Rolling Temperature Research Articles

Effect of final rolling temperature on microstructure and intergranular corrosion resistance of an Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy

Connection of microstructure with corrosion properties of an Al-3.62Cu-0.9Mg-0.45Ag alloy in natural aging (NA) state and peak aging (PA) state at different final rolling temperatures (20 °C, 180 °C and 280 °C) are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), texture and electrochemical analysis. The results show that the deformation texture and recrystallization texture of T280-NA alloy account for the largest percentage with the largest degree of recrystallization. With the increase of final rolling temperature, the proportion of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) of NA alloy increases, the diameter, thickness and volume fraction of Ω phase in PA alloy decrease, and the grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) are gradually transformed from discontinuous distribution to continuous distribution. The grain boundary precipitates are also found to be consist of alternating S and θ phases and the width of precipitation free zones (PFZs) is essentially independent of final rolling temperature. The intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance of T280-NA alloy and T20-PA alloy is the best, which is a result of the combined effect of GBPs, texture and grain boundary properties. In addition, this result is verified in this paper by studying the electrochemical properties of the alloy.

Modulation of microstructure and improvement in the mechanical properties of TiBw/Ti65 composites by rolling at different temperatures

The effect of rolling temperature on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of as-sintered TiBw/Ti65 composites was systematically investigated. The results showed that at 900 °C (in the low α + β phase region), the matrix microstructure primarily exhibited a deformation structure. At 1000 °C (in the high α + β phase region), a bimodal structure was observed, and at 1100 °C (in the β phase region), a basket-weave structure emerged. Additionally, silicides precipitated at 900 °C were fine but grew and coarsened at 1000 °C, eventually dissolving almost completely into the matrix at 1100 °C. This behavior is attributed to the varying solubility of silicides in the α and β phases. With increasing rolling temperature, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanism within the TiBw/Ti65 composites transitioned from continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). Rolling significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the composites. The HR-900 composite exhibited the optimal strength-plasticity combination at room temperature, achieving an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1415 ± 21 MPa and elongation (EL) of 6.2 ± 2.7%, mainly due to grain refinement and work hardening. Conversely, the HR-1100 composite demonstrated superior high-temperature mechanical performance, showing improvements of 37.18%, 27.05%, and 9.59% at 963 MPa (650 °C), 789 MPa (700 °C), and 560 MPa (750 °C), respectively, compared to those of the as-sintered materials. The strengthening mechanisms were fine-grain strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and load transfer strengthening of the as-rolled composites, and the primary strengthening mechanism shifts from dislocation to fine-grain strengthening as the rolling temperature increases.

Mechanics and deformation behavior of lithium-ion battery electrode during calendering process

The calendering process in lithium-ion battery electrode manufacturing is pivotal and significantly affects battery performance and longevity. However, current research on the mechanical and deformation characteristics of lithium-ion battery electrodes during calendering is limited, and a systematic theoretical foundation for informing practical production is lacking. This study investigated the mechanics and deformation behavior of lithium-ion battery electrodes during calendering through experimental methods. Data on the calendering pressure for electrodes at varying compression rates were gathered, revealing a correlation between the calendering pressure and compression rate that aligns well with the Kawakita equation commonly used in powder forming. Furthermore, the study examined the effects of the roller diameter and roller surface temperature on the calendering pressure. Within the typical compression rate range, a linear relationship was observed between the compression rate and the percentage elongation of the battery electrode. The study also explored how the roller diameter, roller surface temperature, and number of calendering passes influence the percentage of elongation. A quantitative formula linking the roller diameter to the percentage elongation of the battery electrode was proposed considering the effect of the roller diameter. Additionally, through electrode cleaning experiments, the study identified the coordination relationship between the extension of the electrode coating and the current collector. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were conducted to elucidate the influence of calendering on the porosity, pore size distribution and specific surface area of the electrode coating. This research offers valuable insights and a theoretical basis for optimizing the calendering process in lithium-ion battery electrode production.

