationship between Temperament and Depressive Symptoms.

Personality traits and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) play an active role in the emergence, maintenance, and treatment of depressive mood. Studies draw attention to the close relationship between temperament and character traits, EMSs, and depression. The first aim of this study is to examine the relationships between temperament, character traits, and EMSs. Secondly, we were interested to observe whether or not these variables explained depressive symptoms. Lastly, based on the previous findings and the idea that the development of EMSs is affected by temperament traits, the mediating role of EMSs in the relationship between harm avoidance and depressive symptoms was investigated. Personal Information Form, Temperament and Character Inventory, Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form-3, and Beck Depression Inventory were applied to 205 undergraduate students (68% women). Results showed the significant correlations among harm avoidance temperament trait, self-directedness, cooperativeness character traits, and with most of the EMSs. The disconnection schema domain, harm avoidance, and self-directedness personality traits predicted depressive symptoms. Moreover, controlling the gender effect, disconnection and unrelenting standards mediated the relationship between harm avoidance and depressive symptoms. The findings supported the idea suggested by the schema theory that the temperament traits affect EMSs. We believe that these findings can support studies towards depression-prevention as well as the treatment of depressive individuals. Even without interfering with temperament characteristics of individuals, depressive symptoms might be reduced by working only with some of the EMSs.

The Analysis of the Relationship Between the Temperament and the Social Status of Preschool Students Age 5

This study aims at revealing the relationship between social statuses and temperament characteristics of 5-year-old preschool children. The sample of the study comprises 114 children (70 girls, 44 boys) who&#x0D; continue their preschool education in the study year of 2017-2018 in İzmir Province, Buca District and their&#x0D; parents. The research is a screening model study. A correlation analyze was made to determine the&#x0D; Relationship between social statuses and Temperament Characteristics of 5-year-old Preschool Children. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to test whether the social statuses and temperaments of 5-year-old preschoolers differ according to their sex, working statuses of their parents, the home they live at and family type. In addition, Kruskal-Wallis Test was used to test whether the social statuses and temperaments of 5- year-old preschoolers differ according to the level of education of their parents, the professions of their parents, the number of siblings and birth order. Analyzes were performed using the SPSS 20.0 package program. As a result of the analysis, negative and significant correlations between the social status scores of the 5-year-old preschoolers and their persistence and rhythmical subscale scores were found. Girls’ social statuses and persistence were determined to be higher than boys. Depending on the level of parental education, social statuses and persistence showed a positive reactivity and a negative and significant differentiation. There was a significant differentiation between birth order and reactivity. Children living in nuclear families were found to be more persistent than children in extended families.

TEMPERAMENTAL DIMENSIONS AMONG YOUNG STUTTERERS AND TYPICALLY DEVELOPING CHILDREN

Objective: To compare the temperamental characteristics of children who stutter with those who do not stutter.&#x0D; Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Ayub Medical Complex, Abbottabad, from Jun to Nov 2018.&#x0D; Methodology: We recruited 120 children of both genders aged 3-8 years. Sample recruited included two groups including 60 children with stuttering (CWS) and 60 children with no stuttering (CWNS), using consecutive sampling. After taking consent, data was gathered using demographic sheet and Children Behavioral Questionnaire (CBQ) from the sample population. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-21.&#x0D; Results: The sample included 82 (68.3% males and 38 (31.7%) female children. t-test results of children with stuttering and children with no stuttering showed statistically significant difference for effortful control (p&lt;0.05) including dimension of inhibitory control, low intensity pleasure and perceptual sensitivity. However, the values for Surgency Extraversion and Negative affectivity were not statistically significant though results showed higher and lower mean scores respectively for stutterers compared to non-stutterers. However, the dimensions of anger, frustration, discomfort and falling reactivity showed statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Children with stuttering and children with no stuttering differ in their temperamental characteristics with statistically significant difference for effortful control with lower control in stutterers.