Effect of Multi-Path Asynchronous Rolling Process on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ZK60 Magnesium Alloy.

At the initial rolling temperature of 400 °C, ZK60 magnesium alloy was hot rolled by three different rolling paths with different roll speed ratios (RSR) of 1:1.15, 1:1.2, and 1:1.5, respectively. The effects of different rolling processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy were studied. The microstructure, plasticity, strength, hardness, and texture intensity of rolled samples were analyzed in this work. The results show that the microstructure uniformity of the alloy under multi-path asynchronous rolling (MAR) is significantly improved, which improves the mechanical properties of the material to a certain extent, and effectively weakens the texture intensity of the basal plane and reduces the anisotropy. The amount of randomly oriented grains of ZK60 magnesium alloy rolled by the C-1.5 (path C combined with the RSR of 1:1.5) process are significantly increased, which significantly weakens the basal texture and improves the ductility of the alloy, greatly enhancing the processing and formability of ZK60 magnesium alloy.

Dynamic precipitation and twinning-induced dynamic recrystallization in Mg–6Al–3Sn–1Zn alloy during multi-pass high-speed rolling

Ultrafine-grained microstructure was successfully obtained in Mg–6Al–3Sn–1Zn (ATZ631) alloy by multi-pass high-speed rolling (HSR) at a rolling speed of 1100 m/min and a rolling temperature of 400 °C. The grain refinement mechanism of ATZ631 alloy during HSR was investigated, which is attributed to mechanically fragmented grains and twinning-induced dynamic recrystallization (TDRX). During the initial stages of rolling, the initial coarse grains are refined by the intersection of twins. With increasing strain, the grain refinement mechanism is the typical dynamic recovery and TDRX. In general, twins are filled with a high density of dislocations and nano-sized precipitates at the dislocations, which can accelerate DRX by increasing the driving force or particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) within the twins. Subsequently, the coarse grains are refined by forming fine DRXed grains via dislocation entanglement, dislocation rearrangement, and dislocation absorption. As the process proceeds, grain boundaries (GBs) migration is suppressed by the precipitates at the GBs of new DRXed grains. Thus, the growth of the DRXed grains can be inhibited. Finally, ultrafine-grained microstructure with an average size of ∼116 nm is obtained. Moreover, the new grains formed by TDRX exhibit random orientation during this process, indicating that the basal texture gets effectively weakened by increasing the fraction of DRXed grains. These findings bring forward the microstructural evolution during dynamic precipitation and DRX, thus providing a novel notion for improving microstructures and grain refinement in Mg alloys.

Solid-state steelmaking by scrap consolidation: A processing pathway with minimal energy and CO2 burdens

The energy demand and CO2 emissions of the steel processing industry are a global challenge. During conventional steel processing, the treatment of iron ore and steel in a molten state heavily contributes to this problem. This paper provides an in-depth investigation of the benefits and technical requirements of an alternative processing pathway with minimal energy and CO2 burdens. Our proposed method, scrap metal consolidation (SMC) by rolling, is adapted from roll bonding, a scalable metal bonding technique, commonly used for niche composite applications to achieve material properties unattainable by monolithic alloy design. SMC transforms steel scrap into hot rolled steel in solid state without melting. Based on pre-published high-fidelity industrial data, we determined that processing hot rolled steel from scrap in the solid state would consume 94% less energy compared to the primary steel processing route with 94% less CO2 burden. Compared to conventional recycling methods, the energy savings of SMC would be 86%, with an 84% decrease in CO2 emissions. The proposed method is described in detail, and the process windows for AISI 1008 mild steel and SS304 stainless steel were determined in terms of rolling temperature and reduction using a lab-scale rolling mill at a temperature range of 700–1100 °C. The formability of the consolidated mild steel is also evaluated via the hemisphere punch test, a standard industrial test for assessing the formability of sheet metals. While the fracture height of consolidated specimens is in the 9.27–10.62 mm range, the monolithic sample has a fracture height of 10.34 mm. The test results show that the consolidated sheets have comparable formability to monolithic specimens. These investigations altogether demonstrate that SMC-by-rolling is a feasible and environmentally sustainable alternative for conventional steelmaking or recycling processes.

Cracking behaviour of concrete with superabsorbent polymer (SAP) under rolling fatigue load and temperature coupling

ABSTRACT To explore the long-term crack resistance of pavement concrete containing superabsorbent polymer (SAP), a fatigue test was designed with the consideration of rolling fatigue load and temperature coupling. The four-point fracture and acoustic emission tests were combined to evaluate the evolution of crack resistance. Additionally, the enhancement mechanism was revealed through scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry experiments. The results indicate that the coupling effects of rolling fatigue load and temperature accelerate the deterioration of the fracture performance of concrete, particularly the freeze–thaw conditions. The concrete with SAP had greater fracture toughness, with improvements of 9.3%, 11.9%, and 58.1% under the coupling rolling fatigue loading and high temperatures, low temperatures, and freeze‒thaw cycles, respectively. The fracture process of concrete with SAP includes fluctuation, fatigue accumulation, and fatigue failure periods, and the SAP delays the arrival time of cumulative ring count and energy, significantly reducing the rate of concrete damage. More fibrous C-S-H and ettringite were generated at the interface microcracks in the concrete containing SAP, confirming the greater degree of hydration. Moreover, the SAP reduced the porosity and average pore size, which enabled the concrete to better resist the impact of rolling fatigue loading and adverse environmental temperatures.

Strain-induced solid-state coating of TWIP steel sheets with zinc

We propose the strain-induced solid-state coating process of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel with zinc, achieved through concurrent rolling of TWIP steel and zinc sheets. Our study explores the effects of strain, strain rate, and rolling temperature on the morphology and intermixing at the Zn-TWIP steel interface. We found that two simultaneous mechanisms are responsible for the formation of a joint interface between the sheets in the rolling temperature range of 100–380 °C, namely mechanical intermixing at the interface and accelerated diffusion along moving dislocations and other defects introduced during rolling. Since it is impossible to deconvolute these mechanisms, we introduced the concept of an ‘apparent diffusion coefficient’ to represent the diffusion-like mass transfer resulting from mechanical intermixing and diffusion. These diffusion coefficients were determined by primary electron energy variation method in scanning electron microscope and by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in transmission electron microscope. Notably, these diffusion coefficients were found to be higher than the grain boundary diffusion coefficients of Zn in γ-Fe, primarily due to the dynamic nature of interface microstructure formation during rolling.

Preparation and application of profiled luminescent polyester fiber with reversible photochromism materials

Abstract In this study, we realized a highly luminescent polyester fiber using a special spinneret orifice comprised of eight C-shaped pores and specific process parameters. A moderate amount of reversible photochromism materials was added along with the specific color masterbatch of suitable materials. With its high light transmittance and reflectance, the fabric has high glossiness and excellent transparency and exhibits dazzling color effects with changes in ambient light intensity. The raw materials used are polyethylene terephthalate (PET) chips with a low melting point of 110–150°C, 0.3–0.5% (active ingredient 30%) masterbatch, and 40–50% (active ingredient 50%) reversible photochromism masterbatch. The following process parameters were also chosen: for the PET chips, the drying temperature was 80–90°C, the drying time was 12–14 h, the masterbatch drying temperature was 70–80°C, the drying time was 8–10 h, the spinning temperature was 220–230°C, the cooling air temperature was 15–17°C, the cooling air speed was 0.45–0.50 m·min−1, the first hot roller temperature was 75–80°C, and the secondary hot roller had the heater turned off.

The Performance of Niobium-Microalloying Ultra-High-Strength Bridge Cable Steel during Hot Rolling.