ҚАЗІРГІЖАСӨСПІРІМДЕРДЕГІ АГРЕССИВТІЛІКТІҢ КӨРІНІСІНЗЕРТТЕУ

The article is devoted to an urgent problem, which from year to year acquires special importance and attention, without losing its relevance at all times of mankind, this is the education of adolescent behavior. In the research work, the authors revealed the manifestation of aggressiveness in modern adolescents, tried to study in depth the cause of its occurrence and the characteristics of its occurrence. Also emphasizing that aggressiveness has not only a significant impact on emotional development and well-being, personality formation, mental health of a person, but also reflected on the growth of child crime, which is becoming more acute due to various manifestations of aggressiveness, child subculture and cruelty in the family. During the first ascertaining experiment, an attempt was made to clarify the definition and reveal the essence of the concepts of "aggressiveness" and "aggression", based on the "Hand test" and "bas-Dark questionnaire" in order to determine the level of aggressiveness. The authors claim that the development of aggressiveness of a teenager is influenced by such natural features of temperament as excitability and the strength of emotions, which in turn provokes the formation of qualities such as irritability, nervousness, inability to behave. In conclusion, it is concluded that the root of the signs and properties of aggressiveness is dependence on difficulties in the environment and directly on the influence of shortcomings in the educational work of the family.

The effect of individual differences on the cognitive processes of a witness during interrogation

The article presents an analysis of the different existing conceptions of interrogation and, at the same time, indicates the ambiguity of approaches to the examination of witnesses according to the type of crime, the body conducting the investigation and the tactics used. The study explores the effect of individual differences on the cognitive processes of witnesses in a simulated interrogation. The authors conducted a survey using the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) method. The groups of witnesses are divided not by the types of temperament per se but according to the set of temperamental characteristics (introversion and extraversion; neuroticism) and controlling the sincerity of the interviewees during the test, which significantly improves the reliability of the conclusions (Eysenck Personality Inventory). Finally, the study experimentally demonstrates that the speed of the mental reactions of the witnesses is not uniform and varies according to their temperamental characteristics. This gives reason to affirm the need to adapt to different groups of witnesses before and during their interrogation, giving an account of the peculiarities of their perception and processing of information.

Reactivity and Activity as dimensions capturing both energetic and temporal aspects of behavior: Towards a reconceptualization of Jan Strelau's basic temperament dimensions based on the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits

The paper presents a new model of temperament structure that: (1) is built on the crucial assumptions of the Regulative Theory of Temperament, (2) incorporates the so called temperamental Big Two, (3) and uses the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits to precisely conceptualize the basic temperamental dimensions of Reactivity and Activity. As a result, the new model balancedly differentiates between energetic and temporal aspects of temperamental characteristics both at the conceptual and measurement level. In order to empirically verify the model, a new questionnaire measuring all assumed variables was developed and used together with a set of 10 well-established measures of temperament (including Formal Characteristic of Behavior – Temperament Inventory – Revised) in a sample of 412 participants (55.5% females; Mage = 28.49, SDage = 11.64). The obtained results support the validity of the new temperament measure, synthesizing potential of the new model, as well as the claim that Reactivity and Activity (in our conceptualization and operationalization) can indeed be treated as fundamental dimensions of temperament, as they turned out to be highly correlated (≈ .80) with two factors extracted from all other temperamental measures used in the study. Theoretical implications and possibilities of the new model are discussed.

Infant sleep and temperament characteristics in association with maternal postpartum depression

ObjectiveAim of this study was to examine the association between infant temperament and sleep characteristics and postpartum depressive symptoms among mothers. Study designResearch data were collected at the baseline (2nd -4th days postpartum) and the follow-up (6–8 weeks postpartum), Slovak version of the (EPDS) was used, along with questions focused on perceived sleeping problems of an infant, and temperament Linear regression models were employed. SettingTwo public hospital sites in Slovakia. Participants204 women participated in both time points (mean age 30.9 ± 4.8, age range: 20–44; 78.9% vaginal births; 56.9% primiparas). ResultsSignificant differences in the EPDS scores were found according to infant sleeping problems (p ≤ 0.05) and duration of infant night sleep (p ≤ 0.01). Both night sleep and day sleep duration were significant predictors for the level of postpartum depression symptoms at the 6–8 weeks follow-up in the linear regression model after adjusting for confounding variables (β= -0.13; 95%CI: -3.04;-0.01; β= -0.15; 95%CI: -3.02;-0.28, total explained variance 39.0%). Infant temperament characteristics have not been found significant predictors of postpartum depression symptoms in this study. Key conclusionsSignificant differences in depression levels were found among postpartum women according to perceived sleeping problems of infant, and the duration of infant night sleep. It is important to focus more attention on the role of infant sleeping problems as a possible risk factor for the increased occurrence of postpartum depressive symptoms.