This study focuses on exploring the effects of niobium (Nb)-microalloying on the properties of steel for ultra-high-strength bridge cables during hot-rolling processes. We employed a combination of dual-pass compression tests, stress-strain curve analysis, and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) techniques to investigate the influence of Nb-microalloying on the static recrystallization behavior and grain size of the steel. The key findings reveal that Nb-microalloying effectively inhibits static recrystallization, particularly at higher temperatures, significantly reducing the volume fraction of recrystallized grains, resulting in a finer grain size and enhanced deformation resistance. Secondly, at a deformation temperature of 975 °C, Nb-containing steel exhibited finer grain sizes compared to Nb-free steel when held for 10 to 50 s; however, the grain size growth accelerated when the hold time exceeded 50 s, likely linked to the increased deformation resistance induced by Nb. Lastly, this research proposes optimal hot-rolling process parameters for new bridge cable steel, recommending specific finishing rolling temperatures and inter-pass times for both Nb-containing and Nb-free steels during the roughing and finishing stages. This study suggests optimal hot-rolling parameters for both Nb-containing and Nb-free steels, providing essential insights for improving hot-rolling and microalloying processes in high-carbon steels for bridge cables.

Influence of Processing Temperature and Strain Rate on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys Processed by Single-Pass Differential Speed Rolling

Magnesium-based alloys show significant promise for widespread applications owing to their lightweight nature and improved mechanical properties achieved through grain refinement via hot rolling. This investigation focuses on Mg-xAl-yCa-zMn (AXM alloys), pre-heated to temperatures of 350, 400, and 450 °C and processed via both single-pass differential speed rolling (DSR) and conventional rolling (CR). The key findings reveal the interplay between processing temperature, strain rate during single-pass rolling, and an innovative approach for incorporating varying amounts of Ca, influencing grain size, quantity of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains, and overall mechanical properties, including strength and ductility. A noteworthy observation is the positive correlation between an increase in the total reduction during hot rolling and a higher fraction of DRXed grains. This leads to a significant reduction in average grain size, diminishing from 60.3 ± 54.3 μm to 19.5 ± 14.2 μm at 40%, nearly a third the size of T4 grains (the initial homogenized microstructure of the AXM alloys). The resultant material strength experiences a doubling from an average of 125 ± 10.2 MPa (T4) to 260 ± 25.8 MPa (DSR rolled at 40%) for the AXM alloys with potential improvement in the ductility depending on rolling speed conditions. This study also aims to analyze the combination of rolling temperature, rolling speed, thickness reduction, speed difference and Ca content implemented across a wide range of temperatures and strain rates to provide a holistic approach to the processing parameters affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties of AXM alloys. Furthermore, this study provides a deeper understanding of DRX mechanisms, including continuous DRX (CDRX), discontinuous DRX (DDRX), and twinning induced DRX (TDRX), while each of these mechanisms plays a distinct role in the overall enhancement of formability and performance of magnesium alloys.

Impact of hot rolling temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of hot/cold-rolled AA5083 with Sc and Zr microalloying

The impact of hot rolling temperature on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of hot/cold-rolled AA5083 alloy containing Sc and Zr was studied. The results revealed that low hot-rolling temperatures (LHRT: 400–425 oC) resulted in superior tensile properties compared to high hot-rolling temperatures (HHRT: 500–525 oC). The yield strength (YS) of the LHRT samples reached 450 MPa in the H18-temper and 291 MPa in the O-temper, which was respectively 20% and 39% higher relative to the HHRT samples. Microalloying with Sc/Zr and two-step homogenization promoted the formation of dispersed particles in the form of Mn-dispersoids and nanosized Al3(Sc,Zr) precipitates. The rolling temperature was found to have a profound impact on the characteristics of these dispersed particles and on the recrystallization resistance. The HHRT caused the coarsening of both dispersed particles during rolling. The LHRT preserved the deformed elongated grain structure due to a stronger retardation of recovery and recrystallization during hot rolling and post-annealing. The strengthening mechanisms of the Mn-dispersoids and Al3(Sc,Zr) precipitates were quantitatively analyzed based on particle characteristics. The predicted YS contributions in the O-temper were in good agreement with the measured YS difference between the LHRT and HHRT samples.

The Low‐Temperature Toughness Improvement of High‐Strength Low‐Alloy Steel Due to the Microstructural Changes Caused by the Reheating/Rolling Temperature

Herein, the microstructure, low‐temperature toughness, and fracture characteristics of high‐strength low‐alloy (HSLA) steel prepared by various thermomechanical control processes are systematically studied. Three different reheating/rolling temperatures are designed to obtain microstructures with different prior austenite grain sizes: 20.12 μm (S810), 27.58 μm (S910), and 35.19 μm (S1010). After hot rolling, S810 steel with smaller prior austenite grain size can provide high‐density deformed grain boundaries that promote ferrite phase transformation. The S910 and S1010 steels predominantly undergo bainite transformation as the prior austenite grain size and rolling temperature increase. Also, excellent low‐temperature toughness is obtained by reducing the reheating/rolling temperature (i.e., S810 steel), reflecting that Charpy impact energy of the core of the steel plate is 118.53 J at −120 °C. High performances is mainly attributed to the higher ferrite content, grain refinement, lower dislocation density, and higher proportion of high‐angle grain boundaries. Furthermore, fracture morphology analysis demonstrates that the S810 steel exhibits ductile fracture and noticeable plastic deformation at −120 °C, while S910 and S1010 steels exhibit brittle fracture and rapid crack propagation. These findings manifest the applicability of the suggested technique in preparing HSLA steel with excellent low‐temperature toughness.

Opportunities and Challenges of Calendering Sulfide‐Based Separators for Solid‐State Batteries

AbstractContinuous densification procedures such as calendering are crucial for sulfide‐based solid‐state batteries to realize industry‐relevant processing. Therefore, in this study, the impact of line load, roller circumferential speed and roll temperature on slurry‐based Li3PS4 and Li6PS5Cl separators compacted by a lab‐calender installed in an argon‐gas‐filled glovebox was investigated. While the Li3PS4 layers became fragile in calendered state, the tested Li6PS5Cl separators were more suitable for calendering due to better mechanical stability. Besides basic analysis of, for example, density, length expansion, pore size distribution and specific ionic conductivity of the Li6PS5Cl separators, 3D images of the structures were generated based on images obtained by synchrotron tomography. Here, all calendered separators showed particle breakage of the Li6PS5Cl. A slight decrease of the specific ionic conductivity with increased applied line load or pressure was observed for calendering and uniaxial pressing, respectively. However, an increase in the conductivity was obtained for an increase in the stack pressure. In addition to poorer contact with the metal current collectors at low stack pressure, it is assumed that a spring back effect after densification could negatively affect the microstructure of the separator. These results highlight that a densification of binder‐based Li6PS5Cl separators does not necessarily result in improved ionic conductivity probably due to the individual deformation behavior of the materials used.

Effect of prior cold rolling and aging temperature on PH martensitic stainless steel: Evolution of microstructure, micro-texture and austenite stability

A systematic investigation of the evolution of martensitic microstructure, micro-texture, and austenite stability followed by correlation with hardness was carried out as a function of prior cold rolling (PCR) (20–80 % thickness reduction) and aging temperature (510–593 °C) for a very low C (0.007 wt.%) Fe-Cr-Ni-Ti-Mo precipitation hardened (PH) martensitic stainless steel. The cold-rolled and aged samples were compared with directly aged samples to emphasize the synergistic effect of PCR and aging temperature. Martensite has been found to have recrystallized to varied extents by this combined effect (severe deformation and higher aging temperature), resulting in variations in size, morphology, and texture of the martensitic/ ferritic microstructure. These in turn affect the formation and the stability of austenite. Austenite stability has been found to be a function of phase composition, strain, and size, which depend on PCR% and the aging temperature. Higher Ni content (which decreases with aging temperature) and fineness (driven by the extent of martensitic recrystallization) of austenite have been found to increase the stability of reverted austenite. Size distribution of the main strengthening precipitate Ni3Ti has been found to be a function of PCR% and aging temperature through the involved mechanisms of faster diffusion, more nucleation sites, and coarsening. Hardness has been significantly influenced by the morphology, size of martensite, and amount of austenite, and size distribution of Ni3Ti precipitates. In the present work, the individual effects of these factors were discerned, explaining the overall variation in hardness as a function of PCR% and aging temperature.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Low-Alloy Hot-Rolled Strip Cooling Process Based on Gray Correlation Analysis