Theories of a Stress-Coping Behavior: Searching for Neurocognitive Mechanisms

The article proves that the main form of overcoming stress is coping behavior, which is understood as a purposeful social and neurophysiologically determined behavior that allows a person to cope with stress in ways that meet the characteristics of the individual and the situation. Coping behavior is considered a synonym for stress-coping behavior, which is expressed in the use of coping strategies by the individual. Personal characteristics and situational factors determine the choice of coping behavior strategies. The article aims to resolve the contradictions of multimodal approaches to the problem in question in the post-Soviet countries and group theories that include not only external social but also neurophysiological factors. The article shows that the choice of coping strategies mostly depends on personal and neurophysiological factors. These include neurophysiological reflexive or instinctive and higher ones: adequate self-concept, positive self-esteem, personality anxiety, cognitive style, and energy resources, which include endurance and temperament characteristics, intelligence, creativity, and locus of personality control. Overcoming a stressful situation is impossible without cognitive "processing," which becomes available through reflection. The influence of reflection on the choice of coping strategy of the individual is that reflective individuals choose more adaptive and effective strategies. The international relevance of the article lies in discovering neuroscientific aspects of the problem in question in the post-Soviet countries, which will allow these countries to contribute to the global scientific interdisciplinary discourse.

Prognostic assessment of constitutional indicators influence on the indicators of personality traits of practically healthy women with different somatotypes

It is known that both genetic factors and environmental influences affect the development of the human body. This statement also applies to a person’s personality, ie the big five – the main features that make it up. The study of the relationship between physique and personality traits among a healthy population is very relevant and is a promising area for anthropology and psychology. The purpose of the work is to conduct a prognostic assessment of the influence of anthropo-somatotypological indicators on the personality indicators in practically healthy Ukrainian women without and taking into account the somatotype. Primary anthropo-somatotypological (anthropometry according to Bunak’s scheme, Heath-Carter somatotype determination, Matiegka and American Institute of Nutrition weight composition) and personality indicators (determination of leading typological characteristics of temperament according to Eysenck, psychodynamic features of personality according to Spielberger and features of accentuated personality traits according to Shmishek, components of internality according to Rotter) of practically healthy Ukrainian women of the first mature age are selected from the data bank of materials of the research center of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. Factor analysis was performed in the license package "Statistica 6.1". The main factors that indicate the association of personality traits of practically healthy Ukrainian women of different somatotypes with some anthropo-somatotypological indicators: mesomorphs – "the size of the girth and fat size of the body" and "the size of the longitudinal size of the body"; in ectomorphs – "the size of the girth of the body" and "the size of the fat size of the body"; in endo-mesomorphs - "the magnitude of the circumferential size of the body" and "the magnitude of the width of the mandible"; in representatives of the middle intermediate somatotype – "the magnitude of the longitudinal and circumferential dimensions of the body" and "the magnitude of SFT on the posterior surface of the shoulder." In the general group of women, it is impossible to single out the second factor that has a significant load. Analysis of the obtained relationships of interdependence of personality traits, which have the greatest prognostic value in terms of formation of human personality with anthropo-somatotypological indicators showed that women of different somatotypes identified interdependencies have certain features. Thus, the application of factor analysis made it possible to determine the most significant relationships of personality indicators with the constitutional parameters of the body in practically healthy Ukrainian women of different somatotypes.