The residual stress in low-alloy hot-rolled strips seriously affects the use and processing of products. Reducing residual stress is important for improving the product quality of hot-rolled strips. In this paper, the changes in grain size and residual stress of hot-rolled strips under different cooling processes were investigated via thermal simulation experiments and electron backscatter diffraction. It was found that the optimum cooling process solution for single-objective optimization of grain size was a final rolling temperature of 875 °C, a laminar cooling speed of 50 °C/s, and a coiling temperature of 550 °C. When single-objective optimization of residual stress was carried out, the optimal cooling process scheme was 900 °C for final rolling temperature, 20 °C/s for laminar cooling speed, and 625 °C for coiling temperature. The significance of the effect of cooling processes on grain size and residual stress was analyzed based on the extreme deviation of the effect of each cooling process on grain size and residual stress in orthogonal experiments. The results show that the coiling temperature was the most influential factor on grain size and residual stress among the cooling process parameters. The difference was that grain size increased with increasing coiling temperature, and residual stress decreased with increasing coiling temperature. Using both grain size and residual stress as evaluation indicators, a multi-objective optimization of the cooling process for hot-rolled strips was carried out via the gray correlation analysis method. The optimized solution was 875 °C final rolling temperature, 30 °C/s laminar cooling speed, and 625 °C coiling temperature. At this time, the grain size was 4.8 μm, and the KAM (Kernel Average Misorientation) was 0.40°. The grain size under the actual production process scheme was 4.4 μm with a KAM of 0.78°. Compared to the actual production process solution, the multi-objective optimization solution showed little change in grain size, with only a 9% increase and a 49% reduction in KAM. The optimization scheme in this paper could significantly reduce the level of residual stresses while ensuring the fine grain size of hot-rolled strips, thus improving the overall quality of hot-rolled strips.

Analysis of the Uniformity of Mechanical Properties along the Length of Wire Rod Designed for Further Cold Plastic Working Processes for Selected Parameters of Thermoplastic Processing.

This study presents the results of research, the aim of which was to analyze the uniformity of the distribution of selected mechanical properties along the length of a 5.5 mm diameter wire rod of 20MnB4 steel for specific thermoplastic processing parameters. The scope of the study included, inter alia, metallographic analyses, microhardness tests, thermovision investigations, and tests of the wire rod mechanical properties (yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, relative reduction in area at fracture), along with their statistical analysis, for three technological variants of the rolling process differing by rolling temperature in the final stage of the rolling process (Reducing Sizing Mill rolling block [RSM]) and by cooling rate using STELMOR® cooling process. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the analyzed rolling process is characterized by a certain disparity of the analyzed mechanical properties along the length of the wire rod, which, however, retains a certain stability. This disparateness is caused by a number of factors. One of them, which ultimately determines the properties of the finished wire rod, is the process of controlled cooling in the STELMOR® line. Despite technological advances concerning technical solutions (among them, increasing the roller track speed in particular sections), it is currently not possible to completely eliminate the temperature difference along the length of the wire rod caused by the contact of individual coils with each other. From this point of view, for the analyzed thermoplastic processing parameters, there is no significant impact by the production process parameters on the quality of the finished steel product. Whereas, while comparing the mechanical properties and microstructure of the wire rod produced in the different technological combinations, it was found that the wire rod rolled in an RSM block at 850 °C and cooled after the rolling process on a roller conveyor at 10 °C/s had the best set of mechanical properties and the smallest microstructure variations. The wire rod produced in this way had the required level of plasticity reserve, which enables further deformation of the given type of steel in compression tests with a relative plastic strain of 75%. The uniformity of mechanical properties along the length of wire rods designed for further cold plastic working processes is an important problem. This is an important issue, given that wire rods made from 20MnB4 steel are an input material for further cold plastic working processes, e.g., for the drawing processes or the production of nails.

Review on the application of stainless-clad bimetallic steel in the marine environment

PurposeStainless-clad bimetallic steels (SCBS) are widely investigated in some extremely environmental applications areas, such as polar sailing area and tropical oil and gas platforms areas, because of their excellent anticorrosion performance and relatively lower production costs. However, the properties of SCBS, including the mechanical strength, weldability and the anticorrosion behavior, have a direct relation with the manufacturing process and can affect their practical applications. This paper aims to review the application and the properties requirements of SCBS in marine environments to promote the application of this new material in more fields.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the manufacturing process, welding and corrosion-resistant properties of SCBS were introduced systematically by reviewing the related literatures, and some results of the authors’ research group were also introduced briefly.FindingsDifferent preparation methods, such as rolling composite, casting rolling composite, explosive composite, laser cladding and plasma arc cladding, as well as the process parameters, including the vacuum degree, rolling temperature, rolling reduction ratio, volume ratios of liquid to solid, explosive ratio and the heat treatment, influenced a lot on the properties of the SCBS through changing the interface microstructures. Otherwise, the variations in rolling temperature, pass, reduction and the grain size of clad steel also brought the dissimilarities of the mechanical properties, microhardness, bonding strength and toughness. Another two new processes, clad teeming method and interlayer explosive welding, deserve more attention because of their excellent microstructure control ability. The superior corrosion resistance of SCBS can alleviate the corrosion problem in the marine environment and prolong the service life of the equipment, but the phenomenon of galvanic corrosion should be noted as much as possible. The high dilution rate, welding process specifications and heat treatment can weaken the intergranular corrosion resistance in the weld area.Originality/valueThis paper summarizes the application of SCBS in marine environments and provides an overview and reference for the research of stainless-clad bimetallic steel.

Research on microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4/304 clad plates by asymmetric rolling with local strong stress

In order to solve the problems of complex traditional preparation process and low bonding strength of titanium/steel clad plates, TC4/304 clad plates were prepared by asymmetric rolling with local strong stress (ARLSS), the effect of rolling temperature on the interface bonding of clad plates was studied. The two-dimensional simulation model of TC4/304 clad plates rolling was established by finite element method, and its accuracy was verified by experiments. The experimental results show that the interfacial bonding strength of the clad plates increased with the increasing temperature, but when the temperature reached 950 °C, the brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed extremely fast, which greatly weakens the bonding strength. The clad plates showed the best bonding strength at 900 °C. After corrugated roll bonding (CRB) (33 % reduction ratio), the bonding strength at the peak was lower than that at the trough. After FRB (46 % reduction ratio), the interface bonding strength was slightly improved. The final peak bonding strength reached 519 MPa, and the trough bonding strength was 527 MPa. The improvement of bonding strength mainly came from the improvement of TC4 matrix strength. The finite element simulation results showed that multiple cross shear zone in the deformation zone of the CRB stage were beneficial to the bonding of dissimilar metals. While the deformation of the clad plates material in the FRB stage was consistent, which effectively avoided the cracking of the bonded area and further improved the bonding strength. Therefore, the strong non-uniform plastic deformation of ARLSS process had a significant effect on the deformation coordination of dissimilar metals and the quality improvement of clad plates.

Effect of Rolling Temperature on Martensitic Transformation and Strain Hardening of Fe–21.2Mn–0.68C Steel

Effect of Rolling Temperature on Martensitic Transformation and Strain Hardening of Fe–21.2Mn–0.68C Steel