Heart rate variability in persons of Tajik nationality during adaptation

Relevance . Maintaining the health of migrants while adapting to the new climatic and geographical conditions of residence is an urgent task. The impact of non-specific factors on the body of migrants in new climatogeographic conditions leads to the strain of regulatory and adaptive mechanisms, and in extreme cases to their failure. Objective - to determine the features of heart rate variability in young Tajiks, depending on the type of temperament living in Krasnoyarsk for more than a year. Materials and Methods: A study of heart rate variability in 63 Tajiks aged 18-40 years with different types of temperament, living in Krasnoyarsk for more than a year, was conducted. The types of temperament were determined by indices in accordance with the method of identifying VP-types of temperament according to E.Yu. Petrosyan, Yu. I. Savchenkov. The following indicators of heart rate variability (HRV) were evaluated: heart rate, the power of the high-frequency, low-frequency and very low-frequency spectrum (BV, MV-2, MV-1) of the HRV component, the voltage index of regulatory systems (IN), the centralization index (CI) and the activity index of regulatory systems. To assess the statistical significance of the differences between the samples, the Students criteria were used. Results and Discussion. It was revealed that migrants with an intense type of temperament after moving to a new place of residence increased the indicators of heart rate, BV and IN. At the same time, in the studied groups with a calm and adequate type of temperament, the power of BV was significantly reduced, with an increase in heart rate and CI. The conclusion is made about the influence of typological features of temperament on HRV indicators, when adapting to new climatogeographic living conditions. Individuals with an adequate type of temperament demonstrate the normal functioning of the adaptive capabilities of the body. In individuals with the calm type, an increase in the tension of the regulatory mechanisms was revealed. Conclusion . Significant changes in HRV are demonstrated by migrants with an intense type of temperament, in particular, they are characterized by a high voltage of regulatory mechanisms.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE POLESIE HORSE POPULATION AND THE TARGET STANDARD OF THE MAIN TRAITS OF ITS CONFORMATION

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE POLESIE HORSE POPULATION AND THE TARGET STANDARD OF THE MAIN TRAITS OF ITS CONFORMATION

Not in education, employment and training: pathways from toddler difficult temperament.

Youths disengaged from the education system and labour force (i.e. 'Not in Education, Employment, or Training' or 'NEET') are often at reduced capacity to flourish and thrive as adults. Developmental precursors to NEET status may extend back to temperamental features, though this - and possible mediators of such associations such as attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms and antisocial behaviours (ASB) - have yet to be directly tested. This study investigates if i) difficult temperament in toddlerhood associates with NEET status in adulthood and ii) different subdomains of ADHD (i.e. hyperactivity-impulsivity vs. inattention) in late childhood and ASB in adolescence partially explain this pathway. Participants were 6,240 mother-child dyads (60.7% female) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Mothers reported on their child's (a) difficult temperament (i.e. mood, intensity and adaptability) at age 2 and (b) ADHD symptoms at ages 8 and 10. Participants reported their own ASB at age 14 and NEET status in adulthood (ages 18, 20, 22 and 23). First, higher levels of difficult temperament in toddlerhood directly associated with an increased probability of being NEET in adulthood. Second, this effect was carried through hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not inattention, in late childhood, and ASB in adolescence; this demonstrates differential contribution to the pathway between the ADHD dimensions, with symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity playing a prominent role. Early difficult temperament is a vulnerability factor for NEET status in adulthood. Our findings suggest that one developmental pathway for this vulnerability manifests through increased hyperactivity-impulsivity in childhood and ASB in adolescence. Of note, difficult temperament, as measured here, reflects difficulties in emotional and behavioural self-control (e.g. low adaptability and high intensity negative emotional expressions). Our results, therefore, suggest a prominent developmental role for lack of self-control from toddlerhood onwards in increasing risk for NEET.

말더듬이 지속된 아동과 회복된 아동의 기질 특성 비교: 종단연구*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the temperament characteristics associated with stuttering subtypes (persistent and recovered) over time and the relationship between those characteristics and stuttering severity. This four-year longitudinal study covered 41 preschool children who stutter (CWS) and 30 preschool children who do not stutter (the CWNS group). At the final visit, 27 CWS were classified as the Recovered group and 14 CWS were classified as the Persistent group. Using the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire-Short Form, each participant’s temperament characteristics were measured twice: at one year and two years after the initial visit. The three subscale scores (Extraversion, Negative Affectivity, and Effortful Control) and the 15 component scores were analyzed, and they were used for between-group and between-visit comparisons. The Persistent group showed a significantly higher Negative Affectivity subscale score at every visit than the Recovered and CWNS groups. Within this subscale, significant group differences were found in the ‘Fear’ and ‘Anger/Frustration’ components, demonstrating that the Persistent group scored higher than the Recovered and CWNS groups. There was no significant correlation between the subscale and component scores and the stuttering severity scores within the Persistent group at any visit. These results support the proposition that these two stuttering subtypes have different temperament characteristics; they also imply that temperament might be influenced by stuttering experience over time.